1 00:00:00,090 --> 00:00:02,430 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,430 --> 00:00:03,820 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,820 --> 00:00:06,050 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,050 --> 00:00:10,150 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,150 --> 00:00:12,690 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:12,690 --> 00:00:16,600 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:17,271 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:21,370 --> 00:00:24,040 ELIZABETH CHOE: Well thanks everyone for coming. 9 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:26,330 I know that this is kind of a funky time of day. 10 00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:28,580 So I really appreciate everyone coming out 11 00:00:28,580 --> 00:00:31,420 to support the students of 2219. 12 00:00:31,420 --> 00:00:33,890 This is the very first time we ever offered this class. 13 00:00:33,890 --> 00:00:36,820 This is the very first time I've ever taught, 14 00:00:36,820 --> 00:00:39,816 so I-- it was an awesome experience for me. 15 00:00:39,816 --> 00:00:41,440 And hopefully it was a great experience 16 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:42,572 for all the students. 17 00:00:42,572 --> 00:00:44,780 I am going to pull you guys up on stage at some point 18 00:00:44,780 --> 00:00:46,071 to talk about what it was like. 19 00:00:46,071 --> 00:00:49,330 Just as a heads up. 20 00:00:49,330 --> 00:00:51,386 So this class was initially called, 21 00:00:51,386 --> 00:00:52,510 Becoming the Next Bill Nye. 22 00:00:52,510 --> 00:00:56,300 But as many of the students might tell you, 23 00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:59,270 it's not exactly about becoming the next Bill Nye. 24 00:00:59,270 --> 00:01:01,340 What it is about is trying to figure out 25 00:01:01,340 --> 00:01:04,099 how to occupy the space that's in between education 26 00:01:04,099 --> 00:01:07,140 and entertainment-- a space that's not very well defined, 27 00:01:07,140 --> 00:01:10,440 a space that doesn't have very good best practices or best 28 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:12,290 practices at all. 29 00:01:12,290 --> 00:01:16,690 But the things that are important in this space 30 00:01:16,690 --> 00:01:19,760 are to create materials that leave 31 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:22,960 a door open to the world of science, technology, 32 00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:25,630 engineering and math to everyone, 33 00:01:25,630 --> 00:01:28,830 to create materials that foster a lifelong love of learning, 34 00:01:28,830 --> 00:01:31,840 and to create materials that promote stem literacy 35 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:33,140 within the public. 36 00:01:33,140 --> 00:01:37,480 And these are all super broad sweeping ideas, 37 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:40,540 but that is sort of what I think at least 38 00:01:40,540 --> 00:01:42,710 defines the space that's in between education 39 00:01:42,710 --> 00:01:44,640 and entertainment. 40 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,639 These were the four class values that we had. 41 00:01:47,639 --> 00:01:49,680 And sorry guys, I know you've heard this already. 42 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,450 But this is for people who have never been to the class. 43 00:01:52,450 --> 00:01:55,150 Because we couldn't really grade things 44 00:01:55,150 --> 00:01:59,130 like is this scene well lit, because honestly we 45 00:01:59,130 --> 00:02:02,590 were asking them to do so much within the span of two or three 46 00:02:02,590 --> 00:02:06,140 weeks, these were the values that were important to us. 47 00:02:06,140 --> 00:02:08,070 Do the materials that the students 48 00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,030 make exhibit a sense of spark? 49 00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:14,240 Is their enthusiasm for the topic matter very evident? 50 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:15,710 And this doesn't mean that they're 51 00:02:15,710 --> 00:02:17,970 talking with their hands, waving all the time. 52 00:02:17,970 --> 00:02:20,370 It doesn't mean that they're acting like Hank Green 53 00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:22,330 with like super hyper personality. 54 00:02:22,330 --> 00:02:25,290 It just means that their genuine love of the material 55 00:02:25,290 --> 00:02:27,940 is evident. 56 00:02:27,940 --> 00:02:29,710 Is it clear-- "kill your darlings" 57 00:02:29,710 --> 00:02:32,410 is the phrase I used over and over again-- but are you 58 00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:34,340 able to really determine and distill what 59 00:02:34,340 --> 00:02:36,385 your message is very clearly? 60 00:02:36,385 --> 00:02:37,580 Are you thoughtful? 61 00:02:37,580 --> 00:02:40,510 Is every decision that you go into making-- 62 00:02:40,510 --> 00:02:42,620 what your scene looks like, what your line is, 63 00:02:42,620 --> 00:02:45,620 what your location is-- is that clear? 64 00:02:45,620 --> 00:02:47,380 And then are you pushing yourself 65 00:02:47,380 --> 00:02:49,314 outside of your comfort zones? 66 00:02:49,314 --> 00:02:50,730 I think there was only one student 67 00:02:50,730 --> 00:02:52,880 in this class who'd ever had experience 68 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:55,310 with cameras or film. 69 00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:59,350 And I think most of the students were a little nervous 70 00:02:59,350 --> 00:03:02,410 about being on camera, which is totally understandable. 71 00:03:02,410 --> 00:03:05,300 It's very, very intimidating to be in front of the camera. 72 00:03:05,300 --> 00:03:08,530 And I think that over the course of the two, 73 00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:12,540 three weeks, all these projects exhibit these values 74 00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:15,070 which I'm very happy about. 75 00:03:15,070 --> 00:03:17,890 So what exactly happened in the last month? 76 00:03:17,890 --> 00:03:21,280 Well, we basically took production, 77 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:23,729 which is all of the stuff, which I think 78 00:03:23,729 --> 00:03:25,270 is actually structured the wrong way. 79 00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:27,840 This is really what production is. 80 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:32,450 And they had to learn all of it, in basically two weeks, 81 00:03:32,450 --> 00:03:35,390 because they spent the last week making their videos. 82 00:03:35,390 --> 00:03:37,860 And this isn't just how to turn on a camera. 83 00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:42,290 It's how to write an effective script, how to engage people 84 00:03:42,290 --> 00:03:44,080 with your texts and your body language, 85 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:45,996 and the way you're presenting things. 86 00:03:45,996 --> 00:03:47,370 And then on top of that, they had 87 00:03:47,370 --> 00:03:48,953 to learn how to use all the equipment. 88 00:03:48,953 --> 00:03:52,490 And then they had to learn how to edit sort of on their own, 89 00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:54,250 and learn how to plan things, and learn 90 00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:57,250 how all of these things interact with each other. 91 00:03:57,250 --> 00:04:01,240 So what you're about to see are things that they basically 92 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:03,020 put together in like two or three 93 00:04:03,020 --> 00:04:06,130 days, which is kind of nuts, and with very, very 94 00:04:06,130 --> 00:04:07,100 limited resources. 95 00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,570 We had these crappy little canon camcorders. 96 00:04:11,570 --> 00:04:15,400 So it's pretty impressive when you think about the constraints 97 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,370 that they had. 98 00:04:18,370 --> 00:04:22,370 One of the things that we talked about was storyboarding. 99 00:04:22,370 --> 00:04:24,810 So I storyboarded the class for you guys. 100 00:04:24,810 --> 00:04:27,440 Day one, if you don't remember, we talked about intro 101 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:27,990 to the class. 102 00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:31,050 Chris Babel gave a guest lecture on sort of introduction 103 00:04:31,050 --> 00:04:33,260 to using the camera. 104 00:04:33,260 --> 00:04:36,270 Then on day two, I made the terrible decision 105 00:04:36,270 --> 00:04:37,960 of not telling people that we were 106 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:41,590 going to have 20 sixth graders come to the classroom. 107 00:04:41,590 --> 00:04:44,360 But luckily Jamie took care of that before I got there. 108 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:48,230 And they basically had to pitch ideas for videos 109 00:04:48,230 --> 00:04:52,060 to 20 sixth graders from Winthrop. 110 00:04:52,060 --> 00:04:54,440 And then Natalie Kuldell came and talked 111 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:57,470 a bit about her experiences launching BioBuilder, which 112 00:04:57,470 --> 00:05:00,440 is this educational nonprofit. 113 00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:02,757 And then George came in and did a hosting workshop, 114 00:05:02,757 --> 00:05:03,840 if you guys remember this. 115 00:05:03,840 --> 00:05:07,510 This is only like two weeks ago, which is crazy. 116 00:05:07,510 --> 00:05:09,550 And then Josh and John from Planet Nutshell 117 00:05:09,550 --> 00:05:13,420 gave a workshop on storyboarding. 118 00:05:13,420 --> 00:05:16,750 And then we had our table read. 119 00:05:16,750 --> 00:05:20,930 And then you guys shot for the first time. 120 00:05:20,930 --> 00:05:24,913 And then you had another table read. 121 00:05:24,913 --> 00:05:27,080 Wow, did I mess up my pictures? 122 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:28,150 Sorry. 123 00:05:28,150 --> 00:05:29,940 And then we talked about post production. 124 00:05:29,940 --> 00:05:32,460 You guys literally learned the philosophy of editing 125 00:05:32,460 --> 00:05:35,270 in two hours. 126 00:05:35,270 --> 00:05:38,680 And then you went off to film your episodes. 127 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:40,640 And then we had one screening. 128 00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:43,320 And then what-- two more days passed. 129 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:44,280 One day passed. 130 00:05:44,280 --> 00:05:45,980 And then we're here at today. 131 00:05:45,980 --> 00:05:50,000 So it was a very condensed, very expedited version 132 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:54,590 of all that stuff in the web that I showed earlier. 133 00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:59,520 And so speaking of storyboards, we are at our first project. 134 00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:01,600 This was Yuliya's first storyboard. 135 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:03,380 And yes, I combed through the Tumblr, 136 00:06:03,380 --> 00:06:06,080 and I'm pulling up all the embarrassing first drafts 137 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:09,670 of everything that people posted. 138 00:06:09,670 --> 00:06:11,289 Yuliya's first storyboard-- and I'm 139 00:06:11,289 --> 00:06:13,830 bummed because the text is super small and you can't see it-- 140 00:06:13,830 --> 00:06:15,950 but it's her first version of her script. 141 00:06:15,950 --> 00:06:18,830 And it's basically her first attempt 142 00:06:18,830 --> 00:06:21,570 at planning what her video was going to be. 143 00:06:21,570 --> 00:06:27,450 And the intro was what do a snowflake and cellphone have 144 00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:27,990 in common. 145 00:06:27,990 --> 00:06:30,660 And her plan was to go out by the Charles, 146 00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:31,834 maybe while it was snowing. 147 00:06:31,834 --> 00:06:34,375 And then she's going to have all these things about fractals, 148 00:06:34,375 --> 00:06:36,600 and how fractals are everywhere. 149 00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:37,670 Fractals are crazy. 150 00:06:37,670 --> 00:06:38,960 They're in broccoli. 151 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:42,300 Oh my gosh, so many fractals! 152 00:06:42,300 --> 00:06:46,140 And then she starts talking about fractals. 153 00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:50,650 Yuliya, do you mind coming on up here? 154 00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:00,940 Pin this to yourself. 155 00:07:00,940 --> 00:07:02,900 What was the process like-- hang on, 156 00:07:02,900 --> 00:07:04,880 I'm going to give this to you too-- 157 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:09,200 what was the process like going from this storyboard 158 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:13,310 to the video that we're about to see? 159 00:07:13,310 --> 00:07:16,470 YULIYA: Well I mostly changed the script 160 00:07:16,470 --> 00:07:19,270 since this storyboard. 161 00:07:19,270 --> 00:07:21,660 But this kind of helped me think through what 162 00:07:21,660 --> 00:07:25,430 are some possible locations I'm going to film at, 163 00:07:25,430 --> 00:07:28,710 what animations I can use. 164 00:07:28,710 --> 00:07:30,230 So this was very important for me 165 00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:33,590 to kind of imagine what was happening, 166 00:07:33,590 --> 00:07:38,820 but not just in my script, but also how it would look on film. 167 00:07:38,820 --> 00:07:41,610 And then I noticed that there were 168 00:07:41,610 --> 00:07:44,720 some issues with the storyboard, and then 169 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:46,260 changed the script afterwards. 170 00:07:46,260 --> 00:07:47,801 ELIZABETH CHOE: And how-- your script 171 00:07:47,801 --> 00:07:50,160 probably changed the most. 172 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:53,240 Well, there were some drastic changes that happened. 