1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,410 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,410 --> 00:00:03,790 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,790 --> 00:00:06,030 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,030 --> 00:00:10,100 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,100 --> 00:00:12,680 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:16,426 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,426 --> 00:00:17,050 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:26,870 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK. 9 00:00:26,870 --> 00:00:30,120 So this is our plan. 10 00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:31,910 I'm going to talk a bit about writing. 11 00:00:31,910 --> 00:00:35,240 We're going to practice some writing with the examples 12 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:38,090 that you uploaded and then some other examples that 13 00:00:38,090 --> 00:00:39,064 are not yours. 14 00:00:39,064 --> 00:00:40,980 And then I'll talk a little bit about hosting. 15 00:00:40,980 --> 00:00:42,480 And then if we have time-- I don't know if we will-- 16 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:44,850 at the end, we'll do a little bit of hosting practice. 17 00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:46,470 But part of the hosting practice will 18 00:00:46,470 --> 00:00:47,761 come with the writing practice. 19 00:00:47,761 --> 00:00:50,220 It's hard to separate them. 20 00:00:50,220 --> 00:00:53,630 I'm going to talk for like maybe 10 minutes about writing. 21 00:00:53,630 --> 00:00:56,210 And then we'll just get right into the practice. 22 00:00:56,210 --> 00:00:59,800 I'm going to overload you with a bunch of guidelines or rules 23 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:01,517 or however you want to think about it. 24 00:01:01,517 --> 00:01:03,850 Don't worry about remembering them or writing them down. 25 00:01:03,850 --> 00:01:05,379 But we'll come back to them all as 26 00:01:05,379 --> 00:01:07,712 we do the practice, because that's really how you learn, 27 00:01:07,712 --> 00:01:10,080 is by doing. 28 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:12,480 This is one way to write. 29 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:16,020 It's kind of how I approach writing. 30 00:01:16,020 --> 00:01:17,010 You start with an idea. 31 00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:20,120 You're like, hey, it'd be great have a video about whatever, x. 32 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:22,969 And then the explosion phase is the, 33 00:01:22,969 --> 00:01:25,260 I'm going to think about everything that could possibly 34 00:01:25,260 --> 00:01:26,379 relate to this idea. 35 00:01:26,379 --> 00:01:27,670 I'm going to write it all down. 36 00:01:27,670 --> 00:01:30,180 I think you saw an example of that with Elizabeth's snot 37 00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:30,900 brainstorm. 38 00:01:30,900 --> 00:01:33,180 Brainstorm is another word for it. 39 00:01:33,180 --> 00:01:35,170 And then from there, you sort of go outward 40 00:01:35,170 --> 00:01:37,030 and then you distill it down to the essence, 41 00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:42,040 like what is the actual point of the video, who, what, how, why. 42 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:44,249 Where is sometimes important, but not usually. 43 00:01:44,249 --> 00:01:46,790 And then the stuff that we're going to talk about today, this 44 00:01:46,790 --> 00:01:49,810 is the writing piece of it. 45 00:01:49,810 --> 00:01:53,030 So when you write a script, you want 46 00:01:53,030 --> 00:01:55,550 to pay attention to structure. 47 00:01:55,550 --> 00:01:57,225 So what do you talk about first? 48 00:01:57,225 --> 00:01:58,100 What's in the middle? 49 00:01:58,100 --> 00:01:58,850 How do you end it? 50 00:01:58,850 --> 00:01:59,790 That kind of thing. 51 00:01:59,790 --> 00:02:01,570 Tone-- are you going for funny? 52 00:02:01,570 --> 00:02:02,770 Are you going for dry? 53 00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:05,350 Are you going for informal? 54 00:02:05,350 --> 00:02:07,810 Are you going for formal? 55 00:02:07,810 --> 00:02:10,909 Jargon-- you want to generally try to avoid jargon, 56 00:02:10,909 --> 00:02:13,450 especially if you're shooting for high school, middle school, 57 00:02:13,450 --> 00:02:16,260 that range. 58 00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:19,940 By the way, it's ironic that I'm using the word jargon. 59 00:02:19,940 --> 00:02:23,252 Jargon is a technical language, which jargon is itself 60 00:02:23,252 --> 00:02:23,960 a technical word. 61 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:26,860 So that's sort of an ironic thing there. 62 00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:29,500 Visuals-- you always want to write the script, because video 63 00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:30,647 is a weird medium. 64 00:02:30,647 --> 00:02:32,230 I mean, you've got the image, and then 65 00:02:32,230 --> 00:02:33,740 you've got the soundtrack, and you 66 00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:36,870 want to make sure that they are related 67 00:02:36,870 --> 00:02:39,230 and don't duplicate each other. 68 00:02:39,230 --> 00:02:42,430 So that is a trick that we'll get into. 69 00:02:42,430 --> 00:02:43,950 I was reading some of your examples 70 00:02:43,950 --> 00:02:47,682 and there are particular sentences where this is 71 00:02:47,682 --> 00:02:48,890 going to be really important. 72 00:02:48,890 --> 00:02:53,220 So if I don't talk about that on my own, remind me. 73 00:02:53,220 --> 00:02:58,050 Metaphors and jokes-- it's really hard to be funny. 74 00:02:58,050 --> 00:03:00,496 So if you think you can, and you want to try, 75 00:03:00,496 --> 00:03:01,620 then I would say go for it. 76 00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:04,830 But generally, I try to avoid jokes. 77 00:03:04,830 --> 00:03:06,370 Metaphors are similar, it's kind of 78 00:03:06,370 --> 00:03:07,330 hard to write a good metaphor. 79 00:03:07,330 --> 00:03:08,863 Do we all know what a metaphor is, by the way? 80 00:03:08,863 --> 00:03:11,238 PROFESSOR: I showed them the [INAUDIBLE] video yesterday. 81 00:03:11,238 --> 00:03:13,760 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, cool. 82 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:16,900 So those are sort of-- the stuff on the left is in every video, 83 00:03:16,900 --> 00:03:17,570 you've got to pay attention to. 84 00:03:17,570 --> 00:03:19,040 The stuff on the right, the metaphors and the jokes, 85 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:20,210 are sort of advanced. 86 00:03:20,210 --> 00:03:23,710 Anyway, then once you sort of get your first draft together, 87 00:03:23,710 --> 00:03:25,710 you explode, you distill that into your essence, 88 00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:28,612 then you condense it, and you write your script. 89 00:03:28,612 --> 00:03:29,820 And this doesn't happen once. 90 00:03:29,820 --> 00:03:31,180 This happens many, many times. 91 00:03:31,180 --> 00:03:35,400 Typically, a script will go through between 4 92 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,460 and like 12 revisions before we actually shoot it, up to 93 00:03:38,460 --> 00:03:42,252 and including-- we're rewriting five minutes before we shoot. 94 00:03:42,252 --> 00:03:44,210 Because you say it out loud, and something just 95 00:03:44,210 --> 00:03:46,200 doesn't sound right, and you feel 96 00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:48,090 like you have to change it. 97 00:03:48,090 --> 00:03:51,540 So this is generally how my writing process works. 98 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:53,360 Other people do it completely differently. 99 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:54,600 This is sort of an MIT approach. 100 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:56,260 It's very sort of structured and logical, 101 00:03:56,260 --> 00:03:57,680 but it doesn't have to be this way. 102 00:03:57,680 --> 00:03:59,221 If you don't want to write like this, 103 00:03:59,221 --> 00:04:01,960 you absolutely don't have to. 104 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,750 The first writing guideline, this is in addition to the flow 105 00:04:05,750 --> 00:04:07,700 chart, is-- and I think you guys talked 106 00:04:07,700 --> 00:04:10,610 about this a little bit already-- know your audience 107 00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:11,910 and write for them. 108 00:04:11,910 --> 00:04:15,024 And I have this note down there, not necessarily to them. 109 00:04:15,024 --> 00:04:17,399 So most of the videos that you're going to be working for 110 00:04:17,399 --> 00:04:20,589 are aimed at people younger than you than you, 111 00:04:20,589 --> 00:04:23,340 and sometimes people a lot younger than you. 112 00:04:23,340 --> 00:04:27,260 I mean, maybe even down to like 6th, 7th grade, middle school. 113 00:04:27,260 --> 00:04:30,910 So you want to write to their level of education, 114 00:04:30,910 --> 00:04:34,370 but not necessarily talk as if you were 115 00:04:34,370 --> 00:04:37,130 talking to a middle schooler. 116 00:04:37,130 --> 00:04:39,608 Does anyone know what I mean by that distinction? 117 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:47,740 I'll cold call if people don't speak up. 118 00:04:47,740 --> 00:04:49,230 AUDIENCE: Like, don't baby talk? 119 00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:50,188 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Exactly. 120 00:04:50,188 --> 00:04:50,810 Yeah, exactly. 121 00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:51,590 Don't baby talk. 122 00:04:51,590 --> 00:04:56,190 So give me an example of like-- pick a sentence, any sentence. 123 00:04:56,190 --> 00:04:58,410 You can read it off the intellectual property form 124 00:04:58,410 --> 00:04:59,576 in front of you if you want. 125 00:04:59,576 --> 00:05:02,664 But give me the non-- just the regular version. 126 00:05:02,664 --> 00:05:04,080 And give me the baby talk version, 127 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:05,080 just so we have a sense. 128 00:05:11,855 --> 00:05:12,730 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 129 00:05:27,044 --> 00:05:28,710 GEORGE ZAIDAN: No, that's exactly right. 