173 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,640 But from your very first idea from day one, 174 00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:59,775 your thought what to do something about math, 175 00:07:59,775 --> 00:08:02,110 but how math wasn't real. 176 00:08:02,110 --> 00:08:04,000 It was like this very philosophical idea. 177 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:05,415 And it was awesome. 178 00:08:05,415 --> 00:08:09,210 But we had no idea how she would tell it in five minutes. 179 00:08:09,210 --> 00:08:12,260 So how did it evolve over the course 180 00:08:12,260 --> 00:08:14,260 or what were some of the challenges 181 00:08:14,260 --> 00:08:16,850 that you had revising it? 182 00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:18,660 YULIYA: So I started with talking 183 00:08:18,660 --> 00:08:21,050 about Godel's incompleteness theorem, which asks 184 00:08:21,050 --> 00:08:22,590 the question of is math real? 185 00:08:22,590 --> 00:08:25,070 And then I pitched that idea to sixth graders. 186 00:08:25,070 --> 00:08:27,390 And I came back, and I was really shocked 187 00:08:27,390 --> 00:08:31,120 that I ever thought that I could explain that to sixth graders. 188 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:34,730 So then I have to think, well what else can I 189 00:08:34,730 --> 00:08:36,330 tell about math? 190 00:08:36,330 --> 00:08:38,482 And I like theoretical math, so all 191 00:08:38,482 --> 00:08:39,940 of the concepts that I line in math 192 00:08:39,940 --> 00:08:43,610 are abstract, and don't really have a concrete application. 193 00:08:43,610 --> 00:08:45,520 So I start freaking out. 194 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:47,460 And then eventually I came up with this idea 195 00:08:47,460 --> 00:08:49,770 of fractals which were doodles, and they 196 00:08:49,770 --> 00:08:51,370 were present everywhere nature. 197 00:08:51,370 --> 00:08:52,750 So it could be made relatable. 198 00:08:52,750 --> 00:08:57,100 It could be made concrete, even though it was this very 199 00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:59,230 abstract math concept. 200 00:08:59,230 --> 00:09:03,280 So that was the third script that I wrote. 201 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:06,150 That was about fractals and chaos theory. 202 00:09:06,150 --> 00:09:09,240 Then I wrote another one, which didn't talk about chaos theory, 203 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:13,580 because that was also complex. 204 00:09:13,580 --> 00:09:17,410 So the issue for me was coming up with a topic 205 00:09:17,410 --> 00:09:20,020 that I could enjoy talking about, 206 00:09:20,020 --> 00:09:24,350 but also sixth graders would enjoy hearing about. 207 00:09:24,350 --> 00:09:27,880 And in the process I also realized 208 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,796 that I need more help than I thought, 209 00:09:31,796 --> 00:09:33,170 and more practice than I thought. 210 00:09:33,170 --> 00:09:36,050 So it was a very humbling experience, 211 00:09:36,050 --> 00:09:37,380 especially the table reads. 212 00:09:40,130 --> 00:09:42,690 ELIZABETH CHOE: And how do you feel about your final video? 213 00:09:42,690 --> 00:09:47,560 Again, what they're working with are these small cameras. 214 00:09:47,560 --> 00:09:50,770 Most of them had never touched a camera really before. 215 00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:52,660 None of them had used editing software 216 00:09:52,660 --> 00:09:54,770 except for maybe one or two. 217 00:09:54,770 --> 00:09:57,910 So how do you feel about the final product 218 00:09:57,910 --> 00:10:00,520 that we're about to see? 219 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:04,300 YULIYA: Well, I'm not very happy with the quality of the video. 220 00:10:04,300 --> 00:10:07,520 And I think part of it is I had to transfer between computers, 221 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:10,110 and work with software. 222 00:10:10,110 --> 00:10:11,990 There are definitely some scenes I 223 00:10:11,990 --> 00:10:14,960 would re-film if I had more time to get better 224 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,830 lighting and better sound. 225 00:10:17,830 --> 00:10:20,190 And it's only three and a half minutes long. 226 00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,740 So I could definitely add more math to it. 227 00:10:23,740 --> 00:10:26,940 But I think that yesterday when I uploaded it, 228 00:10:26,940 --> 00:10:30,536 I was pretty happy with what I got in the time that I had. 229 00:10:30,536 --> 00:10:31,535 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 230 00:10:31,535 --> 00:10:34,639 OK, well we'll watch your video. 231 00:10:34,639 --> 00:10:35,305 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 232 00:10:35,305 --> 00:10:40,390 -What do snowflakes and cell phones have in common? 233 00:10:40,390 --> 00:10:45,170 The answer is never ending patterns called fractals. 234 00:10:45,170 --> 00:10:49,970 To explain, let me start by drawing a snowflake. 235 00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:52,416 First, I draw an equilateral triangle, 236 00:10:52,416 --> 00:10:55,092 divide each side into three parts. 237 00:10:55,092 --> 00:10:59,870 I draw another equilateral triangle on top of each one. 238 00:10:59,870 --> 00:11:02,792 Then take out the middle and repeat the process, 239 00:11:02,792 --> 00:11:05,175 this time with one, two, three, four, 240 00:11:05,175 --> 00:11:08,150 times three, which is 12 sides. 241 00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,030 Eventually, the shape will start looking something like this. 242 00:11:11,030 --> 00:11:14,370 In mathematics, this is called a cox snowflake. 243 00:11:14,370 --> 00:11:17,316 If I repeated my process again and again, 244 00:11:17,316 --> 00:11:21,244 I would see this same pattern anywhere I looked. 245 00:11:21,244 --> 00:11:24,380 This is a cox snowflake, this time drawn on your computer. 246 00:11:24,380 --> 00:11:27,260 Such neverending patterns that are under any scale, 247 00:11:27,260 --> 00:11:29,660 on any level of zoom, look roughly the same, 248 00:11:29,660 --> 00:11:31,100 are called fractals. 249 00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:33,980 Computer scientists can program these patterns 250 00:11:33,980 --> 00:11:36,800 by repeating an often simple mathematical process 251 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:38,147 over and over. 252 00:11:38,147 --> 00:11:40,580 And in 1990s, a regular astronomer, 253 00:11:40,580 --> 00:11:43,973 by the name of Nathan Cohen, used fractals 254 00:11:43,973 --> 00:11:46,596 to revolutionize wireless communications. 255 00:11:46,596 --> 00:11:50,307 At the time, Cohen was having troubles with his landlord. 256 00:11:50,307 --> 00:11:52,712 The man wouldn't let him put an antenna on his roof. 257 00:11:52,712 --> 00:11:57,260 So Cohen designed a more compact, fractal radio antenna 258 00:11:57,260 --> 00:11:58,238 instead. 259 00:11:58,238 --> 00:11:59,705 The landlord didn't notice it. 260 00:11:59,705 --> 00:12:03,130 And it worked better than the ones before. 261 00:12:03,130 --> 00:12:06,450 Working further, Cohen designed a new antenna, 262 00:12:06,450 --> 00:12:10,767 this time using a fractal called the menger sponge. 263 00:12:10,767 --> 00:12:12,478 The menger sponge is not the name 264 00:12:12,478 --> 00:12:14,679 of the sponge you'd be scrubbing your back with. 265 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:16,635 But you can still think of it like that. 266 00:12:16,635 --> 00:12:19,569 Imagine with water and soap getting through the sponge's 267 00:12:19,569 --> 00:12:24,870 holes, except the water is Wi-Fi and soap is safe Bluetooth. 268 00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:26,410 The fractal's infinite sponginess 269 00:12:26,410 --> 00:12:29,076 allows it to receive many different frequencies 270 00:12:29,076 --> 00:12:30,042 simultaneously. 271 00:12:30,042 --> 00:12:32,457 Before Cohen's invention, antennas 272 00:12:32,457 --> 00:12:34,389 had to be cut for one frequency. 273 00:12:34,389 --> 00:12:36,804 And that was the only frequency they could offer. 274 00:12:36,804 --> 00:12:39,530 Alcon sponge, your cellphone would 275 00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:41,660 have to look something like a hedgehog 276 00:12:41,660 --> 00:12:44,152 to receive multiple signals, including 277 00:12:44,152 --> 00:12:46,948 the one your friends use when they call. 278 00:12:46,948 --> 00:12:49,390 Cohen later proved that only fractal shapes 279 00:12:49,390 --> 00:12:51,756 could work in such a wide range of frequencies. 280 00:12:51,756 --> 00:12:54,000 Today millions of wireless devices, 281 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,437 such as laptops and barcode scanners, 282 00:12:56,437 --> 00:12:59,359 use Cohen's fractal antenna. 283 00:12:59,359 --> 00:13:01,307 Cohen's genius invention, however, 284 00:13:01,307 --> 00:13:04,229 was not the first application of fractals in the world. 285 00:13:04,229 --> 00:13:06,664 Nature has been doing it the whole time, and not 286 00:13:06,664 --> 00:13:07,638 just with snowflakes. 287 00:13:07,638 --> 00:13:10,560 Natural selection gave us the most efficient systems 288 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:12,898 of organisms, all in the fractal form. 289 00:13:12,898 --> 00:13:15,056 The spiral fractal, for example, is 290 00:13:15,056 --> 00:13:18,376 present in sea shells, broccoli and hurricanes. 291 00:13:18,376 --> 00:13:20,970 The fractal tree is relatively easy to program, 292 00:13:20,970 --> 00:13:23,816 and can be used to study river systems, blood vessels 293 00:13:23,816 --> 00:13:25,706 and lightning holes. 294 00:13:25,706 --> 00:13:28,570 So many natural systems, previously thought off 295 00:13:28,570 --> 00:13:30,120 limits to mathematicians, can now 296 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,995 be understood in terms of fractals. 297 00:13:32,995 --> 00:13:35,941 Mathematics allows us to learn each of those practices, 298 00:13:35,941 --> 00:13:39,378 and then apply them to solve real-world problems. 299 00:13:39,378 --> 00:13:42,170 Much like Cohen's antenna, revolutionized 300 00:13:42,170 --> 00:13:44,480 telecommunications, on the fractal research, 301 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:48,540 is changing medicine, weather prediction and art, 302 00:13:48,540 --> 00:13:52,000 here at MIT and everywhere in the world. 303 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:52,890 Look around you. 304 00:13:52,890 --> 00:13:55,842 What beautiful patterns do you see? 305 00:13:55,842 --> 00:13:57,810 [MUSIC PLAYING] 306 00:13:59,286 --> 00:14:02,238 [APPLAUSE] 307 00:14:02,238 --> 00:14:06,659 [END PLAYBACK] 308 00:14:06,659 --> 00:14:08,200 ELIZABETH CHOE: I forgot to mention-- 309 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:10,940 so obviously, if a student's on screen hosting, 310 00:14:10,940 --> 00:14:14,330 they are not filming their own project. 311 00:14:14,330 --> 00:14:16,560 So what we did was paired people up into groups, 312 00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:17,700 and they filmed each other. 313 00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:23,247 So that piece was filmed by Kenneth and PJ, 314 00:14:23,247 --> 00:14:25,830 and they all worked together to help each other out and direct 315 00:14:25,830 --> 00:14:28,940 each other, and it was awesome. 316 00:14:28,940 --> 00:14:32,520 Next up, we have PJ. 317 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,436 Now PJ, for you-- you can come on up. 318 00:14:35,436 --> 00:14:40,815 I took your second pitch from the Tumblr posts-- 319 00:14:40,815 --> 00:14:43,006 PJ: All right. 320 00:14:43,006 --> 00:14:44,630 ELIZABETH CHOE: --where you had come up 321 00:14:44,630 --> 00:14:46,970 with the idea of talking about ships. 322 00:14:46,970 --> 00:14:51,240 His first-- yes? 323 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:53,880 Oh, thank you, sorry. 324 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,160 You had come up with the idea of talking 325 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:59,661 about the science behind poached eggs? 326 00:14:59,661 --> 00:15:00,160 PJ: Yeah. 327 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:01,035 ELIZABETH CHOE: And-- 328 00:15:01,035 --> 00:15:03,522 PJ: Yeah, you shouldn't show that one. 329 00:15:03,522 --> 00:15:04,563 ELIZABETH CHOE: How did-- 330 00:15:04,563 --> 00:15:05,490 PJ: I don't even know how to poach an egg, so-- 331 00:15:05,490 --> 00:15:06,865 ELIZABETH CHOE: How did that turn 332 00:15:06,865 --> 00:15:11,170 from the science of poached eggs to what 333 00:15:11,170 --> 00:15:16,360 ended up being a video about how ships basically don't sink? 334 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,320 PJ: Well, honestly I was trying to look for something easy. 335 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:22,600 And poaching eggs isn't actually that easy. 336 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,080 So I wanted to learn how to do it. 337 00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:26,620 And I thought it'd be some where I'd 338 00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:30,210 be able to present on something, and also learn something myself 339 00:15:30,210 --> 00:15:32,970 but-- also I could just do it in my kitchen at home. 340 00:15:32,970 --> 00:15:35,290 So it seemed very accessible. 341 00:15:35,290 --> 00:15:39,300 But yeah, I decided to ditch that because it's a lot harder 342 00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:44,460 than people-- or I think people know it's hard to poach an egg 343 00:15:44,460 --> 00:15:44,960 so-- 344 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:45,990 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, so let's watch your pitch 345 00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:47,622 and then we can talk about it, and how 346 00:15:47,622 --> 00:15:51,440 it changed to your final video. 347 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:53,376 Oh, woops. 348 00:15:53,376 --> 00:15:55,312 Can everyone see that OK? 349 00:15:55,312 --> 00:15:57,732 Can I leave the back light on? 350 00:15:57,732 --> 00:16:01,592 PJ: Let us assume for a second that this cardboard box I 351 00:16:01,592 --> 00:16:04,692 hold in front of you is a ship. 352 00:16:04,692 --> 00:16:06,474 Let's say it's a box barge. 353 00:16:06,474 --> 00:16:08,710 It kind of looks like a barge. 354 00:16:08,710 --> 00:16:12,165 Now what I've done for you is drawn the water line. 355 00:16:12,165 --> 00:16:16,575 And what that is is that is the level at which the barge would 356 00:16:16,575 --> 00:16:18,708 float on top of the water, assuming 357 00:16:18,708 --> 00:16:21,690 that it's going to float. 358 00:16:21,690 --> 00:16:25,666 Now if I take these scissors, and create damage 359 00:16:25,666 --> 00:16:28,660 to the bow section of this barge, 360 00:16:28,660 --> 00:16:30,766 what do you think would happen? 361 00:16:30,766 --> 00:16:32,758 You'd probably be right in saying 362 00:16:32,758 --> 00:16:34,750 that water is going to go through this hole 363 00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:37,410 that I created, fill up in the barge, 364 00:16:37,410 --> 00:16:38,910 and that the barge is going to sink. 365 00:16:41,560 --> 00:16:49,529 Now let's take that same scenario and do it again. 366 00:16:49,529 --> 00:16:53,930 So you want to damage this bow portion right here. 367 00:16:53,930 --> 00:16:55,680 Now what do you think would happen? 368 00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:57,936 You'd probably say that well, you just did 369 00:16:57,936 --> 00:16:59,525 that so it's going to sink. 370 00:16:59,525 --> 00:17:01,025 Water's going to climb in that hole, 371 00:17:01,025 --> 00:17:02,600 and it's going to sink the ship. 372 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:04,889 But you'd be wrong. 373 00:17:04,889 --> 00:17:09,060 What I did is I took these cardboard pieces right here, 374 00:17:09,060 --> 00:17:11,672 and subdivided the vessel. 375 00:17:11,672 --> 00:17:14,622 And what that means is that when water comes in 376 00:17:14,622 --> 00:17:16,240 through this hole, it's just going 377 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:17,610 to fill up this compartment. 378 00:17:17,610 --> 00:17:19,353 Now what that's going to do, it's 379 00:17:19,353 --> 00:17:22,170 going to cause a trim condition in the barge, 380 00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:24,500 but it's not going sink. 381 00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:26,094 And people on board are not going 382 00:17:26,094 --> 00:17:29,607 to be injured as a result of the vessel sinking. 383 00:17:29,607 --> 00:17:32,650 Now I show you this example as a segway 384 00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:35,330 into what naval architects do. 385 00:17:35,330 --> 00:17:38,266 One of the most important features of designing a ship 386 00:17:38,266 --> 00:17:42,300 is making sure it's not going to sink, as easy as it sounds. 387 00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:48,645 And the way that we do that it through subdivision. 388 00:17:48,645 --> 00:17:52,130 ELIZABETH CHOE: So I showed that because basically 389 00:17:52,130 --> 00:17:54,540 the difference between this and the video that you're 390 00:17:54,540 --> 00:17:57,630 about to see in terms of content isn't super, super different. 391 00:17:57,630 --> 00:17:59,810 The science, the basic science behind it 392 00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:01,920 isn't incredibly different. 393 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:04,900 So what happened between you making this 394 00:18:04,900 --> 00:18:07,630 to you making your final video? 395 00:18:07,630 --> 00:18:09,500 PJ: Well I kind of knew the resources 396 00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:14,480 that I had at MIT to do a pretty decent job trying to show it. 397 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:17,640 So that was tough trying to organize 398 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:19,162 that, like getting the labs I had 399 00:18:19,162 --> 00:18:21,370 to go to because I don't actually work in these labs. 400 00:18:21,370 --> 00:18:23,310 So it's-- it was tough to schedule that. 401 00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:24,920 But I knew it would be possible. 402 00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:27,890 So I just tried to do it, and had lot of fun int 403 00:18:27,890 --> 00:18:28,890 he process so-- 404 00:18:28,890 --> 00:18:30,370 ELIZABETH CHOE: I don't think that this is actually 405 00:18:30,370 --> 00:18:31,190 a bad video at all. 406 00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:32,606 I think that you'll go on YouTube, 407 00:18:32,606 --> 00:18:35,640 and you'll find a ton of videos just like this one where 408 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:38,290 it's someone that just set up their camera back at home, 409 00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:42,720 and they're talking a little bit about a physics concept. 410 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:44,810 Which one do you like better-- this one or the one 411 00:18:44,810 --> 00:18:46,296 that you made for the project? 412 00:18:46,296 --> 00:18:49,160 PJ: I liked the first one better. 413 00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:52,120 No, the second one's definitely a little bit more in depth, 414 00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:55,740 and kind of goes into the science a little bit more so-- 415 00:18:55,740 --> 00:18:58,580 ELIZABETH CHOE: What was the hardest part about getting 416 00:18:58,580 --> 00:18:59,470 to this final video? 417 00:19:03,420 --> 00:19:08,620 PJ: I'd say-- I think it was probably organizing all of it 418 00:19:08,620 --> 00:19:11,649 because just the different shots that had to take 419 00:19:11,649 --> 00:19:13,190 and everything-- it was pretty tough. 420 00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:16,860 But it was good having Kenneth and Yuliya. 421 00:19:16,860 --> 00:19:19,476 They definitely helped to-- I think my storyboard was 422 00:19:19,476 --> 00:19:20,600 kind of all over the place. 423 00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:22,320 But they were like, no, you should do it from this angle 424 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:23,940 and you should try it from this angle. 425 00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:26,517 So I got a lot good stuff that I could edit. 426 00:19:26,517 --> 00:19:28,100 ELIZABETH CHOE: Yeah, and you actually 427 00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:30,276 said that it was easier for you to be on camera 428 00:19:30,276 --> 00:19:31,769 when you were around other people 429 00:19:31,769 --> 00:19:33,060 than when you were by yourself. 430 00:19:33,060 --> 00:19:34,610 PJ: Yeah. 431 00:19:34,610 --> 00:19:37,750 ELIZABETH CHOE: Well, let's have a look at your final project. 432 00:19:37,750 --> 00:19:38,916 PJ: You want me to sit down? 433 00:19:57,880 --> 00:19:59,350 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 434 00:19:59,350 --> 00:19:59,860 [INAUDIBLE] 435 00:20:03,925 --> 00:20:06,152 -When we take complex things, and break them 436 00:20:06,152 --> 00:20:09,370 into smaller pieces, we find out that we know a lot more 437 00:20:09,370 --> 00:20:13,330 about things than we think. 438 00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:16,300 [MUSIC PLAYING] 439 00:20:20,260 --> 00:20:22,735 Now let's this box Orca One, and create 440 00:20:22,735 --> 00:20:26,695 damage below the waterline which I've indicated right here. 441 00:20:26,695 --> 00:20:30,160 [MUSIC PLAYING] 442 00:20:31,645 --> 00:20:34,615 Now let's take Orca One on the water and see what happens. 443 00:20:34,615 --> 00:20:37,585 [MUSIC PLAYING] 444 00:20:44,515 --> 00:20:47,980 The Orca One sank due to the weight of the added water. 445 00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:52,900 What if the Orca One contained cargo or oil or even people? 446 00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:57,740 Now let's take Orca Two, and do the same thing. 447 00:20:57,740 --> 00:21:00,710 [MUSIC PLAYING] 448 00:21:05,660 --> 00:21:08,135 [BELL RINGING] 449 00:21:08,135 --> 00:21:10,610 So we can see that Orca Two did not sink, 450 00:21:10,610 --> 00:21:13,580 although it is sitting at an angle towards the bow. 451 00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:15,065 So why didn't Orca Two sink? 452 00:21:15,065 --> 00:21:17,540 As easy as it sounds, this simple demonstration 453 00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:21,005 is essential to the design of huge, complex ships-- 454 00:21:21,005 --> 00:21:23,975 ships that are responsible for carrying about 90% 455 00:21:23,975 --> 00:21:25,460 of all our stuff. 456 00:21:25,460 --> 00:21:27,935 If [INAUDIBLE], how do we [INAUDIBLE] ships 457 00:21:27,935 --> 00:21:31,666 carrying our stuff to make into ports safely and not sink? 458 00:21:31,666 --> 00:21:35,152 [MUSIC PLAYING] 459 00:21:41,626 --> 00:21:44,600 He we have Orca One and Orca Two from before. 460 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:46,885 Although Orca One and Orca Two don't 461 00:21:46,885 --> 00:21:48,600 engage in international trade, they 462 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,540 behave just as 1,000 foot container ship would. 463 00:21:51,540 --> 00:21:53,990 Now let's take a look into Orca One. 464 00:21:53,990 --> 00:21:55,950 We can see that there's nothing in it. 465 00:21:55,950 --> 00:21:57,920 It's just a box. 466 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,752 But if you look at Orca Two, we can 467 00:22:01,752 --> 00:22:04,812 see that it's subdivided into these watertight compartments 468 00:22:04,812 --> 00:22:07,272 by these tranverse watertight bulkheads. 469 00:22:07,272 --> 00:22:09,568 Now what that means is that if we 470 00:22:09,568 --> 00:22:11,910 were to damage a ship right here, 471 00:22:11,910 --> 00:22:13,904 water would only flow into this compartment. 472 00:22:13,904 --> 00:22:16,736 It would not go into this one, this one or this one. 473 00:22:16,736 --> 00:22:20,413 That would cause the ship to be angled or trimmed in the water, 474 00:22:20,413 --> 00:22:22,970 but it would not cause the ship to sink completely. 475 00:22:22,970 --> 00:22:26,232 We refer to Orca Two as being subdivided. 476 00:22:26,232 --> 00:22:28,982 And we can see subdivision in many of these ships' plans. 477 00:22:28,982 --> 00:22:31,290 It is unclear when subdivision first 478 00:22:31,290 --> 00:22:34,884 started being used in ships, but accounts of fifth century 479 00:22:34,884 --> 00:22:36,550 Chinese trade ships indicated that water 480 00:22:36,550 --> 00:22:39,668 would be able to enter the vessel without sinking. 481 00:22:39,668 --> 00:22:41,960 So let's find out why this happens. 482 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:46,270 Let's imagine a barge divided into ten equal compartments. 483 00:22:46,270 --> 00:22:48,640 One of them springs a leak from damage. 484 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:51,373 Since the ship is subdivided, only the first compartment 485 00:22:51,373 --> 00:22:53,590 floats and the ship remains afloat 486 00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:56,130 protecting both its people and cargo. 487 00:22:56,130 --> 00:22:58,900 Although the added water causes the ship to trim, is still 488 00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,944 has enough buoyancy to return to port for repairs. 489 00:23:05,416 --> 00:23:06,768 Ships still sink, though. 490 00:23:06,768 --> 00:23:08,226 It's both expensive and impractical 491 00:23:08,226 --> 00:23:10,872 to try to design an unsinkable ship, 492 00:23:10,872 --> 00:23:12,690 especially when these ships will never 493 00:23:12,690 --> 00:23:13,848 see that amount of damage. 494 00:23:13,848 --> 00:23:15,931 That's why, as naval architects, we 495 00:23:15,931 --> 00:23:18,808 use computer programs to help us out with subdivision. 496 00:23:18,808 --> 00:23:21,680 Computers make it easy to see certain damage 497 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:24,470 cases in practically no time. 498 00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:27,660 With different software, we can damage certain compartments 499 00:23:27,660 --> 00:23:30,010 and see how the ship responds to it. 500 00:23:30,010 --> 00:23:32,420 This gives the naval architect a good idea 501 00:23:32,420 --> 00:23:36,310 of what parts to improve on the ship, if any. 502 00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:39,760 So even though ships seem like these intricate, complex 503 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,320 things, they're really just based on principles 504 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:44,160 that we all already know. 505 00:23:47,160 --> 00:24:02,510 [APPLAUSE] 506 00:24:02,510 --> 00:24:04,490 [END PLAYBACK] 507 00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,500 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so [INAUDIBLE], 508 00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:10,160 I don't know if you saw me mess up, but you're up next. 509 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:15,900 I accidentally fast forwarded through all the slides. 510 00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:25,410 So I'm also going to show-- that's this just 511 00:24:25,410 --> 00:24:28,750 the sound that's there. 512 00:24:28,750 --> 00:24:29,470 You can't see? 513 00:24:34,399 --> 00:24:35,440 Shouldn't have done that. 514 00:24:39,340 --> 00:24:40,720 Here we go. 515 00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:42,580 So Andrea, you can come on up. 516 00:24:42,580 --> 00:24:47,080 So I'm going to show the second pitch that you did. 517 00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:50,521 I guess my question for you is, you knew pretty early on where 518 00:24:50,521 --> 00:24:51,770 you were going to write about. 