130 00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:30,960 And you guys notice that it's funny when he does that. 131 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:33,260 There's just something ridiculous 132 00:05:33,260 --> 00:05:36,829 about-- you call it baby talk or talking down to your audience 133 00:05:36,829 --> 00:05:39,120 or something-- that you immediately don't pay attention 134 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:40,280 to what he's saying. 135 00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:41,960 You pay attention to how he's saying it. 136 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:43,900 And you've lost your audience immediately. 137 00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:46,460 So that's a really important distinction. 138 00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:48,210 By the way, this holds true if you're just 139 00:05:48,210 --> 00:05:50,760 interacting with kids anyway. 140 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,080 Most kids are smarter than we give them credit for. 141 00:05:55,900 --> 00:05:57,720 And people baby talk kids all the time. 142 00:05:57,720 --> 00:05:59,510 But if you just straight talk to them, 143 00:05:59,510 --> 00:06:01,926 you'll be surprised at the kind of responses that you get. 144 00:06:03,870 --> 00:06:05,900 Rule number two-- or guideline, sorry, 145 00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:07,880 number two-- is write it like you would say it, 146 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:09,430 because you will be saying it. 147 00:06:09,430 --> 00:06:14,170 What I mean here is your script is a draft. 148 00:06:14,170 --> 00:06:15,832 And it will always be a draft. 149 00:06:15,832 --> 00:06:17,290 You will never have a final script, 150 00:06:17,290 --> 00:06:19,800 because nobody's going to log on to the internet 151 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:20,770 and read your scripts. 152 00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:23,300 What they're going to do is hear you say the words that 153 00:06:23,300 --> 00:06:24,440 are on your script. 154 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:27,274 So even if a sentence is great on paper 155 00:06:27,274 --> 00:06:29,440 and you read it in your head and it sounds awesome-- 156 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:31,520 if when you say it out loud it, it sounds weird 157 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:33,960 or it's hard to understand or whatever, 158 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:36,140 then it doesn't matter how great it looked on paper. 159 00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:38,917 It's not an effective sentence. 160 00:06:38,917 --> 00:06:41,250 This is the most important thing we'll talk about today. 161 00:06:41,250 --> 00:06:45,250 We'll come back to that when we do the practice. 162 00:06:45,250 --> 00:06:48,150 This is another version of the previous slide. 163 00:06:48,150 --> 00:06:50,940 When you-- and you guys are all know this 164 00:06:50,940 --> 00:06:52,830 because you read scientific journal articles 165 00:06:52,830 --> 00:06:57,290 and stuff-- when you read that kind of text, it's very dense. 166 00:06:57,290 --> 00:07:00,680 It's extremely well structured and logically laid out. 167 00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:02,010 It has a lot of jargon. 168 00:07:02,010 --> 00:07:03,930 It's very precise. 169 00:07:03,930 --> 00:07:05,870 There's very little ambiguity. 170 00:07:05,870 --> 00:07:07,890 And it's understated, and it's elegant. 171 00:07:07,890 --> 00:07:14,130 Meaning like-- usually people take the fewest possible words 172 00:07:14,130 --> 00:07:18,630 to say something, and that means using long and complex words. 173 00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:20,330 And it is beautiful to read. 174 00:07:20,330 --> 00:07:21,762 It's great English. 175 00:07:21,762 --> 00:07:24,220 But if you try and read it out loud and you do it on video, 176 00:07:24,220 --> 00:07:26,100 again, you'll lose your audience instantly. 177 00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:28,530 It's just as bad as baby talk. 178 00:07:28,530 --> 00:07:33,156 When you talk-- people talk in-- people are very repetitive. 179 00:07:33,156 --> 00:07:33,780 They say, "uh." 180 00:07:33,780 --> 00:07:34,640 They say, "um." 181 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,020 They-- uh-- like I just did. 182 00:07:37,020 --> 00:07:40,220 They don't really use fancy words. 183 00:07:40,220 --> 00:07:43,480 If their audience doesn't understand, 184 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:46,120 they stop and they try another approach. 185 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:48,590 It's a lot more free-form, a lot more inconsistent, 186 00:07:48,590 --> 00:07:49,790 a lot fluffier. 187 00:07:49,790 --> 00:07:52,000 And that's what you want to shoot for, 188 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,940 because you will be on screen talking to the camera 189 00:07:54,940 --> 00:07:56,990 as if that camera is another person. 190 00:07:56,990 --> 00:08:00,079 And so that's the write it like you say it. 191 00:08:00,079 --> 00:08:02,620 That's what I mean when I say write it like you would say it. 192 00:08:05,250 --> 00:08:09,599 Another-- and I think this is the last guideline-- is 193 00:08:09,599 --> 00:08:10,890 you really want to be accurate. 194 00:08:10,890 --> 00:08:11,740 Because, obviously, you don't want 195 00:08:11,740 --> 00:08:13,610 to say things that are wrong in your videos. 196 00:08:13,610 --> 00:08:16,050 But accuracy is not the same thing as detail. 197 00:08:16,050 --> 00:08:19,330 So this is the difference between going back 198 00:08:19,330 --> 00:08:20,160 to the last slide. 199 00:08:23,170 --> 00:08:25,510 Being very, very, very precise usually 200 00:08:25,510 --> 00:08:26,600 requires a lot of detail. 201 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:29,480 If you want to say exactly what you mean, 202 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:32,169 it probably will take you a couple sentences to say it. 203 00:08:32,169 --> 00:08:35,432 But if you want to be accurate, that 204 00:08:35,432 --> 00:08:36,890 is going to-- and especially if you 205 00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:38,330 want to be accurate for a short five minute 206 00:08:38,330 --> 00:08:40,590 video-- that's going to mean leaving information out. 207 00:08:40,590 --> 00:08:42,669 And that's OK. 208 00:08:42,669 --> 00:08:47,240 The test that I like to subject scripts to 209 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:51,090 is, can an eighth grader understand it? 210 00:08:51,090 --> 00:08:52,140 If so, great. 211 00:08:52,140 --> 00:08:56,010 And can a PhD In the subject matter of that script 212 00:08:56,010 --> 00:08:56,860 read the script. 213 00:08:56,860 --> 00:09:00,540 And if their reaction is, wow, this is surprisingly accurate, 214 00:09:00,540 --> 00:09:03,650 then you've done a good job. 215 00:09:03,650 --> 00:09:06,130 And that's all. 216 00:09:06,130 --> 00:09:07,550 That's it for my rules. 217 00:09:07,550 --> 00:09:10,270 Hopefully that was less than 10 minutes. 218 00:09:10,270 --> 00:09:14,760 What I want to do now is put these rules in to practice. 219 00:09:17,620 --> 00:09:20,730 We're going to start with a quote that is not one of yours. 220 00:09:20,730 --> 00:09:23,640 And then we'll move into your scripts. 221 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:25,610 So I'm going to go ahead and-- let me pick one. 222 00:09:33,730 --> 00:09:36,141 Let's do the first one. 223 00:09:36,141 --> 00:09:36,640 OK. 224 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:39,910 So let's see. 225 00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:41,744 Everyone take a second and just read this. 226 00:09:54,831 --> 00:09:56,080 So you'll notice the citation. 227 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:57,480 This is from a paper. 228 00:09:57,480 --> 00:09:59,690 It's written English. 229 00:09:59,690 --> 00:10:02,740 Can someone just shout out some of the rules 230 00:10:02,740 --> 00:10:07,420 that would make this bad for speaking and reading aloud? 231 00:10:07,420 --> 00:10:10,060 In fact, why don't we-- let's actually read this aloud just 232 00:10:10,060 --> 00:10:11,180 to see how it sounds. 233 00:10:11,180 --> 00:10:14,880 So anthropogenic CO2 emissions are contributing 234 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:16,820 to global climate change and could negatively 235 00:10:16,820 --> 00:10:19,990 impact our way of life if serious action is further 236 00:10:19,990 --> 00:10:22,220 delayed. 237 00:10:22,220 --> 00:10:22,720 OK. 238 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:24,880 So what rules are we breaking, or what 239 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:26,005 guidelines are we breaking? 240 00:10:29,959 --> 00:10:31,750 AUDIENCE: I think just hearing it out loud, 241 00:10:31,750 --> 00:10:34,940 it seems kind of-- life if you were presenting it to someone, 242 00:10:34,940 --> 00:10:35,980 it'd be a long sentence. 243 00:10:35,980 --> 00:10:38,180 And it's very statement. 244 00:10:38,180 --> 00:10:39,540 It's not conversational. 245 00:10:39,540 --> 00:10:43,420 It's not like you're-- you know, it's not written like you would 246 00:10:43,420 --> 00:10:43,920 speak. 247 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:45,890 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Exactly. 248 00:10:45,890 --> 00:10:47,282 What else? 249 00:10:47,282 --> 00:10:49,602 AUDIENCE: The word anthropogenic is 250 00:10:49,602 --> 00:10:51,402 difficult to hear and remember. 251 00:10:51,402 --> 00:10:52,360 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Exactly. 252 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:53,800 It's also jargon. 253 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:56,090 It means human-made. 254 00:10:56,090 --> 00:10:57,930 AUDIENCE: It's a very passive sentence. 255 00:10:57,930 --> 00:10:59,200 GEORGE ZAIDAN: It is a very passive-- 256 00:10:59,200 --> 00:10:59,780 what you mean by that? 257 00:10:59,780 --> 00:11:00,477 Explain. 258 00:11:00,477 --> 00:11:02,310 AUDIENCE: Well, if further delayed-- I mean, 259 00:11:02,310 --> 00:11:04,945 what you really mean is this could be troublesome. 260 00:11:04,945 --> 00:11:05,515 This is bad. 261 00:11:05,515 --> 00:11:06,015 Right? 262 00:11:06,015 --> 00:11:07,010 Or it could be bad. 263 00:11:07,010 --> 00:11:07,510 Right? 264 00:11:07,510 --> 00:11:09,301 But their way of stating as further delayed 265 00:11:09,301 --> 00:11:12,510 isn't very-- it's not a very active way 266 00:11:12,510 --> 00:11:14,925 of saying the same thing. 267 00:11:14,925 --> 00:11:17,050 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So here's another interesting thing. 268 00:11:17,050 --> 00:11:20,155 Negatively impact-- those are not difficult words. 269 00:11:20,155 --> 00:11:21,780 It's easy to understand what they mean, 270 00:11:21,780 --> 00:11:24,050 but let's think about that for a second. 271 00:11:24,050 --> 00:11:27,760 So what doesn't negatively impact our way of life 272 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:29,209 mean in colloquial language? 273 00:11:29,209 --> 00:11:31,500 What would you say to someone if you were going to say, 274 00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:35,554 in 100 years climate change will do what? 275 00:11:35,554 --> 00:11:36,480 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 276 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:37,110 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 277 00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:38,730 Will it negatively impact our way of life? 278 00:11:38,730 --> 00:11:39,980 No, it's going to kill us all. 279 00:11:39,980 --> 00:11:45,290 That's sort of the real-life subtext of this sentence. 280 00:11:45,290 --> 00:11:46,228 What else? 281 00:11:54,196 --> 00:11:56,188 AUDIENCE: The are a lot of complicated grammar 282 00:11:56,188 --> 00:11:59,040 structures-- are contributed, is delayed. 283 00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:00,740 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Mm-hmm. 284 00:12:00,740 --> 00:12:03,940 You have to-- I mean, you wait till the end of the sentence 285 00:12:03,940 --> 00:12:05,250 before you get the payoff. 286 00:12:05,250 --> 00:12:06,120 Right? 287 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,900 You don't understand what the point of the sentence 288 00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:12,527 is until you get to "negatively impact our way of life 289 00:12:12,527 --> 00:12:14,110 if serious action is further delayed." 290 00:12:14,110 --> 00:12:15,859 And really, you don't understand-- I mean, 291 00:12:15,859 --> 00:12:17,310 the point is we need to act now. 292 00:12:17,310 --> 00:12:18,810 That's what this sentence is saying. 293 00:12:18,810 --> 00:12:21,000 If we act later, we're screwed. 294 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,510 And you don't get that until, "if serious action is further 295 00:12:23,510 --> 00:12:24,010 delayed." 296 00:12:24,010 --> 00:12:26,814 So yeah, the payoff really comes at the very, very end. 297 00:12:26,814 --> 00:12:30,246 AUDIENCE: It's a fun exercise to eliminate all of the adjectives 298 00:12:30,246 --> 00:12:33,260 and look at the nouns and verbs. 299 00:12:33,260 --> 00:12:33,860 Right? 300 00:12:33,860 --> 00:12:35,776 Just take a second and see if you can do that. 301 00:12:35,776 --> 00:12:38,690 It actually makes it really simple. 302 00:12:38,690 --> 00:12:49,780 Emissions are contributing to change and impact-- 303 00:12:49,780 --> 00:12:52,467 like picking out all of the things that suddenly simplifies 304 00:12:52,467 --> 00:12:54,915 everything-- [INAUDIBLE]. 305 00:12:54,915 --> 00:12:56,456 There's a lot of descriptors in there 306 00:12:56,456 --> 00:12:58,600 that are very distracting. 307 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,750 So now that we've done this, let's 308 00:13:01,750 --> 00:13:05,352 rephrase it as if we were saying it to someone on camera. 309 00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:10,762 PROFESSOR: Or what if just to someone in general? 310 00:13:10,762 --> 00:13:12,720 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, yeah, to someone in general. 311 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:15,640 Say it to me. 312 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:16,532 Anyone. 313 00:13:16,532 --> 00:13:21,396 AUDIENCE: If we don't act now, [INAUDIBLE]. 314 00:13:21,396 --> 00:13:22,270 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Right. 315 00:13:22,270 --> 00:13:24,815 Another version. 316 00:13:24,815 --> 00:13:28,285 AUDIENCE: Man-made CO2 emissions are hurting us. 317 00:13:28,285 --> 00:13:29,255 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK. 318 00:13:29,255 --> 00:13:31,195 Another. 319 00:13:31,195 --> 00:13:32,650 Yeah. 320 00:13:32,650 --> 00:13:34,470 AUDIENCE: Humans create CO2 emissions. 321 00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:38,220 We must act now or suffer. 322 00:13:38,220 --> 00:13:39,360 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I like that. 323 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:40,900 We must act now or suffer. 324 00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:41,790 That's good. 325 00:13:41,790 --> 00:13:42,626 Anyone else? 326 00:13:50,393 --> 00:13:51,934 Someone who hasn't said anything yet. 327 00:14:08,895 --> 00:14:12,110 AUDIENCE: If we don't stop emitting CO2, 328 00:14:12,110 --> 00:14:15,027 life will look very different soon. 329 00:14:15,027 --> 00:14:15,860 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Good. 330 00:14:15,860 --> 00:14:16,359 OK. 331 00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:23,340 So the point I'm trying to make by having five or six of you 332 00:14:23,340 --> 00:14:26,040 say it each a different way is that there is no one right 333 00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:28,410 way to write a script. 334 00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:32,450 There are lots of interesting, engaging, dramatic ways 335 00:14:32,450 --> 00:14:34,180 to say the same thing. 336 00:14:34,180 --> 00:14:35,770 And we are going to get into that now 337 00:14:35,770 --> 00:14:38,350 with your examples, which we're going to spend 338 00:14:38,350 --> 00:14:41,885 considerably more time on. 339 00:14:41,885 --> 00:14:43,497 PROFESSOR: Before you move on, George. 340 00:14:43,497 --> 00:14:44,288 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yes? 341 00:14:44,288 --> 00:14:48,920 PROFESSOR: So it's always an Interesting challenge balancing 342 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:52,974 avoiding being too jargon-y and ending up 343 00:14:52,974 --> 00:14:53,890 baiting your audience. 344 00:14:53,890 --> 00:14:54,070 Right? 345 00:14:54,070 --> 00:14:56,660 Like, there's no reason why you can't say that words, climate 346 00:14:56,660 --> 00:14:57,912 change. 347 00:14:57,912 --> 00:15:02,421 Even though those are technical terms. [INAUDIBLE] What was it? 348 00:15:02,421 --> 00:15:02,920 Anthro-- 349 00:15:02,920 --> 00:15:03,420 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Anthropogenic. 350 00:15:03,420 --> 00:15:04,920 PROFESSOR: Anthropogenic. 351 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:07,130 I mean, we talk about this with [INAUDIBLE] scripts 352 00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:07,730 all the time. 353 00:15:07,730 --> 00:15:11,764 The way you deliver a word, for instance, 354 00:15:11,764 --> 00:15:14,252 can help a lot with conveying. 355 00:15:14,252 --> 00:15:15,845 What was the word-- [INAUDIBLE]. 356 00:15:15,845 --> 00:15:17,220 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I mean if you want 357 00:15:17,220 --> 00:15:20,687 to-- if you're going to use that same word four or five times 358 00:15:20,687 --> 00:15:22,770 throughout the script, and it's an important word, 359 00:15:22,770 --> 00:15:25,180 and it relates to a demo or something-- 360 00:15:25,180 --> 00:15:27,580 if there's some reason for you to use jargon, 361 00:15:27,580 --> 00:15:28,860 it's OK to define it. 362 00:15:28,860 --> 00:15:31,170 As long as you just define it like you 363 00:15:31,170 --> 00:15:32,880 would to another person. 364 00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:37,256 Like you say anthropogenic means human-made. 365 00:15:37,256 --> 00:15:38,880 And then you go on and use it later on. 366 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:39,690 That's fine. 367 00:15:39,690 --> 00:15:41,450 You don't want to do that like six times in the video 368 00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:42,820 and define six different words, because then you 369 00:15:42,820 --> 00:15:43,660 overload your audience. 370 00:15:43,660 --> 00:15:44,430 But that's true. 371 00:15:44,430 --> 00:15:46,500 There is-- if you find yourself having 372 00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:49,150 to say human-made, man-made, woman-made. 373 00:15:49,150 --> 00:15:53,190 Like if you are stretching to try and find alternatives 374 00:15:53,190 --> 00:15:57,150 to word five or six times that you could just define and get 375 00:15:57,150 --> 00:15:58,870 it over with, that's fine. 376 00:15:58,870 --> 00:16:01,570 I wouldn't limit that probably to like one or two 377 00:16:01,570 --> 00:16:04,020 words a video, or one or two words 378 00:16:04,020 --> 00:16:05,835 per like three, four minute video. 379 00:16:05,835 --> 00:16:08,210 PROFESSOR: And the other reason why it's really important 380 00:16:08,210 --> 00:16:11,826 to actually do the exercise of reading your script out lout, 381 00:16:11,826 --> 00:16:14,909 or even just flipping your script over and not 382 00:16:14,909 --> 00:16:16,950 looking at it and trying to describe the contents 383 00:16:16,950 --> 00:16:20,136 to the person next to you, is that-- a very bad habit 384 00:16:20,136 --> 00:16:22,945 of mine, which I am constantly finding 385 00:16:22,945 --> 00:16:25,310 I am annoyed toward it a lot-- is 386 00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:27,660 that I get very newscaster-y. 387 00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:31,610 So I may end up having a script that sounds good 388 00:16:31,610 --> 00:16:33,120 when you say it out loud. 389 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,320 But it sounds like you're a reporter talking 390 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:39,250 about the latest news update [INAUDIBLE]. 391 00:16:39,250 --> 00:16:42,128 CO2 emission-- can you go back to that quote? 392 00:16:44,940 --> 00:16:47,470 Yeah, like the middle part isn't actually 393 00:16:47,470 --> 00:16:49,630 that crazy to say out loud. 394 00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:51,605 It's contributing to global climate change 395 00:16:51,605 --> 00:16:53,910 and could negatively impact our way of life. 396 00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:54,410 Right? 397 00:16:54,410 --> 00:16:57,370 Like that doesn't sound too crazy to say out loud. 398 00:16:57,370 --> 00:17:02,030 But it sounds like someone is saying that in the context of, 399 00:17:02,030 --> 00:17:05,069 I'm here at the MIT Course One lab 400 00:17:05,069 --> 00:17:06,990 where researchers are finding a way 401 00:17:06,990 --> 00:17:09,759 to prevent global climate change from negatively impacting 402 00:17:09,759 --> 00:17:10,349 our life. 403 00:17:10,349 --> 00:17:10,849 Right? 