519 00:24:51,770 --> 00:24:54,890 I think your topic stayed pretty much the same, 520 00:24:54,890 --> 00:24:56,550 but the way that you were saying it 521 00:24:56,550 --> 00:24:59,300 changed a lot over the course of the class. 522 00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:03,520 So, I guess, what was the most important thing that you 523 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,020 learned in the past few weeks? 524 00:25:06,020 --> 00:25:07,770 ANDREA: Oh gosh, the most important thing. 525 00:25:07,770 --> 00:25:11,025 ELIZABETH CHOE: Or maybe the most practical thing. 526 00:25:11,025 --> 00:25:13,170 Here you go, sorry. 527 00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:21,463 ANDREA: OK, two things-- persistence and iteration. 528 00:25:24,060 --> 00:25:28,020 And the persistence was by far the harder thing 529 00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:30,960 to really do, because I'd experience 530 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,030 a block at something. 531 00:25:33,030 --> 00:25:37,070 My first one was that I was too much in, like, businesswoman 532 00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:42,140 presenting information mode, and it wasn't very authentic. 533 00:25:42,140 --> 00:25:44,260 And I didn't think-- I was like, I'm not 534 00:25:44,260 --> 00:25:46,310 trying to sell orthodontics to the sixth graders. 535 00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:48,100 That's kind of ridiculous. 536 00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:49,610 ELIZABETH CHOE: [INAUDIBLE] 537 00:25:49,610 --> 00:25:53,180 ANDREA: I'm trying to teach them about science. 538 00:25:53,180 --> 00:25:55,730 So it was just a series of blocks 539 00:25:55,730 --> 00:26:00,722 that I really just had to work through, much like life. 540 00:26:00,722 --> 00:26:02,180 ELIZABETH CHOE: What type of advice 541 00:26:02,180 --> 00:26:06,830 would you give anyone who's going to give a talk, who's 542 00:26:06,830 --> 00:26:07,980 going to make a video? 543 00:26:07,980 --> 00:26:10,090 Just anyone who's trying to communicate 544 00:26:10,090 --> 00:26:14,254 their technical ideas to lay audience. 545 00:26:14,254 --> 00:26:16,420 Because you come from a very interesting background. 546 00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,860 So, Andrea is a Sloan fellow, so she 547 00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:23,361 has a sense of presentation and communication minus the video. 548 00:26:23,361 --> 00:26:25,630 So, I guess drawing on all these experiences, 549 00:26:25,630 --> 00:26:28,065 what type of advice would you give to folks? 550 00:26:28,065 --> 00:26:29,940 ANDREA: Well, I think the first time you ever 551 00:26:29,940 --> 00:26:32,120 try to present information, you think 552 00:26:32,120 --> 00:26:34,480 you're going to get through a lot more information 553 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:36,710 than you actually will, and that was the first thing 554 00:26:36,710 --> 00:26:39,420 that I learned when I taught. 555 00:26:39,420 --> 00:26:42,520 I went with a lesson plan of like 20 things, 556 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:45,280 and I only got through, like, maybe four. 557 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:47,130 So I think that that's your first lesson 558 00:26:47,130 --> 00:26:50,870 is, keep it simple initially. 559 00:26:50,870 --> 00:26:52,600 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome, do you-- well, 560 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:53,940 let's watch your pitch first. 561 00:26:59,540 --> 00:27:00,232 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 562 00:27:00,232 --> 00:27:04,350 -My name's Andrea [INAUDIBLE], and I'm a Sloan fellow, 563 00:27:04,350 --> 00:27:05,470 as I mentioned earlier. 564 00:27:05,470 --> 00:27:07,920 And my pitch idea is actually having 565 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:10,110 to do with something that I actually 566 00:27:10,110 --> 00:27:12,430 know something a little bit about, 567 00:27:12,430 --> 00:27:16,370 that many middle schoolers also struggle with. 568 00:27:16,370 --> 00:27:19,040 And that is having braces. 569 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,080 I just recently got my braces off, 570 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:25,120 and I also worked for an orthodontics company 571 00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,010 before I came here to MIT. 572 00:27:27,010 --> 00:27:31,760 So it's something that's both near and dear to my heart, 573 00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:35,790 and also I think I've seen a lot of high schoolers and middle 574 00:27:35,790 --> 00:27:38,365 schoolers struggle with this whole process. 575 00:27:38,365 --> 00:27:40,740 I know I didn't know a whole lot about it. 576 00:27:40,740 --> 00:27:42,890 So basically, that would be my pitch. 577 00:27:42,890 --> 00:27:45,560 To teach kids about what's happening with their teeth 578 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:47,520 as they're having braces on. 579 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:51,240 How the teeth move, how osteoblasts and osteoclasts 580 00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:56,130 work, and to deposit and dissolve some of their bone, 581 00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,488 which is actually one of the reasons why it hurts so much. 582 00:27:59,488 --> 00:28:02,554 And also why your mouth gets dry-- all those kinds 583 00:28:02,554 --> 00:28:03,970 of scientific aspects of something 584 00:28:03,970 --> 00:28:08,370 that these kids really deal with on a daily basis 585 00:28:08,370 --> 00:28:10,630 during a very awkward time of their life. 586 00:28:10,630 --> 00:28:13,055 So that's my main pitch. 587 00:28:13,055 --> 00:28:14,360 [END PLAYBACK] 588 00:28:14,360 --> 00:28:17,006 ELIZABETH CHOE: So before we see your video, 589 00:28:17,006 --> 00:28:18,880 what's one thing that you're really proud of, 590 00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,125 and one thing that you want to change if you had 591 00:28:21,125 --> 00:28:22,605 more time or more resources? 592 00:28:28,010 --> 00:28:30,450 ANDREA: OK, that's a really hard question. 593 00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:32,680 I'd change the whole thing. 594 00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:36,110 But the one thing that I liked about it 595 00:28:36,110 --> 00:28:38,870 is that I tried to keep my sense of humor 596 00:28:38,870 --> 00:28:44,445 in the video, and the one thing that I wish I could change 597 00:28:44,445 --> 00:28:46,950 is learning more about lighting and editing, 598 00:28:46,950 --> 00:28:51,812 and just more of the technical details. 599 00:28:51,812 --> 00:28:52,812 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 600 00:28:52,812 --> 00:28:56,555 Well, let's go ahead and watch it. 601 00:28:56,555 --> 00:28:58,180 ANDREA: Do you want me to stay up here? 602 00:28:58,180 --> 00:28:59,596 ELIZABETH CHOE: You can move down. 603 00:29:08,250 --> 00:29:08,916 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 604 00:29:08,916 --> 00:29:12,038 -Eating is one of the great pleasures and necessities 605 00:29:12,038 --> 00:29:17,098 of life, and to enjoy everything from energy bars to apples, 606 00:29:17,098 --> 00:29:19,815 we rely on one part of our bodies 607 00:29:19,815 --> 00:29:23,337 to do an important job, our teeth. 608 00:29:23,337 --> 00:29:26,211 Teeth are the hardest substances in our bodies. 609 00:29:26,211 --> 00:29:28,752 They are harder than our bones, and they're 610 00:29:28,752 --> 00:29:30,043 even harder than iron or steel. 611 00:29:30,043 --> 00:29:32,917 So, why doesn't our jaw just crumble 612 00:29:32,917 --> 00:29:34,240 under all of those forces? 613 00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:36,350 Between your tooth and your jawbone, 614 00:29:36,350 --> 00:29:38,458 there's a specialized piece of tissue 615 00:29:38,458 --> 00:29:42,362 called the periodontal ligament, or PDL for short. 616 00:29:42,362 --> 00:29:45,290 The PDL can easily absorb the normal forces 617 00:29:45,290 --> 00:29:48,706 that a tooth experiences when we chew, say, an apple, cushioning 618 00:29:48,706 --> 00:29:51,146 or protecting our jawbone from our teeth. 619 00:29:51,146 --> 00:29:54,074 Teeth sound like they're already perfectly designed, 620 00:29:54,074 --> 00:29:56,850 but sometimes we really need to force them 621 00:29:56,850 --> 00:29:59,340 in a certain direction, like with braces. 622 00:29:59,340 --> 00:30:02,622 As the braces slowly force the teeth to move, 623 00:30:02,622 --> 00:30:04,550 the PDL is squeezed in one direction 624 00:30:04,550 --> 00:30:06,230 and stretched in the other. 625 00:30:06,230 --> 00:30:08,260 To make room, the mechanoreceptors 626 00:30:08,260 --> 00:30:11,260 in the PDL trigger cells called osteoclasts 627 00:30:11,260 --> 00:30:14,757 that actually come in and dissolve part of jaw 628 00:30:14,757 --> 00:30:15,679 to make extra room. 629 00:30:15,679 --> 00:30:18,022 The mechanoreceptors also trigger another kind 630 00:30:18,022 --> 00:30:21,135 of cell called and osteoblast, which comes in and builds up 631 00:30:21,135 --> 00:30:22,140 part of the jaw bone. 632 00:30:22,140 --> 00:30:25,556 This allows the PDL to get back into its regular, cushioning 633 00:30:25,556 --> 00:30:28,980 shape, thus, holding the tooth securely in position. 634 00:30:28,980 --> 00:30:32,290 So if braces use osteoblasts to physically reposition teeth 635 00:30:32,290 --> 00:30:34,240 for cosmetic reasons, what if wanted 636 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:36,900 to use them to replace things in our bodies? 637 00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,141 Dental implants replace teeth that 638 00:30:39,141 --> 00:30:41,592 are damaged or missing to restore chewing function. 639 00:30:41,592 --> 00:30:43,050 Your jaw isn't the only place where 640 00:30:43,050 --> 00:30:44,980 these osteoblasts and osteoclasts are 641 00:30:44,980 --> 00:30:46,400 altering your bone structure. 642 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,910 In fact, this bony remodeling process 643 00:30:48,910 --> 00:30:50,878 is happening throughout your entire body. 644 00:30:50,878 --> 00:30:53,890 And these implants aren't just limited to teeth. 645 00:30:53,890 --> 00:30:58,087 Doctors can replace knees, hips, even spinal discs, 646 00:30:58,087 --> 00:31:01,660 and MIT engineers are using the properties of osteoblasts 647 00:31:01,660 --> 00:31:03,576 and osteoclasts that are already in our bodies 648 00:31:03,576 --> 00:31:06,570 to create a chemical coding for these implants. 649 00:31:06,570 --> 00:31:08,067 Just like in a mouth with braces, 650 00:31:08,067 --> 00:31:10,562 this coding helps create natural bone 651 00:31:10,562 --> 00:31:12,558 to help lock the implant into place. 652 00:31:12,558 --> 00:31:16,051 Right now, these implants are designed 653 00:31:16,051 --> 00:31:18,213 to have the exact same functionality as the parts 654 00:31:18,213 --> 00:31:19,171 that they're replacing. 655 00:31:22,039 --> 00:31:24,534 But scientists are already developing implants 656 00:31:24,534 --> 00:31:27,910 to improve the performance of our bodies and brains. 657 00:31:27,910 --> 00:31:34,278 So at that point, will we be more machine than human? 658 00:31:34,278 --> 00:31:36,254 [APPLAUSE] 659 00:31:36,254 --> 00:31:37,736 [END PLAYBACK] 660 00:31:50,784 --> 00:31:52,908 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so Nathan, why don't you 661 00:31:52,908 --> 00:31:56,170 come on up. 662 00:31:56,170 --> 00:31:59,650 Every day, the students had to write a daily reflection 663 00:31:59,650 --> 00:32:02,540 on our class blog, which is open to anyone. 664 00:32:02,540 --> 00:32:05,004 Any one of you guys can go see it, if you want. 665 00:32:05,004 --> 00:32:07,170 And this is in addition to doing all the assignments 666 00:32:07,170 --> 00:32:08,180 that they had to do. 667 00:32:08,180 --> 00:32:09,730 But they would just talk about what 668 00:32:09,730 --> 00:32:13,030 the day was like, what they learned, what was challenging-- 669 00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:14,410 just any thoughts. 670 00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:17,300 And they could either post pictures, or write things, 671 00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:18,840 or make video blogs. 672 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:22,970 And Nathan, by far, had the most entertaining blogs. 673 00:32:22,970 --> 00:32:27,240 And I'm just going to show you it, and then we talk about it. 674 00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:30,120 NATHAN: All right, second day down. 675 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:33,460 ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait, Nathan, can you scoot over? 676 00:32:33,460 --> 00:32:33,960 Whoops. 677 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:37,820 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 678 00:32:37,820 --> 00:32:40,504 -All right, second day down. 679 00:32:40,504 --> 00:32:48,936 No, third-- third day-- so, third day-- all right, 680 00:32:48,936 --> 00:32:51,912 so, third day reflection. 681 00:32:51,912 --> 00:32:54,545 A lot happening. 682 00:32:54,545 --> 00:32:57,800 So much that's good, actually, so I 683 00:32:57,800 --> 00:32:59,832 guess I'll start with the first thing that pops 684 00:32:59,832 --> 00:33:04,225 into mind, which is shooting. 685 00:33:04,225 --> 00:33:08,680 I've just got done finally finishing my trailer pitch 686 00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:10,165 thing. 