404 00:17:10,849 --> 00:17:13,480 It doesn't sound like I'm just talking 405 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:18,650 [INAUDIBLE] like a lot of men in admissions are harming 406 00:17:18,650 --> 00:17:20,460 [INAUDIBLE] life or something like that. 407 00:17:20,460 --> 00:17:22,060 I also-- [INAUDIBLE]. 408 00:17:22,060 --> 00:17:23,190 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 409 00:17:23,190 --> 00:17:25,504 The way you write influences the way 410 00:17:25,504 --> 00:17:27,170 you're going to naturally say something. 411 00:17:27,170 --> 00:17:28,919 And you could say this sentence both ways. 412 00:17:28,919 --> 00:17:31,530 So you could say it, you know, anthropogenic CO2 emissions 413 00:17:31,530 --> 00:17:33,400 are contributing to global climate change 414 00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,970 and could negatively impact our way of life 415 00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:37,890 if serious action is further delayed. 416 00:17:37,890 --> 00:17:39,860 That sounds like the 7 o'clock news, right? 417 00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:42,670 You could say you could say it like this. 418 00:17:42,670 --> 00:17:44,590 Look, anthropogenic CO2 emissions 419 00:17:44,590 --> 00:17:46,391 are contributing to global climate change. 420 00:17:46,391 --> 00:17:48,390 And that could really negatively impact our life 421 00:17:48,390 --> 00:17:49,860 if we don't do something right now. 422 00:17:49,860 --> 00:17:51,660 I mean, it's basically the same line, 423 00:17:51,660 --> 00:17:54,110 but it's said two completely different ways. 424 00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:59,790 And it's much harder to say a line like this naturally, 425 00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:01,140 but it's possible. 426 00:18:01,140 --> 00:18:03,960 So the way you write can impact how 427 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:05,240 you end up saying something. 428 00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:06,281 And that's important too. 429 00:18:06,281 --> 00:18:09,010 We will-- whoever of you ends up shooting 430 00:18:09,010 --> 00:18:10,510 with us in the last week of January, 431 00:18:10,510 --> 00:18:13,310 we are going to guaranteed say, no, try that again. 432 00:18:13,310 --> 00:18:15,840 It sounds too new newscaster-y. 433 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:18,720 And this is a style choice, but for Science Out Loud, it's 434 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:19,380 not news. 435 00:18:19,380 --> 00:18:21,870 We don't want it to come across like, here at MIT, 436 00:18:21,870 --> 00:18:23,370 we're talking to you about whatever. 437 00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:24,953 Because MIT already has a news office. 438 00:18:24,953 --> 00:18:27,130 They do that well. 439 00:18:27,130 --> 00:18:28,420 Our goal is different. 440 00:18:28,420 --> 00:18:33,370 And so making that style choice consciously from the beginning 441 00:18:33,370 --> 00:18:34,787 is important. 442 00:18:34,787 --> 00:18:36,620 But if you want to write like a newscaster-- 443 00:18:36,620 --> 00:18:38,370 I mean, if you're writing for a news show, 444 00:18:38,370 --> 00:18:40,420 if the point of the show is news, 445 00:18:40,420 --> 00:18:44,141 then that could be perfectly fine. 446 00:18:44,141 --> 00:18:44,640 Good? 447 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:46,848 PROFESSOR: Were you going to show the Ira Glass clip? 448 00:18:46,848 --> 00:18:47,800 Later for hosting. 449 00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:49,550 Yep. 450 00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:51,930 It might actually be fine to show that now 451 00:18:51,930 --> 00:18:53,880 while we're talking about it. 452 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:55,814 Let we find it. 453 00:18:55,814 --> 00:18:56,480 Yep, here we go. 454 00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:01,660 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 455 00:19:01,660 --> 00:19:02,660 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Oh, yeah. 456 00:19:05,360 --> 00:19:07,635 There we go. 457 00:19:07,635 --> 00:19:09,275 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 458 00:19:09,275 --> 00:19:11,150 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Do you guys know who Ira Glass 459 00:19:11,150 --> 00:19:14,599 is-- This American Life? 460 00:19:14,599 --> 00:19:15,640 He's a radio personality. 461 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:18,660 He's been doing this for many, many years. 462 00:19:18,660 --> 00:19:21,362 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 463 00:19:21,362 --> 00:19:23,320 IRA GLASS: I'm going to play you a clip of tape 464 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:25,190 from my eighth year. 465 00:19:25,190 --> 00:19:29,267 [MUSIC PLAYING] 466 00:19:29,267 --> 00:19:31,350 IRA GLASS: [ON RECORDING] It's not such a long way 467 00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:34,380 from the local grocery store to the international debate 468 00:19:34,380 --> 00:19:37,650 over whether sorghum and meat production are causing corn 469 00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:40,070 to decline in Latin America. 470 00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:41,610 There's a general air of prosperity 471 00:19:41,610 --> 00:19:45,620 here, partly thanks to Mexican imports of US grains, 472 00:19:45,620 --> 00:19:48,410 which helps boost our farm economy. 473 00:19:48,410 --> 00:19:51,530 Mexico is now one of our biggest grain customers, 474 00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:54,910 buying a half billion to $1 billion worth every year, 475 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:56,950 including corn to feed its people 476 00:19:56,950 --> 00:19:58,952 and sorghum to feed its livestock. 477 00:19:58,952 --> 00:20:00,160 Like what am I talking about? 478 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:02,285 Like, I don't even understand-- like, I wrote this. 479 00:20:02,285 --> 00:20:05,530 I don't even understand what it is. 480 00:20:05,530 --> 00:20:08,810 OK, also, like every part of this is ill conceived. 481 00:20:08,810 --> 00:20:11,060 OK? 482 00:20:11,060 --> 00:20:12,396 The writing is horrible. 483 00:20:12,396 --> 00:20:14,270 You can't even follow what I'm talking about. 484 00:20:14,270 --> 00:20:16,894 And then the performance like-- OK, just a little tip if you're 485 00:20:16,894 --> 00:20:19,260 performing for broadcast, you don't underline 486 00:20:19,260 --> 00:20:22,130 every third word for emphasis, because it 487 00:20:22,130 --> 00:20:23,795 sounds really unnatural. 488 00:20:23,795 --> 00:20:26,420 What you want to do is you want to talk the way people normally 489 00:20:26,420 --> 00:20:28,920 talk. 490 00:20:28,920 --> 00:20:31,440 [ON RECORDING] This helps cut our own trade deficit 491 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,460 and benefits everyone in the US economy. 492 00:20:34,460 --> 00:20:36,590 But in Mexico, this policy has lead 493 00:20:36,590 --> 00:20:40,150 to fewer tortillas for the poor and unappetizing tortillas 494 00:20:40,150 --> 00:20:41,190 for everyone else. 495 00:20:41,190 --> 00:20:43,950 Again, like this is the most moronic kind 496 00:20:43,950 --> 00:20:45,620 of like-- it doesn't mean anything. 497 00:20:45,620 --> 00:20:46,350 And it's hard. 498 00:20:46,350 --> 00:20:47,885 It's actually kind of an interesting story, which 499 00:20:47,885 --> 00:20:49,135 I'll say to you in a sentence. 500 00:20:49,135 --> 00:20:52,220 Which is, because Mexico produces a lot of stuff 501 00:20:52,220 --> 00:20:54,720 that they ship to the United States-- tomatoes and all sorts 502 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,330 of really wonderful food that we eat here-- 503 00:20:57,330 --> 00:21:00,020 they don't make enough corn for their own people. 504 00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:00,890 That's the story. 505 00:21:00,890 --> 00:21:04,200 So for us to get really great tomatoes, 506 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,130 or semi-great tomatoes, year round, 507 00:21:06,130 --> 00:21:08,360 basically, Mexicans eat worse. 508 00:21:08,360 --> 00:21:09,200 That's the story. 509 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:10,380 And it's kind of an interesting idea. 510 00:21:10,380 --> 00:21:10,880 Right? 511 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:12,940 Like that's actually sort of like a cool idea 512 00:21:12,940 --> 00:21:15,430 executed in the worst possible way. 513 00:21:15,430 --> 00:21:17,100 So he's talking about two things there. 514 00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:19,805 The first is how he wrote the story, 515 00:21:19,805 --> 00:21:21,680 and the second is how he delivered the story. 516 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:22,180 Right? 517 00:21:22,180 --> 00:21:25,370 So in the second part of the clip where he tells you 518 00:21:25,370 --> 00:21:27,349 the point of the story in like two sentences 519 00:21:27,349 --> 00:21:29,390 and you can actually understand what he's saying, 520 00:21:29,390 --> 00:21:30,450 that's a writing issue. 521 00:21:30,450 --> 00:21:33,400 And then the point that he makes about, don't underline 522 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:37,470 every third word, once you hear that-- like, 523 00:21:37,470 --> 00:21:40,200 if you listen to the local news or even the national news-- 524 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,324 I mean, once you hear that, you can't un-hear that. 525 00:21:42,324 --> 00:21:46,440 It's incredible how pervasive that tone is. 526 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:48,000 Because it makes people sound very 527 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,910 important and official when they choose 528 00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:53,740 certain words to underline and deliver correctly. 529 00:21:53,740 --> 00:21:58,420 And, you know, that is something that is fine for the news, 530 00:21:58,420 --> 00:21:59,660 because it has a purpose. 531 00:21:59,660 --> 00:22:03,790 But it's just-- I mean, I think it's terrible. 532 00:22:03,790 --> 00:22:05,980 And Ira Glass does too. 533 00:22:05,980 --> 00:22:10,442 If you listen to-- his show is called This American Life. 534 00:22:10,442 --> 00:22:12,150 And if you could just listen to the first 535 00:22:12,150 --> 00:22:13,750 like three, four minutes of any show, 536 00:22:13,750 --> 00:22:17,450 it's a great example of really good hosting. 