687 00:33:10,165 --> 00:33:14,590 And one thing I guess you always know, but you don't appreciate, 688 00:33:14,590 --> 00:33:17,610 is how many tries at shooting something 689 00:33:17,610 --> 00:33:20,090 it takes to get something you're satisfied with. 690 00:33:20,090 --> 00:33:23,685 Because, oh my gosh, I don't still 691 00:33:23,685 --> 00:33:26,110 really like what I've come out with, 692 00:33:26,110 --> 00:33:30,970 but I spent a good hour and a half 693 00:33:30,970 --> 00:33:33,324 repeating the same thing over and over again, 694 00:33:33,324 --> 00:33:36,726 and I don't know. 695 00:33:36,726 --> 00:33:40,265 I am OK with what came of it, because I 696 00:33:40,265 --> 00:33:43,030 know it's still very, very rough, 697 00:33:43,030 --> 00:33:44,720 and that's the point of it. 698 00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:45,596 So-- 699 00:33:45,596 --> 00:33:46,472 [END PLAYBACK] 700 00:33:46,472 --> 00:33:51,580 ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's part of his day three blog. 701 00:33:51,580 --> 00:33:54,960 So the reason why I said sort of becoming the next Bill Nye 702 00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:58,430 is that what I didn't want to end up 703 00:33:58,430 --> 00:34:01,840 happening was people thinking that this class was 704 00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:05,533 about molding them into some science celebrity that 705 00:34:05,533 --> 00:34:08,199 was becoming a next Bill Nye, or becoming the next Neil deGrasse 706 00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:10,610 Tyson, or becoming the Hank Green, 707 00:34:10,610 --> 00:34:13,810 because what I think is so awesome about what is here 708 00:34:13,810 --> 00:34:17,530 in the student body, and what everyone in this class brought, 709 00:34:17,530 --> 00:34:19,429 was their own individual personalities. 710 00:34:19,429 --> 00:34:23,159 And I would have hated it if Nathan 711 00:34:23,159 --> 00:34:25,489 was trying to be Bill Nye, because he's 712 00:34:25,489 --> 00:34:27,360 so much better as Nathan. 713 00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:30,020 And that's why his blogs are so great. 714 00:34:30,020 --> 00:34:33,230 So Nathan, what was-- I know that you 715 00:34:33,230 --> 00:34:34,980 had said that it was hard to be on camera, 716 00:34:34,980 --> 00:34:36,354 and it was hard to do production, 717 00:34:36,354 --> 00:34:37,770 but your blogs are so effortless, 718 00:34:37,770 --> 00:34:40,630 and your video blogs-- they're very you. 719 00:34:40,630 --> 00:34:43,360 So what was so hard about doing something 720 00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:44,909 when you had a line to say? 721 00:34:48,325 --> 00:34:52,230 You can just clip it to yourself if you want. 722 00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:56,850 NATHAN: I think we made it so hard was, 723 00:34:56,850 --> 00:34:59,080 if I'm just doing a blog sort of thing, 724 00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:04,300 I think of it in a way of, like, I'm just talking to someone. 725 00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,860 But when I'm trying to go with the script 726 00:35:06,860 --> 00:35:09,220 it becomes a lot more formal in my mind, 727 00:35:09,220 --> 00:35:13,090 and I just get nervous. 728 00:35:13,090 --> 00:35:15,820 ELIZABETH CHOE: How do feel about how the video that we're 729 00:35:15,820 --> 00:35:17,112 about to watch turned out? 730 00:35:17,112 --> 00:35:18,570 How do you feel about your hosting? 731 00:35:18,570 --> 00:35:21,810 What was it like shooting that? 732 00:35:21,810 --> 00:35:23,810 NATHAN: I think there's still a lot that I think 733 00:35:23,810 --> 00:35:27,400 could be better about it, but if I look back 734 00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:32,610 at the very first pitch video I did, and the second one, 735 00:35:32,610 --> 00:35:35,350 and even the rough cut, it's definitely improved. 736 00:35:35,350 --> 00:35:36,775 So, I'll take what I can. 737 00:35:36,775 --> 00:35:38,150 ELIZABETH CHOE: What are you most 738 00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:40,118 proud of in your final project? 739 00:35:46,470 --> 00:35:49,060 NATHAN: Probably that, I remember 740 00:35:49,060 --> 00:35:55,510 when we did the [INAUDIBLE], the first table reads as scripts, 741 00:35:55,510 --> 00:35:57,740 mine was, one, a lot different from what it is 742 00:35:57,740 --> 00:36:00,040 now, but also very, very long. 743 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:05,520 And now, it took like about a little over five minutes 744 00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:07,410 to read through just on the table, which 745 00:36:07,410 --> 00:36:10,520 is, in theory, faster than it would be in a video. 746 00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:13,605 And the whole kill your darlings thing happened, 747 00:36:13,605 --> 00:36:16,580 and I ended up with about two and a half minute long video. 748 00:36:16,580 --> 00:36:20,846 So I think that's what I like most. 749 00:36:20,846 --> 00:36:25,238 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, well, let's see what you got. 750 00:36:38,134 --> 00:36:40,150 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 751 00:36:40,150 --> 00:36:41,844 -Why does a fridge start to smell, 752 00:36:41,844 --> 00:36:44,500 and where does that icky black liquid come from? 753 00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:47,590 Wouldn't it just be easier if things didn't rot? 754 00:36:47,590 --> 00:36:49,420 If things lasted forever? 755 00:36:49,420 --> 00:36:51,994 Well maybe, but probably not. 756 00:36:51,994 --> 00:36:55,727 The average American household wasts about 25% of its food, 757 00:36:55,727 --> 00:36:57,310 and lot of restaurants are even worse. 758 00:36:57,310 --> 00:36:58,850 So if we didn't have decomposition, 759 00:36:58,850 --> 00:37:01,250 what would happen to all of the food we throw away? 760 00:37:01,250 --> 00:37:03,938 Food and microbes usually get settled by bacteria, protists, 761 00:37:03,938 --> 00:37:06,050 and fungi that allow nutrients in the food 762 00:37:06,050 --> 00:37:08,460 to return to the soil and, eventually, other living 763 00:37:08,460 --> 00:37:08,960 things. 764 00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:11,490 These decomposers also break down other dead stuff, 765 00:37:11,490 --> 00:37:12,575 like trees. 766 00:37:12,575 --> 00:37:16,357 In fact, they're pretty much the only thing that can eat wood. 767 00:37:16,357 --> 00:37:17,786 So even if in a world without rot, 768 00:37:17,786 --> 00:37:20,285 where you don't have to worry about your house getting eaten 769 00:37:20,285 --> 00:37:22,249 by termites, who align protists in their stomachs, 770 00:37:22,249 --> 00:37:23,722 pretty soon forests and landfills 771 00:37:23,722 --> 00:37:26,180 would be flooded with a lot of dead stuff. 772 00:37:26,180 --> 00:37:27,540 How do we avoid this problem? 773 00:37:27,540 --> 00:37:30,870 Well, basically in your fridge, on the forest floor, 774 00:37:30,870 --> 00:37:33,102 in the dumpster, almost anywhere there 775 00:37:33,102 --> 00:37:35,268 are fungi, bacteria, and protists that live entirely 776 00:37:35,268 --> 00:37:36,765 by eating dead stuff. 777 00:37:36,765 --> 00:37:38,640 These dead things can be more or less divided 778 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:40,020 into three categories. 779 00:37:40,020 --> 00:37:42,560 Carbohydrates-- sugar and starches-- lipids-- 780 00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,131 think fats-- and proteins like meats. 781 00:37:45,131 --> 00:37:46,714 All of these are chemically different, 782 00:37:46,714 --> 00:37:48,954 so they each get broken down by different enzymes 783 00:37:48,954 --> 00:37:51,911 in different ways before being absorbed by decomposers. 784 00:37:51,911 --> 00:37:54,730 For example, proteases break down proteins 785 00:37:54,730 --> 00:37:57,290 into amino acids, the cells building blocks. 786 00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:00,740 Lipids rely on lipases, and carbohydrates on things 787 00:38:00,740 --> 00:38:02,400 like amylase and cellulases. 788 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,220 So how does a perfectly nice broccoli floret 789 00:38:05,220 --> 00:38:07,100 start giving off this foul black liquid? 790 00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:09,440 Fruits and vegetables are almost entirely made of water, 791 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:10,906 so on the most basic level you can 792 00:38:10,906 --> 00:38:14,214 see the cells are like extremely complex water balloons. 793 00:38:14,214 --> 00:38:16,490 The exterior of the cell wall is made 794 00:38:16,490 --> 00:38:18,606 of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that 795 00:38:18,606 --> 00:38:21,802 gets broken down by enzymes that the smaller cell can get energy 796 00:38:21,802 --> 00:38:22,302 from. 797 00:38:22,302 --> 00:38:24,835 The bacteria or fungi uses cellulase to eat 798 00:38:24,835 --> 00:38:25,876 the exterior of the cell. 799 00:38:25,876 --> 00:38:28,690 It's like if I were to pop the balloon. 800 00:38:28,690 --> 00:38:30,340 That's the muck you see in your fridge. 801 00:38:30,340 --> 00:38:31,580 What about that stink? 802 00:38:31,580 --> 00:38:34,310 For fruits and vegetables, a lot of times the smell 803 00:38:34,310 --> 00:38:36,400 happens after the icky black liquid forms. 804 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:37,941 Other bacterial that weren't involved 805 00:38:37,941 --> 00:38:40,738 in the initial colonization move in, 806 00:38:40,738 --> 00:38:42,666 and start to stink everything up. 807 00:38:42,666 --> 00:38:45,640 Meat gets smelly when lipases break down fat in the meat 808 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:48,844 into glycerol and fatty acids, two energy sources, 809 00:38:48,844 --> 00:38:50,970 and fatty acids are kind of gross. 810 00:38:50,970 --> 00:38:54,459 And so while your food rotting may smell absolutely terrible, 811 00:38:54,459 --> 00:38:57,110 because of it the environment's able to recycle 812 00:38:57,110 --> 00:38:58,950 crucial nutrients it needs. 813 00:38:58,950 --> 00:39:03,562 And, well, that's why we have all this. 814 00:39:03,562 --> 00:39:06,550 [APPLAUSE] 815 00:39:15,514 --> 00:39:21,490 [END PLAYBACK] 816 00:39:21,490 --> 00:39:24,450 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so David, you can come on up. 817 00:39:24,450 --> 00:39:27,760 As I was saying, the students all have to post daily blogs, 818 00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:30,330 and after the first day I was really 819 00:39:30,330 --> 00:39:33,980 curious to read what everyone thought about the class, how 820 00:39:33,980 --> 00:39:36,090 they were feeling, and David's was 821 00:39:36,090 --> 00:39:38,327 one of the first ones I read. 822 00:39:38,327 --> 00:39:39,910 I don't know if you can see it, but it 823 00:39:39,910 --> 00:39:43,730 says, "Today was the first day in the class of MIT 219. 824 00:39:43,730 --> 00:39:45,780 I felt pretty much overwhelmed with the amount 825 00:39:45,780 --> 00:39:47,980 of course work required from the get go, 826 00:39:47,980 --> 00:39:50,992 but also pleasantly surprised by the amount of enthusiasm 827 00:39:50,992 --> 00:39:52,950 from students and teachers alike in the course. 828 00:39:52,950 --> 00:39:54,972 This will be a day of many firsts, then. 829 00:39:54,972 --> 00:39:56,890 First time making a blog, first time 830 00:39:56,890 --> 00:39:59,070 using Tumblr, first time making a video 831 00:39:59,070 --> 00:40:01,140 describing something myself. 832 00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:03,320 Previously, we had done in a group setting 833 00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:05,910 and it wasn't such a good experience." 834 00:40:05,910 --> 00:40:12,180 So I read that and I was like, oh no, I totally miss-gauged 835 00:40:12,180 --> 00:40:14,850 everyone's starting level. 836 00:40:14,850 --> 00:40:19,280 I gave too much to do. 837 00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:22,220 This is going to be an interesting month. 838 00:40:22,220 --> 00:40:25,200 How do you feel now that you not only have mastered Tumblr, 839 00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:26,900 but you're uploading videos, you're 840 00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:30,050 making videos on your own-- was it 841 00:40:30,050 --> 00:40:34,620 as bad of an experience as the first one? 842 00:40:34,620 --> 00:40:37,684 DAVID: Actually, I felt it was much better. 843 00:40:37,684 --> 00:40:39,100 Really, a lot much better, and I'm 844 00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:42,110 very grateful for all the help that we've been getting 845 00:40:42,110 --> 00:40:44,160 from all the teaching staff. 846 00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:48,120 And at first I was really-- because the first three times 847 00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:51,340 that we made video I was quite demoralized, because the video 848 00:40:51,340 --> 00:40:52,346 came out quite badly. 849 00:40:52,346 --> 00:40:53,970 And then when I watched it I was, like, 850 00:40:53,970 --> 00:40:55,640 cringing at the videos. 851 00:40:55,640 --> 00:41:00,230 So because of-- but I feel it is because when 852 00:41:00,230 --> 00:41:02,210 we did the video shoot most of the time 853 00:41:02,210 --> 00:41:04,820 I was doing it by myself, so I couldn't have another person 854 00:41:04,820 --> 00:41:08,920 to shoot it against, to let a person tell me what is good, 855 00:41:08,920 --> 00:41:10,510 what it bad about a video. 856 00:41:10,510 --> 00:41:12,490 However, in this class, every day 857 00:41:12,490 --> 00:41:15,670 we have opinions given to us as to what we can improve, 858 00:41:15,670 --> 00:41:18,600 what we can take out, what is better, what to cut. 859 00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:20,430 And so I think through this process 860 00:41:20,430 --> 00:41:24,214 we improve our videos much more than we could have alone. 861 00:41:24,214 --> 00:41:25,880 ELIZABETH CHOE: And I forgot to mention, 862 00:41:25,880 --> 00:41:27,890 so the last three videos that I'm going to show 863 00:41:27,890 --> 00:41:30,180 are from SUTD students. 864 00:41:30,180 --> 00:41:34,130 So we got to host a few students who are from the Singapore 865 00:41:34,130 --> 00:41:36,180 University of Technology and Design, 866 00:41:36,180 --> 00:41:38,490 and it was super interesting having 867 00:41:38,490 --> 00:41:40,350 all of your guys' perspectives. 