537 00:22:17,450 --> 00:22:20,840 Marketplace is another show that has a similar style 538 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:24,380 and feel to it that's good to listen to. 539 00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:28,190 And then everything-- I think eight minutes past the hour 540 00:22:28,190 --> 00:22:30,510 or something-- NPR-- or every hour-- 541 00:22:30,510 --> 00:22:32,880 NPR goes back to their local news stations. 542 00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:36,200 So you can hear the difference between newscaster-y delivery 543 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,040 and natural delivery. 544 00:22:38,040 --> 00:22:39,290 It's a really good exercise. 545 00:22:39,290 --> 00:22:41,600 Like I say, once you hear it, you can't un-hear it. 546 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:47,490 So let's go back to writing. 547 00:22:47,490 --> 00:22:49,040 What we're going to do now is I'm 548 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:50,940 going to have-- I picked, I think, 549 00:22:50,940 --> 00:22:53,310 three or four scripts at random. 550 00:22:53,310 --> 00:22:56,870 And I'm going to have whoever wrote the script come up here 551 00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:57,600 and read it. 552 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,990 And then we're going to do a group critique of the script. 553 00:23:00,990 --> 00:23:02,530 This is a humbling experience. 554 00:23:02,530 --> 00:23:06,276 We are going to say-- we're going to point out ways 555 00:23:06,276 --> 00:23:07,650 that your script has been better. 556 00:23:07,650 --> 00:23:08,290 But that's OK. 557 00:23:08,290 --> 00:23:11,140 That's how you get better. 558 00:23:11,140 --> 00:23:15,180 And it's an experience that we will go through 559 00:23:15,180 --> 00:23:16,030 again and again. 560 00:23:16,030 --> 00:23:17,950 Well, I won't-- because I won't be here, 561 00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:20,200 but you will with Elizabeth again and again throughout 562 00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:22,540 the rest of the course, and especially in January. 563 00:23:22,540 --> 00:23:27,030 Because we are going to be very anal about, does this 564 00:23:27,030 --> 00:23:30,480 make sense, does this convey the idea we wanted to convey, 565 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:31,720 does it do it effectively? 566 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:35,410 So this is, I think, going to be your first experience of that. 567 00:23:35,410 --> 00:23:36,252 So who wrote that? 568 00:23:36,252 --> 00:23:38,085 And by the way, I picked random-- all right, 569 00:23:38,085 --> 00:23:41,290 come on up-- I picked random sections of the script 570 00:23:41,290 --> 00:23:43,870 to talk through. 571 00:23:43,870 --> 00:23:47,060 Do you want him to put on a mic? 572 00:23:47,060 --> 00:23:48,580 Do you want him to wear a mic? 573 00:23:48,580 --> 00:23:49,150 Yes? 574 00:23:49,150 --> 00:23:49,600 Does it matter? 575 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:49,990 AUDIENCE: It doesn't matter. 576 00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:51,170 OK. 577 00:23:51,170 --> 00:23:51,560 GEORGE ZAIDAN: All right, come on. 578 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:52,360 What's your name again? 579 00:23:52,360 --> 00:23:52,820 AUDIENCE: David. 580 00:23:52,820 --> 00:23:53,695 GEORGE ZAIDAN: David. 581 00:23:53,695 --> 00:23:54,560 Nice to meet you. 582 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:56,490 I'm sorry you're going first. 583 00:23:56,490 --> 00:23:56,990 All right. 584 00:23:56,990 --> 00:23:58,330 So stand up there. 585 00:23:58,330 --> 00:24:01,510 You can read the text here. 586 00:24:01,510 --> 00:24:04,280 Deliver it like you would like you would deliver it 587 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,340 if you were being recorded, which you are being recorded. 588 00:24:07,340 --> 00:24:08,800 And I'm going to sit in your place. 589 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,008 And we're all going to have a conversation about it. 590 00:24:15,070 --> 00:24:19,677 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I was sitting next to my roommate. 591 00:24:19,677 --> 00:24:21,885 So I was actually kind of shy about reading out loud. 592 00:24:21,885 --> 00:24:23,520 So actually, I tried to read out loud. 593 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:26,730 But I read it semi-internally. 594 00:24:26,730 --> 00:24:29,649 So maybe that's why some of this would sound a bit odd. 595 00:24:29,649 --> 00:24:30,690 GEORGE ZAIDAN: That's OK. 596 00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:31,490 No judgment yet. 597 00:24:31,490 --> 00:24:32,809 Let's get it out there. 598 00:24:32,809 --> 00:24:33,434 PROFESSOR: Yet? 599 00:24:33,434 --> 00:24:34,856 No judgement ever. 600 00:24:34,856 --> 00:24:37,409 This is a safe space. 601 00:24:37,409 --> 00:24:37,950 AUDIENCE: OK. 602 00:24:37,950 --> 00:24:41,280 So my topic's about why do some people handle 603 00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:42,840 cold better than others. 604 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:44,760 So why I was interested is that, why 605 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:47,060 is it that some people are more fearful about the cold, 606 00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:49,434 that they'd rather die than be caught outside without all 607 00:24:49,434 --> 00:24:51,430 the winter gear, mask and all, while others can 608 00:24:51,430 --> 00:24:53,370 wear one layer for morning jog. 609 00:24:53,370 --> 00:24:56,010 Actually, I say yesterday morning. 610 00:24:56,010 --> 00:24:57,869 And what makes all the difference? 611 00:24:57,869 --> 00:24:59,910 So the understand this, we first need to find out 612 00:24:59,910 --> 00:25:01,780 how our body reacts to cold. 613 00:25:01,780 --> 00:25:04,110 The first point is that the changes that way it 614 00:25:04,110 --> 00:25:05,752 burns energy more efficient. 615 00:25:05,752 --> 00:25:07,210 We actually burn more carbohydrates 616 00:25:07,210 --> 00:25:10,770 through our metabolic system to generate more heat. 617 00:25:10,770 --> 00:25:13,667 Imagine a giant furnace within our bodies. 618 00:25:13,667 --> 00:25:15,083 As winter starts to come, we throw 619 00:25:15,083 --> 00:25:17,699 more bits of carbohydrates and start energy 620 00:25:17,699 --> 00:25:19,740 to burn, and create more heat to warm our bodies. 621 00:25:19,740 --> 00:25:22,589 Then we cue pictures of furnace and burning stuff. 622 00:25:22,589 --> 00:25:23,630 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, great. 623 00:25:23,630 --> 00:25:24,299 OK. 624 00:25:24,299 --> 00:25:25,590 You can come back and sit down. 625 00:25:25,590 --> 00:25:25,950 Thank you. 626 00:25:25,950 --> 00:25:26,449 Excellent. 627 00:25:31,589 --> 00:25:33,380 I want to point out something that actually 628 00:25:33,380 --> 00:25:36,070 has nothing to do with writing. 629 00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:38,980 When you were-- very similar to how 630 00:25:38,980 --> 00:25:42,636 there is a newscaster-y tone to deliver things, especially 631 00:25:42,636 --> 00:25:44,260 when you're reading off a teleprompter, 632 00:25:44,260 --> 00:25:46,080 there is also a reading tone to deliver 633 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:49,100 things, versus reading something out loud versus saying it 634 00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:49,840 to someone. 635 00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:52,300 And when you got to the end of your first paragraph-- 636 00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:56,020 so you said, without all the winter gear on, mask and all, 637 00:25:56,020 --> 00:25:58,530 while others can wear one layer for a morning jog-- 638 00:25:58,530 --> 00:26:00,620 I saw that yesterday actually. 639 00:26:00,620 --> 00:26:02,220 Did anyone else notice how when he 640 00:26:02,220 --> 00:26:04,320 switched from reading to talking, 641 00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:07,120 you instantly snapped to attention? 642 00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:09,290 Because, I mean, here his focus is there. 643 00:26:09,290 --> 00:26:11,780 And then when he switches over to, 644 00:26:11,780 --> 00:26:14,110 I saw that yesterday, by the way, he looks at you all. 645 00:26:14,110 --> 00:26:18,020 He makes that connection with you, and you respond instantly. 646 00:26:18,020 --> 00:26:18,720 Right? 647 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:20,942 So that's something that is maybe better 648 00:26:20,942 --> 00:26:22,400 when we when we talk about hosting, 649 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,040 but since you did it right there, 650 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:26,610 I wanted to point it out. 651 00:26:26,610 --> 00:26:32,660 OK, so now in one sentence, someone 652 00:26:32,660 --> 00:26:34,960 summarize the sort of main point of this part 653 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:35,947 of the script for me. 654 00:26:39,990 --> 00:26:41,802 Without re-reading it-- sorry that 655 00:26:41,802 --> 00:26:43,260 was a crucial piece of information. 656 00:26:43,260 --> 00:26:45,740 Don't read it again. 657 00:26:45,740 --> 00:26:49,060 AUDIENCE: Carbohydrates generate heat. 658 00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:52,101 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, how? 659 00:26:52,101 --> 00:26:54,350 AUDIENCE: Carbohydrates are the fuel to generate heat. 660 00:26:54,350 --> 00:26:57,849 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, that's a little more specific. 661 00:26:57,849 --> 00:26:59,640 Does someone else have a different sentence 662 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:00,010 they were thinking of? 663 00:27:00,010 --> 00:27:00,831 Yeah. 664 00:27:00,831 --> 00:27:03,122 AUDIENCE: Our bodies process carbohydrates differently, 665 00:27:03,122 --> 00:27:06,550 so we react to differently to the cold. 666 00:27:06,550 --> 00:27:07,549 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, cool. 667 00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:16,850 What technique is used here to explain 668 00:27:16,850 --> 00:27:19,920 how we process carbohydrates? 669 00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:26,032 AUDIENCE: Metaphor? 670 00:27:26,032 --> 00:27:26,990 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Explain. 