868 00:41:40,350 --> 00:41:42,380 I was thinking before the class started, like, 869 00:41:42,380 --> 00:41:44,650 how's this going to work? 870 00:41:44,650 --> 00:41:47,080 Culturally, are people going to have the same sort 871 00:41:47,080 --> 00:41:49,000 of digital media literacy? 872 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,630 And I feel like you guys were like, oh 873 00:41:50,630 --> 00:41:53,256 yeah, we've seen Slideshow, we've seen Veritasium. 874 00:41:53,256 --> 00:41:55,130 We already know about these YouTube channels. 875 00:41:55,130 --> 00:42:00,790 So I was like, OK, this is going to be totally fine. 876 00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:03,510 But David, you guys are going back 877 00:42:03,510 --> 00:42:05,800 to Singapore tomorrow morning. 878 00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:08,530 Do you think that you will take any of the things 879 00:42:08,530 --> 00:42:10,140 that we did in class? 880 00:42:10,140 --> 00:42:14,440 Either maybe making more videos, on in your talks, 881 00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:18,896 or what types of things were most useful to you? 882 00:42:18,896 --> 00:42:23,135 DAVID: I don't think that I'll be making more videos because I 883 00:42:23,135 --> 00:42:24,880 think it's really quite hard. 884 00:42:24,880 --> 00:42:26,950 And to do it, really you need a lot of people 885 00:42:26,950 --> 00:42:28,280 to do it with you. 886 00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:29,710 But one thing I will take back is 887 00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:31,640 how to give effective feedback. 888 00:42:31,640 --> 00:42:33,740 Because I actually feel that in this class, 889 00:42:33,740 --> 00:42:36,080 many times the feedback was very effective, 890 00:42:36,080 --> 00:42:38,220 and it came across very pleasantly. 891 00:42:38,220 --> 00:42:39,909 So I'm very thankful for that. 892 00:42:39,909 --> 00:42:42,450 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, well let's see your final project. 893 00:42:53,241 --> 00:42:57,169 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 894 00:42:57,169 --> 00:43:00,162 [MUSIC PLAYING] 895 00:43:09,517 --> 00:43:11,600 -If I went out front right now, dressed like this, 896 00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:13,912 you'd probably call me nuts, right? 897 00:43:13,912 --> 00:43:15,850 Because it's so cold outside that 898 00:43:15,850 --> 00:43:18,610 I'd probably die of hypothermia. 899 00:43:18,610 --> 00:43:20,790 However, in 2009, Wim Hof managed 900 00:43:20,790 --> 00:43:23,830 to run a full marathon in -20 degrees Celsius wearing nothing 901 00:43:23,830 --> 00:43:24,409 but shorts. 902 00:43:24,409 --> 00:43:25,950 While most people would probably die, 903 00:43:25,950 --> 00:43:28,740 Wim Hof has managed to survive. 904 00:43:28,740 --> 00:43:32,030 So, what makes Wim Hof able to survive while others can't? 905 00:43:32,030 --> 00:43:37,365 The research team [INAUDIBLE] icy bath for almost two hours. 906 00:43:37,365 --> 00:43:39,627 Well, most people who had their core body temp 907 00:43:39,627 --> 00:43:41,730 to below 35 degrees causing hypothermia 908 00:43:41,730 --> 00:43:44,838 to kick in, Wim Hof's body temperature dropped 909 00:43:44,838 --> 00:43:48,528 to nearly 37.4 degrees Celsius, staying slightly warm. 910 00:43:48,528 --> 00:43:51,480 And the funny thing is that the researchers couldn't 911 00:43:51,480 --> 00:43:52,956 find exactly what had happened. 912 00:43:52,956 --> 00:43:55,908 Maybe it's a genetic adaptation. 913 00:43:55,908 --> 00:43:57,630 In a separate study, studies have 914 00:43:57,630 --> 00:43:59,844 found that individuals with [INAUDIBLE] ancestry 915 00:43:59,844 --> 00:44:01,320 have mitochondria that can produce 916 00:44:01,320 --> 00:44:03,288 more heat and lactic energy. 917 00:44:03,288 --> 00:44:05,256 Mitochondria is like a mini furnace 918 00:44:05,256 --> 00:44:09,184 that burns the sugars from food we eat into chemical and heat 919 00:44:09,184 --> 00:44:09,684 energy. 920 00:44:09,684 --> 00:44:13,128 Individuals like get better able to survive the cold. 921 00:44:13,128 --> 00:44:16,120 However, scientists haven't fully studied Wim Hof's genome, 922 00:44:16,120 --> 00:44:18,244 so we don't really know. 923 00:44:18,244 --> 00:44:21,468 Wim Hof practices g-tummo as a form of meditation 924 00:44:21,468 --> 00:44:24,692 and [INAUDIBLE] which allows him to double his metabolism. 925 00:44:24,692 --> 00:44:26,660 Regardless of condition before, Wim Hof 926 00:44:26,660 --> 00:44:28,660 can produce enough heat through his mitochondria 927 00:44:28,660 --> 00:44:31,991 with specific breathing and muscle contractions. 928 00:44:31,991 --> 00:44:34,116 They can produce enough heat to keep his body warm. 929 00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:39,920 Well, you might believe that this is not scientific. 930 00:44:39,920 --> 00:44:42,400 However, studies at NUS have shown 931 00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:45,376 that diversity increase the core temp of the individual using 932 00:44:45,376 --> 00:44:48,261 g-tummo, and the inner prior medication experience. 933 00:44:48,261 --> 00:44:49,344 Now, why could this be so? 934 00:44:49,344 --> 00:44:51,824 Increases in alpha and beta waves are notices, 935 00:44:51,824 --> 00:44:54,304 and many have theorized that this has enabled the body 936 00:44:54,304 --> 00:44:59,264 to effectively heat the center as far as the and the knees. 937 00:44:59,264 --> 00:45:01,645 We do not fully understand Wim Hof's methods, 938 00:45:01,645 --> 00:45:03,728 and while some have tried following his footsteps, 939 00:45:03,728 --> 00:45:05,712 it would be unwise to do the same. 940 00:45:05,712 --> 00:45:07,643 And Wim Hof, you don't hear him saying 941 00:45:07,643 --> 00:45:09,184 he can control all parts of his body. 942 00:45:09,184 --> 00:45:11,664 Now, if this were true, and scientifically backed, 943 00:45:11,664 --> 00:45:13,648 who knows what doors could open? 944 00:45:13,648 --> 00:45:16,241 While science has already audited and I myself 945 00:45:16,241 --> 00:45:17,616 don't practice Wim Hof's methods, 946 00:45:17,616 --> 00:45:21,088 maybe I better be off only one jacket. 947 00:45:26,544 --> 00:45:30,872 [END PLAYBACK] 948 00:45:30,872 --> 00:45:33,330 ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait, sorry, did I cut it off too early? 949 00:45:45,919 --> 00:45:47,460 Actually, I'll show your pitch first, 950 00:45:47,460 --> 00:45:48,440 then we can talk about it. 951 00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:49,106 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 952 00:45:49,106 --> 00:45:51,970 -Everyone has pretty much seen a science fiction movie in this 953 00:45:51,970 --> 00:45:55,920 day in age, and I'm pretty sure everyone has seen at least one 954 00:45:55,920 --> 00:45:57,550 that involves time travelling. 955 00:45:57,550 --> 00:46:00,950 Maybe it's Star Trek, Interstellar, or more recently, 956 00:46:00,950 --> 00:46:02,800 Predestination. 957 00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:07,281 And it's such a widely [INAUDIBLE] topic in science 958 00:46:07,281 --> 00:46:10,350 fiction, the whole genre of time travelling. 959 00:46:10,350 --> 00:46:13,572 But many times, Hollywood films always 960 00:46:13,572 --> 00:46:15,030 have these little, little loopholes 961 00:46:15,030 --> 00:46:17,995 in their storyline and their plot lines, 962 00:46:17,995 --> 00:46:22,696 and they often use theories and science to explain themselves, 963 00:46:22,696 --> 00:46:24,196 which are just like got from machine 964 00:46:24,196 --> 00:46:26,636 solutions-- totally not efficient. 965 00:46:26,636 --> 00:46:29,280 However, scientists have actually put forward three main 966 00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:31,030 theories when it comes to time travelling. 967 00:46:31,030 --> 00:46:33,980 First theory-- the fixed timeline theory. 968 00:46:33,980 --> 00:46:36,404 Say, for example, you're trying to prevent World War II, 969 00:46:36,404 --> 00:46:38,862 and you travel back in time after inventing a time machine. 970 00:46:38,862 --> 00:46:42,667 And after killing the baby that was supposed to be Hitler, 971 00:46:42,667 --> 00:46:45,936 you put-- I don't know, some other baby from an orphanage, 972 00:46:45,936 --> 00:46:47,640 and put it in the same cot. 973 00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:50,118 However, when you travel back in the future, 974 00:46:50,118 --> 00:46:52,810 you realize that the baby that you had replaced it with 975 00:46:52,810 --> 00:46:56,240 was the one that turn out to be Hitler, 976 00:46:56,240 --> 00:46:58,710 and there is no changing of the past, effectively, 977 00:46:58,710 --> 00:47:00,222 or the future, or the present. 978 00:47:00,222 --> 00:47:01,430 It's all in a fixed timeline. 979 00:47:01,430 --> 00:47:05,675 And this particular motions are actually often seen 980 00:47:05,675 --> 00:47:08,640 in movies such as Harry Potter. 981 00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:12,704 It was seen in Interstellar as well. 982 00:47:12,704 --> 00:47:15,124 It was also seen in Predestination. 983 00:47:15,124 --> 00:47:16,092 It's a good film. 984 00:47:16,092 --> 00:47:17,060 You have to catch it. 985 00:47:17,060 --> 00:47:19,021 The second theory is the multiverse theory, 986 00:47:19,021 --> 00:47:21,020 which states that every time you go back in time 987 00:47:21,020 --> 00:47:23,076 and you alter the history-- for example, 988 00:47:23,076 --> 00:47:26,960 you step on a butterfly and that butterfly could actually maybe 989 00:47:26,960 --> 00:47:29,672 be the prevention of, I don't know, 990 00:47:29,672 --> 00:47:31,927 a hurricane that sweeps through Orlando right 991 00:47:31,927 --> 00:47:36,552 now-- you spawn a new set of events which 992 00:47:36,552 --> 00:47:39,042 happens in a separate universe. 993 00:47:39,042 --> 00:47:42,402 Which, in other words means that you have actually 994 00:47:42,402 --> 00:47:45,096 got infinite number of universes after you 995 00:47:45,096 --> 00:47:46,512 have all these different decisions 996 00:47:46,512 --> 00:47:48,504 and different chain of events occurring 997 00:47:48,504 --> 00:47:50,994 And this particular timeline concept 998 00:47:50,994 --> 00:47:52,986 has legitimately explored many times as well. 999 00:47:52,986 --> 00:47:56,721 It's been featured in the recent regular Star Trek movies. 1000 00:47:56,721 --> 00:48:01,180 It's also been featured in recent Fringe series, 1001 00:48:01,180 --> 00:48:04,380 which kind of I hate because JJ Abrams right now remind me 1002 00:48:04,380 --> 00:48:05,020 of something. 1003 00:48:05,020 --> 00:48:08,860 And yeah, this multiverse series is actually quite popular 1004 00:48:08,860 --> 00:48:11,625 because it's the easiest for producers to just show 1005 00:48:11,625 --> 00:48:13,230 the solution, and then they'll say, 1006 00:48:13,230 --> 00:48:15,354 oh, we actually spawned off a new timeline. 1007 00:48:15,354 --> 00:48:18,246 So that's when you get sloppy and lazy. 1008 00:48:18,246 --> 00:48:20,656 The third theory you have is what we call 1009 00:48:20,656 --> 00:48:22,102 the dynamic timeline theory. 1010 00:48:22,102 --> 00:48:24,893 It's also the theory which induces all the paradoxes. 1011 00:48:24,893 --> 00:48:26,865 Which, you often hear about these paradoxes, 1012 00:48:26,865 --> 00:48:29,823 such as the grandfather paradox, where you go back in time 1013 00:48:29,823 --> 00:48:32,041 and you kill the grandfather, and because you 1014 00:48:32,041 --> 00:48:33,767 kill the grandfather, you won't exist. 1015 00:48:33,767 --> 00:48:35,985 And because you won't exist you can't go back in time 1016 00:48:35,985 --> 00:48:37,711 and save the grandfather, and that's 1017 00:48:37,711 --> 00:48:39,683 where the whole paradox comes in. 1018 00:48:39,683 --> 00:48:40,669 Who kills who? 1019 00:48:40,669 --> 00:48:43,627 God knows. 1020 00:48:43,627 --> 00:48:45,919 The third theory we have is called the dynamic timeline 1021 00:48:45,919 --> 00:48:48,335 theory, which is also where all your grandfather paradoxes 1022 00:48:48,335 --> 00:48:49,211 come in. 1023 00:48:49,211 --> 00:48:51,586 Let's say your grandfather is a really, really evil man-- 1024 00:48:51,586 --> 00:48:54,222 Hitler-- and you have to go back in time to kill him. 1025 00:48:54,222 --> 00:48:56,198 And you go back, you do the deed, 1026 00:48:56,198 --> 00:48:59,424 and then you realize that, oh no, after I kill him 1027 00:48:59,424 --> 00:49:00,008 I can't exist. 1028 00:49:00,008 --> 00:49:02,257 And because you can't exist, you can't go back in time 1029 00:49:02,257 --> 00:49:03,233 to kill him. 1030 00:49:03,233 --> 00:49:05,114 And because of that, he comes back. 1031 00:49:05,114 --> 00:49:06,655 And then after you have to come back, 1032 00:49:06,655 --> 00:49:09,080 and you have to go back in time again [INAUDIBLE]. 1033 00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:11,030 That's where the paradox starts. 1034 00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:13,955 It's an infinite circle of never ending events, 1035 00:49:13,955 --> 00:49:16,740 and that's how the grandfather paradox came 1036 00:49:16,740 --> 00:49:19,547 about to be in the first place. 1037 00:49:19,547 --> 00:49:23,948 And I think you may have seen it in Back to the Future. 1038 00:49:23,948 --> 00:49:28,360 And I can't really think of any other film right now. 1039 00:49:28,360 --> 00:49:30,328 So, this is a brief history of time travel 1040 00:49:30,328 --> 00:49:32,078 and the three theories associated with it, 1041 00:49:32,078 --> 00:49:35,674 as well as a quick touch on the grandfather paradox. 1042 00:49:35,674 --> 00:49:36,650 [END PLAYBACK] 1043 00:49:36,650 --> 00:49:40,840 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, come on up, Kenneth. 1044 00:49:40,840 --> 00:49:44,510 So of the four values-- I don't know if you all remember, 1045 00:49:44,510 --> 00:49:47,250 but there's spark, there's clarity, 1046 00:49:47,250 --> 00:49:51,900 there is thoughtfulness, and there's challenge, right? 1047 00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:55,350 Kenneth obviously is not lacking in spark whatsoever, 1048 00:49:55,350 --> 00:49:56,367 which is awesome. 