671 00:27:26,990 --> 00:27:28,140 Where? 672 00:27:28,140 --> 00:27:32,660 AUDIENCE: The giant furnace within our bodies. 673 00:27:32,660 --> 00:27:34,295 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Does it work? 674 00:27:34,295 --> 00:27:34,920 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 675 00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:38,660 I think it makes you understand something 676 00:27:38,660 --> 00:27:42,605 that's technical and scientific in a more relatable way. 677 00:27:42,605 --> 00:27:44,480 GEORGE ZAIDAN: What do you mean by relatable? 678 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:49,155 AUDIENCE: Well if you have an oil furnace at home 679 00:27:49,155 --> 00:27:52,850 and you're used to that thing cranking out in the winter, 680 00:27:52,850 --> 00:27:54,350 then you can kind of relate to that. 681 00:27:54,350 --> 00:27:55,224 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Right. 682 00:27:55,224 --> 00:27:59,410 So your body is an incredibly complex piece of machinery. 683 00:27:59,410 --> 00:28:03,000 It is basically unlike anything else 684 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,280 that we're used to in our world. 685 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,964 But a furnace, an oil furnace, or even a fireplace, 686 00:28:08,964 --> 00:28:10,630 or whatever, something that burns stuff, 687 00:28:10,630 --> 00:28:13,900 is something that your audience pretty much you can count on 688 00:28:13,900 --> 00:28:15,010 will have seen that. 689 00:28:15,010 --> 00:28:18,530 So relating this very complex piece of machinery 690 00:28:18,530 --> 00:28:21,710 to something that's much simpler is a great way 691 00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:27,292 to clue your audience in immediately on what's going on. 692 00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:33,550 We can talk about metaphors more later 693 00:28:33,550 --> 00:28:36,470 and what the tricky parts of metaphors are, 694 00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:39,040 but what else here makes this effective? 695 00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:43,630 What else makes you want to listen? 696 00:28:43,630 --> 00:28:46,520 Makes you interested to know more? 697 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:48,460 What techniques? 698 00:28:48,460 --> 00:28:49,810 AUDIENCE: Asking the question? 699 00:28:49,810 --> 00:28:50,690 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 700 00:28:50,690 --> 00:28:53,910 So the first paragraph is all questions. 701 00:28:53,910 --> 00:28:56,570 That's all it is. it's just sentences of questions. 702 00:28:56,570 --> 00:28:58,430 So why is that useful? 703 00:28:58,430 --> 00:29:01,690 Why does that help? 704 00:29:01,690 --> 00:29:08,330 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] they have to know the answer. 705 00:29:08,330 --> 00:29:11,549 They [INAUDIBLE] so when the [INAUDIBLE] speaks, 706 00:29:11,549 --> 00:29:12,774 they will want to continue. 707 00:29:12,774 --> 00:29:14,440 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, exactly, and that's 708 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:15,410 a really common technique. 709 00:29:15,410 --> 00:29:17,409 You start with the question with-- you start off 710 00:29:17,409 --> 00:29:20,400 the video, excuse me, with either one or more questions. 711 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:21,697 What else is effective here? 712 00:29:24,992 --> 00:29:26,200 Do you want to say something? 713 00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:28,380 AUDIENCE: I mean the questions themselves work. 714 00:29:28,380 --> 00:29:30,965 It's not that pose-- you could have 715 00:29:30,965 --> 00:29:35,650 posed much bigger questions like why do I get cold? 716 00:29:35,650 --> 00:29:38,490 That's not a really compelling question, 717 00:29:38,490 --> 00:29:41,020 but it's a-- the second question, 718 00:29:41,020 --> 00:29:44,133 why is it that some people are so fearful in the cold 719 00:29:44,133 --> 00:29:47,060 that they would rather be caught dead than go outside? 720 00:29:47,060 --> 00:29:49,750 And when you said like I just say this outside, 721 00:29:49,750 --> 00:29:52,920 I see it outside all the time too, 722 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:56,357 so the questions themselves immediately 723 00:29:56,357 --> 00:29:58,005 jump into relating to the viewer. 724 00:29:58,005 --> 00:29:59,380 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And it's something 725 00:29:59,380 --> 00:30:05,740 that is a common-- we didn't talk about-- your idea should 726 00:30:05,740 --> 00:30:07,370 be good, right? 727 00:30:07,370 --> 00:30:09,530 But having a good idea is an important part 728 00:30:09,530 --> 00:30:12,769 of making an interesting and readable script, 729 00:30:12,769 --> 00:30:14,810 and this is something that we've all experienced. 730 00:30:14,810 --> 00:30:16,268 I mean you walk around MIT, and you 731 00:30:16,268 --> 00:30:19,410 see people walking around with shorts in the weather outside. 732 00:30:19,410 --> 00:30:21,990 It's like 12 degrees outside or whatever. 733 00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:24,200 And you think, my god, they must be insane. 734 00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:26,830 But no, maybe they actually don't feel cold like we do. 735 00:30:26,830 --> 00:30:31,410 And that is something that is one of those things 736 00:30:31,410 --> 00:30:33,859 that you see a lot, and you don't really process it, 737 00:30:33,859 --> 00:30:35,650 but when you really stop to think about it, 738 00:30:35,650 --> 00:30:37,440 you're like wow, that is really bizarre. 739 00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:38,740 I want to know more. 740 00:30:38,740 --> 00:30:40,030 So you're right. 741 00:30:40,030 --> 00:30:42,210 It's not just asking questions in and of themselves, 742 00:30:42,210 --> 00:30:43,626 but it's what are those questions, 743 00:30:43,626 --> 00:30:47,120 and do they point you somewhere interesting? 744 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:49,380 What else is effective here? 745 00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:51,036 AUDIENCE: There's a "we" right there 746 00:30:51,036 --> 00:30:52,679 that I feel its absolutely essential. 747 00:30:52,679 --> 00:30:53,720 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Which one? 748 00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:56,740 AUDIENCE: Right in the very middle of the page, 749 00:30:56,740 --> 00:30:58,724 there's-- middle, middle, middle. 750 00:30:58,724 --> 00:31:00,140 GEORGE ZAIDAN: To understand this, 751 00:31:00,140 --> 00:31:02,750 we first need to find out how our body reacts to the cold. 752 00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:04,780 AUDIENCE: That "we" I think is so essential, 753 00:31:04,780 --> 00:31:08,490 because if it were a you or a me it wouldn't work, 754 00:31:08,490 --> 00:31:12,319 but the "we" is very appropriately engaging. 755 00:31:12,319 --> 00:31:13,610 GEORGE ZAIDAN: What does it do? 756 00:31:13,610 --> 00:31:15,366 AUDIENCE: I means that you and I together 757 00:31:15,366 --> 00:31:17,200 are going to figure this out. 758 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:18,700 I'm not going to tell you, but we're 759 00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:20,250 going to explore this together. 760 00:31:20,250 --> 00:31:22,807 And that's the perfect tone for this piece. 761 00:31:22,807 --> 00:31:24,640 GEORGE ZAIDAN: You are leading your audience 762 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:26,440 on an adventure of understanding. 763 00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:28,510 You're the guide, because you're on camera, 764 00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:30,880 but you're bringing them with you-- versus 765 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:32,710 I'm just going to open your head and dump 766 00:31:32,710 --> 00:31:33,840 this information in your head, and then 767 00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:34,470 you're going to know it. 768 00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:35,530 That's not what this. 769 00:31:35,530 --> 00:31:37,380 This is an odyssey of exploration 770 00:31:37,380 --> 00:31:39,860 that we're going to go on together. 771 00:31:39,860 --> 00:31:42,566 Anything else that we want to point out is effective? 772 00:31:47,670 --> 00:31:48,810 OK. 773 00:31:48,810 --> 00:31:49,896 What could be improved? 774 00:31:55,500 --> 00:32:00,415 AUDIENCE: I think the pacing makes it easier for the host 775 00:32:00,415 --> 00:32:03,810 to read, so just have less commas but more maybe periods, 776 00:32:03,810 --> 00:32:07,170 and just split it up into shorter sentences. 777 00:32:07,170 --> 00:32:12,280 So you don't have to keep [INAUDIBLE] for a long time. 778 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:15,370 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah the sentences do get kind of long. 779 00:32:15,370 --> 00:32:19,390 The last paragraph is just two sentences 780 00:32:19,390 --> 00:32:23,140 and then the middle question in the first paragraph 781 00:32:23,140 --> 00:32:24,610 is a very long sentence. 782 00:32:24,610 --> 00:32:26,700 So I agree. 783 00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,980 That's one of the default patterns 784 00:32:29,980 --> 00:32:32,042 that you fall into when you're writing something. 785 00:32:32,042 --> 00:32:34,000 When you're thinking of something in your head, 786 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,630 you tend to think in sort of long, unbroken streams 787 00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:40,600 of thought, and that tends to manifest itself on the page. 788 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,114 Whereas when you talk, it may not 789 00:32:44,114 --> 00:32:46,030 be sentences in the traditional sense of-- OK, 790 00:32:46,030 --> 00:32:47,910 I'm going to stop talking now-- there's a period. 791 00:32:47,910 --> 00:32:49,284 And now I'm going to start again. 792 00:32:49,284 --> 00:32:52,540 But you do have pauses in your speech that 793 00:32:52,540 --> 00:32:54,640 let your audience understand what's going on, 794 00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,690 and you can count those as sentences. 795 00:32:57,690 --> 00:32:59,240 What else? 796 00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:01,106 AUDIENCE: Maybe putting the metaphor 797 00:33:01,106 --> 00:33:06,580 before the scientific-- picturing 798 00:33:06,580 --> 00:33:10,801 the giant furnace [INAUDIBLE]. 