1049 00:49:56,367 --> 00:49:58,200 As soon as you see this video-- and this was 1050 00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:00,182 the very first thing you did-- and you have 1051 00:50:00,182 --> 00:50:01,390 some video experience, right? 1052 00:50:01,390 --> 00:50:02,424 KENNETH: Yeah, I have. 1053 00:50:02,424 --> 00:50:04,090 And if I had known this would be shown I 1054 00:50:04,090 --> 00:50:07,460 would have put on more clothes. 1055 00:50:07,460 --> 00:50:09,480 Yeah, I have had some. 1056 00:50:09,480 --> 00:50:12,780 ELIZABETH CHOE: So the video technique was there, 1057 00:50:12,780 --> 00:50:15,640 and the enthusiasm for the subject matter 1058 00:50:15,640 --> 00:50:16,570 was definitely there. 1059 00:50:16,570 --> 00:50:20,960 So how did you go from this pitch, which is basically 1060 00:50:20,960 --> 00:50:25,250 it's own video-- it's kind of like a mini SciShow video, 1061 00:50:25,250 --> 00:50:27,380 basically, on all the theories of time travel. 1062 00:50:27,380 --> 00:50:30,130 How did you go from this to the video we're about to see? 1063 00:50:30,130 --> 00:50:34,020 KENNETH: So this was talking about the three main theories 1064 00:50:34,020 --> 00:50:35,960 of time travel, and this happened right 1065 00:50:35,960 --> 00:50:37,790 before we saw the sixth graders. 1066 00:50:37,790 --> 00:50:40,500 And when I started talking to the six graders, 1067 00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:42,090 I realized that most of them haven't 1068 00:50:42,090 --> 00:50:45,770 seen Interstellar or all of these new Star Trek movies. 1069 00:50:45,770 --> 00:50:47,920 Funnily enough, they have seen Back to the Future. 1070 00:50:47,920 --> 00:50:52,520 So yeah, I realized what really intrigued 1071 00:50:52,520 --> 00:50:56,180 them about time travel wasn't all these paradoxes, or all 1072 00:50:56,180 --> 00:50:57,930 these theories, or the timeline. 1073 00:50:57,930 --> 00:51:02,010 They were more interested in how is it possible-- is it 1074 00:51:02,010 --> 00:51:04,640 even possible, and other questions. 1075 00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:07,910 So it wasn't-- they were interested in time travel, 1076 00:51:07,910 --> 00:51:09,940 just not my scope that I initially planned. 1077 00:51:09,940 --> 00:51:12,441 So I decided to change it up a bit. 1078 00:51:12,441 --> 00:51:14,440 Maybe talk more about the science of time travel 1079 00:51:14,440 --> 00:51:17,729 itself, which is where I went to at the end. 1080 00:51:17,729 --> 00:51:20,020 ELIZABETH CHOE: I mean, something to emphasize too-- we 1081 00:51:20,020 --> 00:51:22,019 talked about on the first day that this space is 1082 00:51:22,019 --> 00:51:24,260 so hard to work in because what is good 1083 00:51:24,260 --> 00:51:26,570 is not defined by anyone. 1084 00:51:26,570 --> 00:51:27,950 So just because the sixth graders 1085 00:51:27,950 --> 00:51:30,470 wanted you to talk about the exact science of time travel, 1086 00:51:30,470 --> 00:51:33,210 and we encourage you to do that, that doesn't necessarily 1087 00:51:33,210 --> 00:51:36,940 mean that this video is bad, or that people wouldn't really 1088 00:51:36,940 --> 00:51:40,220 be into a video about the science behind Interstellar. 1089 00:51:40,220 --> 00:51:42,150 That's not true at all. 1090 00:51:42,150 --> 00:51:44,250 So part of the challenge of working in this space 1091 00:51:44,250 --> 00:51:48,470 is knowing who to sacrifice-- what audience to sacrifice when 1092 00:51:48,470 --> 00:51:51,560 you decide to make your video. 1093 00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:54,170 What were some of the new or unexpected things 1094 00:51:54,170 --> 00:51:58,020 that you had learned that you didn't know about production? 1095 00:51:58,020 --> 00:51:59,430 KENNETH: Sound is important. 1096 00:51:59,430 --> 00:52:01,440 Sound is really, really important. 1097 00:52:01,440 --> 00:52:05,630 Yeah, if I had more time I would re-shoot some of the scenes 1098 00:52:05,630 --> 00:52:09,990 because the sound was just so bad. 1099 00:52:09,990 --> 00:52:13,000 Other things-- I realize my writing and my speaking 1100 00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:14,580 is really, really, very different. 1101 00:52:14,580 --> 00:52:17,020 My initial script when we first wrote it out, 1102 00:52:17,020 --> 00:52:20,950 I think it was about seven-- six to seven minutes long. 1103 00:52:20,950 --> 00:52:22,970 My final cut is short of four minutes. 1104 00:52:22,970 --> 00:52:25,440 So I think while filming it's really 1105 00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:28,340 a big difference to how we bring things-- 1106 00:52:28,340 --> 00:52:29,790 how I brought things across. 1107 00:52:29,790 --> 00:52:32,010 It feels a lot more natural to speak just ad 1108 00:52:32,010 --> 00:52:33,944 lib to the camera. 1109 00:52:33,944 --> 00:52:34,944 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 1110 00:52:34,944 --> 00:52:38,014 Any final thoughts before we show yours? 1111 00:52:38,014 --> 00:52:38,930 KENNETH: Be forgiving. 1112 00:52:41,592 --> 00:52:42,925 ELIZABETH CHOE: Thanks, Kenneth. 1113 00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:55,900 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 1114 00:52:55,900 --> 00:52:59,108 -Imagine holding a party and then sending out 1115 00:52:59,108 --> 00:53:01,130 invitations after the party. 1116 00:53:01,130 --> 00:53:04,021 Wait a minute, that doesn't make any sense. 1117 00:53:04,021 --> 00:53:06,292 Are my friends going to be able to time travel 1118 00:53:06,292 --> 00:53:07,500 back just to attend my party? 1119 00:53:07,500 --> 00:53:11,476 In 2009, Steven Hawking actually conducted such an experiment 1120 00:53:11,476 --> 00:53:13,464 to disprove time travel. 1121 00:53:13,464 --> 00:53:16,943 But what exactly is time travel, and how does it work? 1122 00:53:16,943 --> 00:53:20,422 It actually has a lot to do with speed. 1123 00:53:20,422 --> 00:53:22,658 A lot of what we know about time traveling actually 1124 00:53:22,658 --> 00:53:25,392 comes from Einstein's theory of special and general relativity. 1125 00:53:25,392 --> 00:53:27,877 We are actually time travelling right now, 1126 00:53:27,877 --> 00:53:30,600 but not in the manner that sci-fi films have depicted it. 1127 00:53:30,600 --> 00:53:34,210 We are, in fact, time travelling at a pace of one hour per hour. 1128 00:53:34,210 --> 00:53:38,050 In other words, every hour I experience, the world around me 1129 00:53:38,050 --> 00:53:39,870 experiences a singular hour, too. 1130 00:53:39,870 --> 00:53:43,830 Now, it may sound simple and trivial, but stay with me. 1131 00:53:43,830 --> 00:53:46,305 This is where it gets interesting. 1132 00:53:46,305 --> 00:53:49,605 Now, a [INAUDIBLE] of Einstein's theory of special relativity 1133 00:53:49,605 --> 00:53:52,740 is actually a phenomenon known as time dilation. 1134 00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:55,710 Effectively, this means that the faster you travel the slower 1135 00:53:55,710 --> 00:53:57,195 time passes around you. 1136 00:53:57,195 --> 00:53:59,550 It potentially means that I could 1137 00:53:59,550 --> 00:54:03,086 travel at maybe more than one hour per hour. 1138 00:54:03,086 --> 00:54:06,020 This phenomenon, however, is only noticeable at really, 1139 00:54:06,020 --> 00:54:09,190 really high speeds-- speeds near the speed of light. 1140 00:54:09,190 --> 00:54:13,400 This rocket here, not even close. 1141 00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:15,773 Say I do have a spaceship now that 1142 00:54:15,773 --> 00:54:17,737 travels at 90% the speed of light, 1143 00:54:17,737 --> 00:54:19,930 and I have a pair of newborn twins. 1144 00:54:19,930 --> 00:54:23,740 I bring one of them with me on this journey for 10 years. 1145 00:54:23,740 --> 00:54:27,830 When I return, one of them will have turned 23 years old, 1146 00:54:27,830 --> 00:54:30,320 while the one will me will have only tuned 10 years old. 1147 00:54:30,320 --> 00:54:32,486 While we have experienced 10 years on the spaceship, 1148 00:54:32,486 --> 00:54:34,590 23 years have actually passed on earth. 1149 00:54:34,590 --> 00:54:37,100 This amount of time actually increases exponentially 1150 00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:41,060 as we get closer to the speed of light. 1151 00:54:41,060 --> 00:54:45,020 So, we could have potentially travelled forward in time, 1152 00:54:45,020 --> 00:54:48,485 but what about backwards in time? 1153 00:54:48,485 --> 00:54:51,455 That's a loaded issue. 1154 00:54:51,455 --> 00:54:53,930 Now, remember our previous draft. 1155 00:54:53,930 --> 00:54:56,510 The time that it took [INAUDIBLE] 1156 00:54:56,510 --> 00:54:58,500 to the speed of light. 1157 00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:00,658 Some scientists think maybe the secret to time 1158 00:55:00,658 --> 00:55:03,730 travel lies on the other side of the line. 1159 00:55:03,730 --> 00:55:06,263 In other words, we may have to travel faster 1160 00:55:06,263 --> 00:55:09,490 than the speed of light just to be able to travel back in time. 1161 00:55:09,490 --> 00:55:12,860 Now, when you do travel at speeds near the speed of light, 1162 00:55:12,860 --> 00:55:16,180 something called relativistic mass comes into play. 1163 00:55:16,180 --> 00:55:19,498 In other words, as your speed goes up your mass increases. 1164 00:55:19,498 --> 00:55:22,778 As your masses increases, you require more energy 1165 00:55:22,778 --> 00:55:23,930 to move the same object. 1166 00:55:23,930 --> 00:55:27,620 This might mean that we need an infinite amount of energy 1167 00:55:27,620 --> 00:55:29,995 just to move [INAUDIBLE] beyond the speed of light. 1168 00:55:29,995 --> 00:55:32,845 However, the more energy you put into an object, the more likely 1169 00:55:32,845 --> 00:55:35,530 you are to increase its mass rather than 1170 00:55:35,530 --> 00:55:36,930 to increase its speed. 1171 00:55:36,930 --> 00:55:40,608 Therefore, to gather [INAUDIBLE] quite impossible 1172 00:55:40,608 --> 00:55:43,100 at this point in time. 1173 00:55:43,100 --> 00:55:46,818 So, why are we still so obsessed with time travel? 1174 00:55:46,818 --> 00:55:51,255 Time travel does come with it's own set of problems. 1175 00:55:51,255 --> 00:55:53,720 Take, for example, my party before. 1176 00:55:53,720 --> 00:55:56,185 If I were to send out my invitations after the party, 1177 00:55:56,185 --> 00:55:58,650 my friends would have come back in time to attend. 1178 00:55:58,650 --> 00:56:00,622 And if they did come back in time to attend, 1179 00:56:00,622 --> 00:56:03,087 I wouldn't have to have sent out my invitations. 1180 00:56:03,087 --> 00:56:05,552 And if I didn't send out my invitations 1181 00:56:05,552 --> 00:56:07,524 they wouldn't be at my party. 1182 00:56:07,524 --> 00:56:10,482 Doesn't make any sense at all that they are both at my party 1183 00:56:10,482 --> 00:56:11,961 and not at my party. 1184 00:56:11,961 --> 00:56:14,690 This is what we call the grandfather paradox. 1185 00:56:14,690 --> 00:56:16,404 It's one of three time travel theories 1186 00:56:16,404 --> 00:56:18,192 that we currently have. 1187 00:56:18,192 --> 00:56:21,642 Now, so it seems that we may not be able to time travel 1188 00:56:21,642 --> 00:56:25,120 yet, based on what physics tells us at least. 1189 00:56:25,120 --> 00:56:27,682 For now, if you are planning a party, 1190 00:56:27,682 --> 00:56:30,590 be sure to send out the invites first. 1191 00:56:30,590 --> 00:56:33,441 Your friends can't time travel yet. 1192 00:56:33,441 --> 00:56:36,920 [APPLAUSE] 1193 00:56:36,920 --> 00:56:43,340 [END PLAYBACK] 1194 00:56:43,340 --> 00:56:44,965 ELIZABETH CHOE: We have one more video. 1195 00:56:47,680 --> 00:56:50,710 Joshua, I'm going to show your day three blog. 1196 00:56:50,710 --> 00:56:55,770 This was the day after that we had our hosting and script 1197 00:56:55,770 --> 00:56:57,348 writing workshop. 1198 00:56:57,348 --> 00:56:58,306 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 1199 00:56:58,306 --> 00:57:00,222 -I thought what really stood out for me 1200 00:57:00,222 --> 00:57:06,450 was the one of looking at a member of your audience 1201 00:57:06,450 --> 00:57:10,880 like your family member or a professor behind the camera, 1202 00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:12,310 so it's not just a camera. 1203 00:57:12,310 --> 00:57:17,547 So yeah, but the funny thing is, speaking of this tip, 1204 00:57:17,547 --> 00:57:19,838 I kind of forgot it and I've been looking at the camera 1205 00:57:19,838 --> 00:57:21,230 thinking of the camera. 1206 00:57:21,230 --> 00:57:23,130 So it's a bit ironic. 1207 00:57:23,130 --> 00:57:25,550 I guess many if these things require a lot of practice, 1208 00:57:25,550 --> 00:57:29,066 and that's kind of like why you do, and get out 1209 00:57:29,066 --> 00:57:32,514 of the zone of thinking I'm in front of a camera. 1210 00:57:32,514 --> 00:57:35,430 Usually, every time you press a camera there's this red button. 1211 00:57:35,430 --> 00:57:37,180 Sometimes I think maybe if that red button 1212 00:57:37,180 --> 00:57:42,400 was eliminated that a lot of things would be different. 1213 00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:46,877 Yeah, so I guess one of my questions 1214 00:57:46,877 --> 00:57:50,050 I would like to ask as well is, what kind of face-- what 1215 00:57:50,050 --> 00:57:52,490 would be a perfect member of the audience 1216 00:57:52,490 --> 00:57:54,558 that I would like to put there? 1217 00:57:54,558 --> 00:57:56,893 I mean, if I put someone who is very respectable, 1218 00:57:56,893 --> 00:58:01,590 like my professor, then I guess that the whole tonality 1219 00:58:01,590 --> 00:58:04,478 in my voice, the whole choice of my vocabulary 1220 00:58:04,478 --> 00:58:08,900 would try to be more serious. 1221 00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:11,295 By the same time, I guess if I put someone 1222 00:58:11,295 --> 00:58:13,720 like a two-year-old in my imagination 1223 00:58:13,720 --> 00:58:16,590 in front of the camera, I'll probably not 1224 00:58:16,590 --> 00:58:19,110 talk in the same tonality. 1225 00:58:19,110 --> 00:58:24,356 So I guess, what would an appropriate member 1226 00:58:24,356 --> 00:58:30,297 of the audience be in front of the camera, or some of-- 1227 00:58:30,297 --> 00:58:30,880 [END PLAYBACK] 1228 00:58:30,880 --> 00:58:34,240 ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's a very hard question. 