799 00:33:10,801 --> 00:33:15,200 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So give us a version 800 00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:17,155 of how you would imagine that would go. 801 00:33:17,155 --> 00:33:18,530 AUDIENCE: Imagine a giant furnace 802 00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:22,760 in the winter, burning coal and charcoal to generate heat. 803 00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:25,250 Now imagine the body, the metabolic system 804 00:33:25,250 --> 00:33:27,082 as that giant furnace. 805 00:33:27,082 --> 00:33:29,312 And then the coal and charcoal as the carbohydrates 806 00:33:29,312 --> 00:33:29,860 in your food. 807 00:33:29,860 --> 00:33:30,380 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, great. 808 00:33:30,380 --> 00:33:31,840 That's an excellent point. 809 00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:35,740 So the way this script is written, 810 00:33:35,740 --> 00:33:43,070 the simple technical answer that has no metaphor comes first, 811 00:33:43,070 --> 00:33:44,450 and then you have the metaphor. 812 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:45,850 But the way that-- remind me of your name? 813 00:33:45,850 --> 00:33:46,490 AUDIENCE: Kenneth. 814 00:33:46,490 --> 00:33:47,448 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Kenneth. 815 00:33:47,448 --> 00:33:50,004 The way that Kenneth said it is, OK-- we're 816 00:33:50,004 --> 00:33:50,920 going to start simple. 817 00:33:50,920 --> 00:33:51,950 We're going to start with something you know, 818 00:33:51,950 --> 00:33:53,300 a giant furnace. 819 00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:54,230 Got that in your head? 820 00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:55,030 Great. 821 00:33:55,030 --> 00:33:57,432 Now imagine that your body is that furnace, and instead 822 00:33:57,432 --> 00:33:59,890 of coal, you've got sugar, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. 823 00:33:59,890 --> 00:34:04,520 And you the metaphor like that, and that's sort of a principle 824 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:08,210 of start small, start easy, start with something you know, 825 00:34:08,210 --> 00:34:10,920 and then build layer by layer on that. 826 00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:14,090 And that is something that is not one of my rules, 827 00:34:14,090 --> 00:34:15,186 but easily could be. 828 00:34:19,420 --> 00:34:22,092 Everywhere except the very first sentence of the video, 829 00:34:22,092 --> 00:34:23,550 it's a great technique to make sure 830 00:34:23,550 --> 00:34:27,151 that your audience is caught up with you all the time. 831 00:34:27,151 --> 00:34:28,900 And I say everywhere except the first bit, 832 00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:31,840 because the exception is that if you 833 00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:34,070 want to start with a compelling hook, 834 00:34:34,070 --> 00:34:36,000 you might start completely out of order, 835 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:38,250 and then come back to something later in the video 836 00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:40,166 just for the purposes of hooking your audience 837 00:34:40,166 --> 00:34:43,370 and getting them through the first 10 seconds. 838 00:34:43,370 --> 00:34:46,409 But other than that, that sort of expansion-- 839 00:34:46,409 --> 00:34:48,239 I sort of look at it as a funnel. 840 00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:51,449 You start really simple, and then work your way out 841 00:34:51,449 --> 00:34:53,296 to complicated. 842 00:34:53,296 --> 00:34:54,232 What else? 843 00:34:56,898 --> 00:34:58,606 AUDIENCE: I'm not really sure whether you 844 00:34:58,606 --> 00:35:01,479 need the middle sentence. 845 00:35:01,479 --> 00:35:02,520 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Which one? 846 00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:03,020 This one? 847 00:35:03,020 --> 00:35:04,074 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 848 00:35:04,074 --> 00:35:05,240 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Let's try it. 849 00:35:05,240 --> 00:35:08,120 So give us a read-- read the last few lines here, 850 00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:11,500 and then why don't you go into Kenneth's version of it. 851 00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:13,190 So read the last couple of lines here, 852 00:35:13,190 --> 00:35:17,160 and then go into the furnace, and we'll see how it sounds. 853 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:19,200 AUDIENCE: Well Alice can wear one layer 854 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:20,990 or more layers for the morning job-- what 855 00:35:20,990 --> 00:35:22,540 makes all the difference? 856 00:35:22,540 --> 00:35:26,720 [INAUDIBLE] What makes all the difference? 857 00:35:26,720 --> 00:35:29,010 Imagine a giant furnace within out bodies. 858 00:35:29,010 --> 00:35:31,175 Our bodies changes and burns energy [INAUDIBLE]. 859 00:35:31,175 --> 00:35:32,050 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Great. 860 00:35:32,050 --> 00:35:32,840 That's perfect. 861 00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:35,550 So I would agree with you-- I think you're absolutely right. 862 00:35:35,550 --> 00:35:37,300 I don't think we need the middle sentence, 863 00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:39,980 because you're asking a question, 864 00:35:39,980 --> 00:35:41,930 and then you go right into this image. 865 00:35:41,930 --> 00:35:43,680 And it's clear that you're not immediately 866 00:35:43,680 --> 00:35:47,920 answering the question, because imagine a giant furnace 867 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:52,090 is not the answer to what makes the difference, right? 868 00:35:52,090 --> 00:35:55,120 But it's clear that, from your tone, the way you said it-- so 869 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:56,990 you say-- what's the difference? 870 00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:58,910 Well, imagine your body is a giant furnace. 871 00:35:58,910 --> 00:36:04,040 So the way that you say something can-- essentially, 872 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:06,715 you're saying this sentence in the tone of your voice. 873 00:36:06,715 --> 00:36:08,840 So you don't actually need to say that sentence out 874 00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:10,660 loud great. 875 00:36:10,660 --> 00:36:13,440 Anything else we can eliminate by the way? 876 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:14,176 What can we cut? 877 00:36:23,044 --> 00:36:25,210 AUDIENCE: I think you already mentioned it, 878 00:36:25,210 --> 00:36:28,580 but the second sentence-- I think 879 00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:31,720 you can say that a little less wordy. 880 00:36:31,720 --> 00:36:33,812 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Give it a shot. 881 00:36:33,812 --> 00:36:35,520 AUDIENCE: So why do people hate the cold? 882 00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:43,735 That they'd rather die than be caught outside without all 883 00:36:43,735 --> 00:36:46,267 their winter clothes on. 884 00:36:46,267 --> 00:36:47,850 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So the way you're doing 885 00:36:47,850 --> 00:36:49,780 it is to sort of piecemeal try and chop out 886 00:36:49,780 --> 00:36:50,716 certain words, right? 887 00:36:50,716 --> 00:36:51,340 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 888 00:36:51,340 --> 00:36:53,048 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But take a step back, look 889 00:36:53,048 --> 00:36:56,530 at the meaning of the sentence, reformulate it, 890 00:36:56,530 --> 00:36:59,850 and just say as if you were saying it to me. 891 00:36:59,850 --> 00:37:03,310 Actually, do say it to me. 892 00:37:03,310 --> 00:37:05,030 AUDIENCE: So why do we hate the cold? 893 00:37:05,030 --> 00:37:06,770 Why do some people have to bundle up 894 00:37:06,770 --> 00:37:10,501 and others don't have to wear as much clothes, or something 895 00:37:10,501 --> 00:37:11,000 like that. 896 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,166 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, I think you're on to something. 897 00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,660 You walk around on a cold winter's day-- 898 00:37:16,660 --> 00:37:19,360 why are some people bundled up and some people wearing shorts? 899 00:37:19,360 --> 00:37:21,210 What's the deal? 900 00:37:21,210 --> 00:37:23,540 That's a much shorter way of saying, essentially, that. 901 00:37:23,540 --> 00:37:27,150 There is a theatricality in the way 902 00:37:27,150 --> 00:37:30,670 that the first paragraph is written 903 00:37:30,670 --> 00:37:34,130 that you lose by changing it to the shorter version, 904 00:37:34,130 --> 00:37:38,690 but that comes from the benefit of you're getting 905 00:37:38,690 --> 00:37:40,620 into the material faster. 906 00:37:40,620 --> 00:37:42,734 But there is a trade-off there. 907 00:37:42,734 --> 00:37:45,370 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] You can also 908 00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:48,685 accomplish all you say and include the extra detail 909 00:37:48,685 --> 00:37:49,575 with your images. 910 00:37:49,575 --> 00:37:52,120 So if you show an example of someone bundled up 911 00:37:52,120 --> 00:37:54,190 with all the layers, and then a jogger 912 00:37:54,190 --> 00:37:56,240 with barely anything other than shorts, 913 00:37:56,240 --> 00:37:59,083 then you have all the content that was in that sentence, 914 00:37:59,083 --> 00:38:01,052 but you're using the rest of the medium 915 00:38:01,052 --> 00:38:02,260 that you haven't worked with. 916 00:38:02,260 --> 00:38:03,130 GEORGE ZAIDAN: You reminded me of the thing 917 00:38:03,130 --> 00:38:03,980 that I was going to talk about. 918 00:38:03,980 --> 00:38:04,479 Thank you. 919 00:38:04,479 --> 00:38:06,780 That's exactly what I wanted to talk about. 920 00:38:06,780 --> 00:38:10,640 Yeah, so this is really really, really easy 921 00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:13,200 to forget when you're writing a script-- is that there's 922 00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:15,860 going to be a whole other layer of information that 923 00:38:15,860 --> 00:38:20,190 is available to your audience in the final product. 924 00:38:20,190 --> 00:38:24,290 So to the extent that you can, I would absolutely 925 00:38:24,290 --> 00:38:26,710 encourage use of visuals that are 926 00:38:26,710 --> 00:38:28,660 complimentary to the script. 