1229 00:58:34,240 --> 00:58:35,850 You can come on up. 1230 00:58:35,850 --> 00:58:37,960 And the thing that's hard when you're hosting 1231 00:58:37,960 --> 00:58:39,931 is that there's a difference between talking 1232 00:58:39,931 --> 00:58:42,180 to and for your audience, which is a point that George 1233 00:58:42,180 --> 00:58:44,180 brought up during the workshop. 1234 00:58:44,180 --> 00:58:45,740 But being able to actually implement 1235 00:58:45,740 --> 00:58:48,590 that, as you mentioned, it's really hard. 1236 00:58:48,590 --> 00:58:52,500 So what did you think of when you were hosting? 1237 00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:54,930 Because I think that the way you talk in this blog 1238 00:58:54,930 --> 00:59:00,440 is totally appropriate for sixth grader, for your professor. 1239 00:59:00,440 --> 00:59:04,270 But being able to distill like who you are as an individual, 1240 00:59:04,270 --> 00:59:06,250 and having the self-awareness to process, 1241 00:59:06,250 --> 00:59:09,260 like, this is how I really-- this is who I am at my core. 1242 00:59:09,260 --> 00:59:11,100 That's actually a really hard thing to do. 1243 00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:13,640 So how are you able to do in your final video? 1244 00:59:17,060 --> 00:59:20,180 JOSHUA: I guess the most important thing 1245 00:59:20,180 --> 00:59:22,670 is remembering a script. 1246 00:59:22,670 --> 00:59:25,530 So you at least you know what you're going to speak, 1247 00:59:25,530 --> 00:59:29,980 and then you probably just want to focus on being yourself. 1248 00:59:29,980 --> 00:59:34,380 Because at the end of the day, we don't want to be Bill Nye. 1249 00:59:34,380 --> 00:59:38,370 Still we want to be ourselves, but we must be clear. 1250 00:59:38,370 --> 00:59:44,460 So you have to balance those two objectives. 1251 00:59:44,460 --> 00:59:48,740 And this is just me just talking off my head, 1252 00:59:48,740 --> 00:59:55,224 but I had no objective coming into these reflections. 1253 00:59:55,224 --> 00:59:56,640 Yeah the question was interesting, 1254 00:59:56,640 --> 00:59:59,835 because it was just-- it was the day 1255 00:59:59,835 --> 01:00:04,580 after-- am I right to say it was the day after the students came 1256 01:00:04,580 --> 01:00:05,080 in? 1257 01:00:05,080 --> 01:00:07,485 And if you saw my first day picture 1258 01:00:07,485 --> 01:00:09,440 it was extremely embarrassing. 1259 01:00:09,440 --> 01:00:11,250 Thank God for not showing it. 1260 01:00:11,250 --> 01:00:13,583 ELIZABETH CHOE: It's not bad-- it's really not that bad. 1261 01:00:13,583 --> 01:00:15,340 JOSHUA: I was explaining like hashing, 1262 01:00:15,340 --> 01:00:20,594 and it was like some security concept that's so hazy that-- 1263 01:00:20,594 --> 01:00:23,010 ELIZABETH CHOE: It's actually-- it was quite a good video. 1264 01:00:23,010 --> 01:00:24,300 Very clear and succinct. 1265 01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,866 I now know that my password is safe on Facebook 1266 01:00:26,866 --> 01:00:28,960 just as long as I update it every now and then. 1267 01:00:28,960 --> 01:00:32,050 JOSHUA: Yeah, but I've now understood my audience. 1268 01:00:32,050 --> 01:00:35,290 And so the point of this video-- and hopefully 1269 01:00:35,290 --> 01:00:38,460 what I wanted to show was something very accessible, 1270 01:00:38,460 --> 01:00:39,980 something you use everyday. 1271 01:00:39,980 --> 01:00:42,800 And it goes deeper and deeper until it goes to a concept 1272 01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:45,310 that you're not very familiar with. 1273 01:00:45,310 --> 01:00:49,010 But because you started off at the very familiar point, 1274 01:00:49,010 --> 01:00:50,230 it lead you there. 1275 01:00:50,230 --> 01:00:53,750 And so I guess that's the exciting part of the K-12 1276 01:00:53,750 --> 01:00:55,220 videos. 1277 01:00:55,220 --> 01:00:56,220 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 1278 01:00:56,220 --> 01:00:58,386 That was a point Chris [? Babel ?] brought up a lot, 1279 01:00:58,386 --> 01:01:01,720 was taking the familiar and making it unfamiliar, 1280 01:01:01,720 --> 01:01:03,890 or taking the unfamiliar and making it familiar. 1281 01:01:03,890 --> 01:01:05,600 And I think this video that we're about to see 1282 01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:07,391 does a great job of taking something that's 1283 01:01:07,391 --> 01:01:09,480 familiar to all of us and showing sort 1284 01:01:09,480 --> 01:01:11,880 of the unfamiliar side of it. 1285 01:01:11,880 --> 01:01:15,846 Any other final thoughts before we show it? 1286 01:01:15,846 --> 01:01:16,346 JOSHUA: Ugh. 1287 01:01:19,330 --> 01:01:24,130 Don't cringe, but I better hide under the table. 1288 01:01:24,130 --> 01:01:25,190 ELIZABETH CHOE: No, no. 1289 01:01:25,190 --> 01:01:25,689 JOSHUA: OK. 1290 01:01:36,190 --> 01:01:38,470 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 1291 01:01:38,470 --> 01:01:38,970 -Hi. 1292 01:01:38,970 --> 01:01:40,511 Do you find it particularly difficult 1293 01:01:40,511 --> 01:01:42,863 to find a specific item in your house? 1294 01:01:42,863 --> 01:01:45,308 Let's say you're looking for a pair of gloves, 1295 01:01:45,308 --> 01:01:48,731 but you just can't find it and you spend your entire afternoon 1296 01:01:48,731 --> 01:01:50,198 looking for it. 1297 01:01:50,198 --> 01:01:53,295 Well, you've just encountered the same problem 1298 01:01:53,295 --> 01:01:55,577 that companies like Google or Microsoft 1299 01:01:55,577 --> 01:02:00,460 encounter every single day, and that's the problem of search. 1300 01:02:00,460 --> 01:02:02,745 Just like your house, which stores a thousand 1301 01:02:02,745 --> 01:02:06,424 different items, Google stores 45 billion index pages 1302 01:02:06,424 --> 01:02:07,915 of information. 1303 01:02:07,915 --> 01:02:10,648 What if every page was a sheet of paper, 1304 01:02:10,648 --> 01:02:12,400 and we stacked them up real high? 1305 01:02:12,400 --> 01:02:15,022 We would create a tower 600 times 1306 01:02:15,022 --> 01:02:17,402 taller than Mount Everest. 1307 01:02:17,402 --> 01:02:19,782 Well, how can Google find a result 1308 01:02:19,782 --> 01:02:22,210 so quickly when I find it so difficult 1309 01:02:22,210 --> 01:02:24,776 to find a pair of gloves. 1310 01:02:24,776 --> 01:02:26,465 Well, searching on Google is kind 1311 01:02:26,465 --> 01:02:30,540 of like looking for a person in a big school. 1312 01:02:30,540 --> 01:02:33,450 Let's say I'm looking for James in a row of classrooms. 1313 01:02:33,450 --> 01:02:35,542 One of the easiest method would be 1314 01:02:35,542 --> 01:02:40,170 to go to every classroom next to you until you find James. 1315 01:02:40,170 --> 01:02:44,525 There is a better method called binary search. 1316 01:02:44,525 --> 01:02:47,365 Now, let's say the students were arranges from A 1317 01:02:47,365 --> 01:02:50,024 to Z, one in each classroom. 1318 01:02:50,024 --> 01:02:51,640 We would then go to the middle room 1319 01:02:51,640 --> 01:02:55,614 first and see if James is there, and if James isn't there 1320 01:02:55,614 --> 01:02:57,530 we would look at the first letter in the name, 1321 01:02:57,530 --> 01:03:01,940 and if the letter is before J, we head to the right. 1322 01:03:01,940 --> 01:03:04,390 If not, we head to the left. 1323 01:03:04,390 --> 01:03:06,350 We would then approach the middle room 1324 01:03:06,350 --> 01:03:08,310 in the newly sectioned area. 1325 01:03:08,310 --> 01:03:12,120 Eventually, we will repeat the process over and over again 1326 01:03:12,120 --> 01:03:14,426 until we find James. 1327 01:03:14,426 --> 01:03:18,820 Now, this is just the first method, but it's at a much, 1328 01:03:18,820 --> 01:03:20,898 much faster rate. 1329 01:03:20,898 --> 01:03:23,170 How much faster will that be? 1330 01:03:23,170 --> 01:03:26,630 Well, that depends on the number of students in the school. 1331 01:03:26,630 --> 01:03:29,618 Let's say there are 500 students and we are looking for one. 1332 01:03:29,618 --> 01:03:32,120 It will take about 80 minutes in the first method, 1333 01:03:32,120 --> 01:03:35,500 but one and a half minutes with binary search. 1334 01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:38,418 But let's say there are 1,000 students in the school. 1335 01:03:38,418 --> 01:03:42,082 It will take 160 minutes with the first method, 1336 01:03:42,082 --> 01:03:46,190 but 1.6 minutes with the second method. 1337 01:03:46,190 --> 01:03:48,030 Now, that's a whole lot of difference. 1338 01:03:48,030 --> 01:03:50,960 So a name is just a word, but Google 1339 01:03:50,960 --> 01:03:55,520 searches a combination of words, making it a little bit more 1340 01:03:55,520 --> 01:03:56,456 complicated. 1341 01:03:56,456 --> 01:03:59,264 So just like how we identified the first letter 1342 01:03:59,264 --> 01:04:01,870 of each alphabet of the name, Google 1343 01:04:01,870 --> 01:04:07,416 identifies 200 unique factors making the search terms faster. 1344 01:04:07,416 --> 01:04:10,797 Well, if you recall, the effectiveness of binary search 1345 01:04:10,797 --> 01:04:13,212 depends on the pre-arrangement of data, 1346 01:04:13,212 --> 01:04:16,110 and that's why computer scientists are actively 1347 01:04:16,110 --> 01:04:19,884 looking for ways to sort, manage, and eventually retrieve 1348 01:04:19,884 --> 01:04:23,080 data faster and better. 1349 01:04:23,080 --> 01:04:26,520 In the same way, the TV remote goes near the TV, 1350 01:04:26,520 --> 01:04:31,020 the shoes go to the shoe rack, the coats go into the cupboard, 1351 01:04:31,020 --> 01:04:34,280 and the winter gloves go into the winter jacket. 1352 01:04:34,280 --> 01:04:34,780 Aha! 1353 01:04:34,780 --> 01:04:38,554 So that's where my gloves are. 1354 01:04:38,554 --> 01:04:42,012 [APPLAUSE] 1355 01:04:42,012 --> 01:04:51,410 [END PLAYBACK] 1356 01:04:51,410 --> 01:04:54,710 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, so like I said, 1357 01:04:54,710 --> 01:04:58,190 given the incredibly small amount of time 1358 01:04:58,190 --> 01:05:00,580 and the small amount of resources they had, 1359 01:05:00,580 --> 01:05:03,530 I think that these videos are pretty impressive. 1360 01:05:03,530 --> 01:05:05,280 It's pretty impressive what they were all 1361 01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:07,920 able to achieve in such a short amount of time. 1362 01:05:07,920 --> 01:05:11,260 We didn't even really hit music, which 1363 01:05:11,260 --> 01:05:15,720 is like an entirely separate, time consuming thing. 1364 01:05:15,720 --> 01:05:18,580 But well done everyone. 1365 01:05:18,580 --> 01:05:21,940 [APPLAUSE] 1366 01:05:21,940 --> 01:05:24,740 I wanted to thank all the teaching staff who 1367 01:05:24,740 --> 01:05:26,544 made this class possible. 1368 01:05:26,544 --> 01:05:27,710 Sarah, you're an awesome TA. 1369 01:05:27,710 --> 01:05:29,010 Jamie, the co-instructor. 1370 01:05:29,010 --> 01:05:31,960 We had George [? Ziden ?] come and teach hosting. 1371 01:05:31,960 --> 01:05:35,370 We had the guys from Planet Nutshell, Josh and John, 1372 01:05:35,370 --> 01:05:37,080 come and teach script writing. 1373 01:05:37,080 --> 01:05:39,040 Chris [? Babel ?] taught a lot of how 1374 01:05:39,040 --> 01:05:41,730 to make the camera techniques advance your narrative, 1375 01:05:41,730 --> 01:05:43,590 so it was really a collaborative effort 1376 01:05:43,590 --> 01:05:45,310 to make this class happen. 1377 01:05:45,310 --> 01:05:47,544 Just like hopefully you guys realize 1378 01:05:47,544 --> 01:05:48,960 how much of a collaborative effort 1379 01:05:48,960 --> 01:05:50,190 it takes to make a video. 1380 01:05:50,190 --> 01:05:56,020 So big thank you to everywhere who made this class possible. 1381 01:05:56,020 --> 01:05:58,730 So all of these videos and everyone's stuff 1382 01:05:58,730 --> 01:06:00,930 is up on our Tumblr if you guys are interested. 1383 01:06:00,930 --> 01:06:03,590 I don't know when we're going to offer this class again. 1384 01:06:03,590 --> 01:06:05,410 We'll see what happens. 1385 01:06:05,410 --> 01:06:08,809 But in the meantime, best wishes to all the students 1386 01:06:08,809 --> 01:06:10,600 from Singapore who are going back tomorrow, 1387 01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:13,990 and then the remaining students-- 1388 01:06:13,990 --> 01:06:17,260 I've talked to most of you guys but waiting to hear back 1389 01:06:17,260 --> 01:06:21,450 from one person-- we'll be producing their videos 1390 01:06:21,450 --> 01:06:24,000 for Science Out Loud season three next week, 1391 01:06:24,000 --> 01:06:26,810 in addition to a few more that we've been developing 1392 01:06:26,810 --> 01:06:28,500 in parallel to this class. 1393 01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:31,720 So maybe when the spring semester rolls out 1394 01:06:31,720 --> 01:06:35,330 you'll not only be able to see their progress from pitch, 1395 01:06:35,330 --> 01:06:38,520 to script, to second script, to rough cut, 1396 01:06:38,520 --> 01:06:42,370 to final project, you'll also be able to see their final product 1397 01:06:42,370 --> 01:06:45,200 in the videos that we produce for them, 1398 01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:46,860 which is going to be really exciting. 1399 01:06:46,860 --> 01:06:48,720 And that big thanks to Opencourseware too, 1400 01:06:48,720 --> 01:06:51,125 for helping document this class. 1401 01:06:51,125 --> 01:06:53,460 It will be interesting to see that roll out this summer 1402 01:06:53,460 --> 01:06:54,660 as well. 1403 01:06:54,660 --> 01:06:57,100 But feel free to take-- if there's food left, 1404 01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:57,990 feel free to take it. 1405 01:06:57,990 --> 01:07:00,156 There's plenty of salad left, which is unsurprising. 1406 01:07:01,840 --> 01:07:05,675 But other than that, thanks so much for coming out. 1407 01:07:05,675 --> 01:07:07,800 Feel free to-- I'm going to volunteer the students, 1408 01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:09,910 if you want to ask them about their experiences, you can. 1409 01:07:09,910 --> 01:07:11,660 But other than that, have a great evening, 1410 01:07:11,660 --> 01:07:13,790 and thanks again, everyone.