927 00:38:28,660 --> 00:38:34,580 So the way that I-- I don't have the slides for this, but let's 928 00:38:34,580 --> 00:38:37,950 say that you wanted to show a synapse. 929 00:38:37,950 --> 00:38:39,470 You guys know what a synapse is? 930 00:38:39,470 --> 00:38:45,370 The part in your brain where neurotransmitters go? 931 00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:59,070 So you've got this, this, and then-- OK. 932 00:38:59,070 --> 00:39:00,360 So this is one nerve. 933 00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:01,440 This is another nerve. 934 00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:05,440 This is just the space in between the nerves. 935 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:09,060 And these dots are chemicals that this nerve 936 00:39:09,060 --> 00:39:10,710 is transmitting to this nerve. 937 00:39:10,710 --> 00:39:14,320 These sort of like Poseidon spears 938 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:19,010 are receptors for these chemicals. 939 00:39:19,010 --> 00:39:22,980 Now the way that I said that-- if you were to write down 940 00:39:22,980 --> 00:39:26,136 what I just said-- these dots, this nerve, this space, 941 00:39:26,136 --> 00:39:28,010 but this area is the space between the nerve, 942 00:39:28,010 --> 00:39:30,010 you'd have absolutely no idea what I was talking 943 00:39:30,010 --> 00:39:32,010 about without the image. 944 00:39:32,010 --> 00:39:34,312 Whereas if you didn't have this image, 945 00:39:34,312 --> 00:39:36,020 and you were just writing a script trying 946 00:39:36,020 --> 00:39:39,070 to explain what a synapse is, you would have to say, 947 00:39:39,070 --> 00:39:42,080 a synapse is the space between two nerves. 948 00:39:42,080 --> 00:39:48,000 One nerve releases chemicals that cross that space 949 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,640 and get captured by receptors on the other nerve, 950 00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:55,730 and that's how data is transmitted from one nerve 951 00:39:55,730 --> 00:39:57,090 to another. 952 00:39:57,090 --> 00:39:59,930 So if you were writing a script without the visuals in mind, 953 00:39:59,930 --> 00:40:01,720 you can very easily fall into the trap 954 00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:04,350 of doing what I just did in writing 955 00:40:04,350 --> 00:40:05,750 a script that stands alone. 956 00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,710 Whereas if you're thinking images, 957 00:40:08,710 --> 00:40:10,520 it's going to be mostly like, look at this. 958 00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:11,230 Check this out. 959 00:40:11,230 --> 00:40:14,020 This spaghetti shaped thing, those dots, 960 00:40:14,020 --> 00:40:15,560 that kind of language, and that's 961 00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:20,056 totally OK and even encouraged when you're doing a video. 962 00:40:20,056 --> 00:40:21,430 And that's exactly what you said. 963 00:40:21,430 --> 00:40:25,550 Another example is to basically talk in general terms 964 00:40:25,550 --> 00:40:29,090 and put specific visuals that compliment the script. 965 00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:30,430 You were going to say something? 966 00:40:30,430 --> 00:40:32,586 AUDIENCE: Yeah, just that it's not 967 00:40:32,586 --> 00:40:35,306 just that someone can wear less clothes, 968 00:40:35,306 --> 00:40:38,060 it's that they're comfortable wearing less clothes. 969 00:40:38,060 --> 00:40:40,130 And to me that's an important concept 970 00:40:40,130 --> 00:40:43,030 that we can't use in that first paragraph. 971 00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:45,040 Because my husband's like this, where 972 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:46,955 he can be wearing half the clothes, 973 00:40:46,955 --> 00:40:48,052 and he's happy that way. 974 00:40:48,052 --> 00:40:50,260 It's one thing to wear less clothes and be miserable, 975 00:40:50,260 --> 00:40:53,850 but it's another thing to be comfortable with that choice, 976 00:40:53,850 --> 00:40:54,493 right? 977 00:40:54,493 --> 00:40:57,044 I see students on campus without shoes, and I'm like, 978 00:40:57,044 --> 00:40:58,400 what's going on? 979 00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:03,080 But the fact that they-- it's one thing to wear less clothes 980 00:41:03,080 --> 00:41:05,551 and be shivering, and cold, and miserable, 981 00:41:05,551 --> 00:41:07,092 but it's another to have less clothes 982 00:41:07,092 --> 00:41:09,020 and actually be OK with that. 983 00:41:09,020 --> 00:41:11,940 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And following that even further-- 984 00:41:11,940 --> 00:41:14,550 I just had a question in my mind. 985 00:41:14,550 --> 00:41:17,640 Let's say you took two people. 986 00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:19,610 One who can wear shorts in the dead of winter, 987 00:41:19,610 --> 00:41:21,690 and one who has to be completely bundled up. 988 00:41:21,690 --> 00:41:24,510 If you transport them into the Antarctic or the Arctic where 989 00:41:24,510 --> 00:41:25,510 it's-- I don't know. 990 00:41:25,510 --> 00:41:27,900 Pick a really cold temperature, subzero. 991 00:41:27,900 --> 00:41:34,070 And just let them stand there naked for like 20 days-- who 992 00:41:34,070 --> 00:41:35,820 dies first? 993 00:41:35,820 --> 00:41:39,390 Is it the person's comfort, or are they 994 00:41:39,390 --> 00:41:45,070 actually better adapted to survive in the cold? 995 00:41:45,070 --> 00:41:47,200 Which is a really interesting distinction, 996 00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:49,131 because if someone's comfortable in the cold, 997 00:41:49,131 --> 00:41:51,380 but they're still going to die at the exact same time, 998 00:41:51,380 --> 00:41:56,060 then yeah, comfort is great, but we haven't, as a species, 999 00:41:56,060 --> 00:41:59,440 adapted to better overcome the cold. 1000 00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:02,090 Whereas if it's really your body is substantially 1001 00:42:02,090 --> 00:42:06,640 different in a way that could help the human race survive 1002 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:09,586 the next Ice Age, that's cool. 1003 00:42:09,586 --> 00:42:11,127 So that's a really interesting point. 1004 00:42:11,127 --> 00:42:14,414 AUDIENCE: And that's taking the familiar and making 1005 00:42:14,414 --> 00:42:16,240 [INAUDIBLE]. 1006 00:42:16,240 --> 00:42:18,510 It's taking an instance that you see 1007 00:42:18,510 --> 00:42:21,192 and a question that maybe you very fleetingly have, 1008 00:42:21,192 --> 00:42:24,310 which is how is that some people don't have 1009 00:42:24,310 --> 00:42:29,172 to put on a huge winter jacket and can walk outside 1010 00:42:29,172 --> 00:42:29,880 in the snow fine? 1011 00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:31,940 Whereas I have to layer up? 1012 00:42:31,940 --> 00:42:33,526 It's taking that familiar question 1013 00:42:33,526 --> 00:42:38,650 and slowly building out to this pretty epic 1014 00:42:38,650 --> 00:42:43,643 concept of-- are certain people within our human race better 1015 00:42:43,643 --> 00:42:45,960 adapted for total catastrophe? 1016 00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:46,770 [LAUGHTER] 1017 00:42:46,770 --> 00:42:49,103 AUDIENCE: I'm not saying that you have to go that route, 1018 00:42:49,103 --> 00:42:52,570 but I think that that's why watch 1019 00:42:52,570 --> 00:42:55,370 some of these viral videos, because it takes the familiar 1020 00:42:55,370 --> 00:42:58,160 and makes it unfamiliar. 1021 00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:00,566 AUDIENCE: It also-- I mean, not to totally go 1022 00:43:00,566 --> 00:43:02,510 a different route-- but a question 1023 00:43:02,510 --> 00:43:06,834 that this could go into is are skinny people versus 1024 00:43:06,834 --> 00:43:08,250 fat people-- does it have anything 1025 00:43:08,250 --> 00:43:10,920 to do with your physical being? 1026 00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:12,716 Or is it your chemical being that 1027 00:43:12,716 --> 00:43:16,280 makes you be able to handle the situation better, 1028 00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:17,540 and can you change that? 1029 00:43:17,540 --> 00:43:19,680 Or is it just how you're built? 1030 00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:22,240 AUDIENCE: But if you tighten this first part up, 1031 00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:24,370 it leaves you the room to explore 1032 00:43:24,370 --> 00:43:26,330 the really cool questions. 1033 00:43:26,330 --> 00:43:30,147 We could easily cut all this text down into half 1034 00:43:30,147 --> 00:43:31,460 it's length. 1035 00:43:31,460 --> 00:43:33,790 Why do some people handle the cold better than others? 1036 00:43:33,790 --> 00:43:38,010 How is it that this person who's wearing shorts in winter 1037 00:43:38,010 --> 00:43:42,270 is fine, whereas this person is wearing five jackets? 1038 00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:43,670 What's making the difference? 1039 00:43:43,670 --> 00:43:47,630 Well, imagine a giant furnace. 1040 00:43:47,630 --> 00:43:49,850 That furnace is actually us. 1041 00:43:49,850 --> 00:43:51,950 You're taking out the whole middle chunk. 1042 00:43:51,950 --> 00:43:55,187 I also think you can highlight the unexpected nature 1043 00:43:55,187 --> 00:43:57,119 of the furnace metaphor right? 1044 00:43:57,119 --> 00:43:58,910 You're taking the familiar ones, and you're 1045 00:43:58,910 --> 00:44:00,190 entering the unfamiliar. 1046 00:44:00,190 --> 00:44:02,350 Imagine a furnace-- everyone can picture that-- 1047 00:44:02,350 --> 00:44:06,800 but the crazy thing is that our bodies are furnaces. 1048 00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:10,120 We kind of did that with the [INAUDIBLE]. 1049 00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:13,956 And then the whole end-- and winter starts to come 1050 00:44:13,956 --> 00:44:15,580 and we throw more bits of carbohydrates 1051 00:44:15,580 --> 00:44:18,290 and stored energy. 1052 00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:22,140 Carbohydrates and stored energy are similar enough things 1053 00:44:22,140 --> 00:44:24,864 that you can distill it down into one phrase. 1054 00:44:24,864 --> 00:44:26,250 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Sugars. 1055 00:44:26,250 --> 00:44:27,530 AUDIENCE: Sugars, yeah. 1056 00:44:27,530 --> 00:44:30,030 But by tightening all of this intro stuff 1057 00:44:30,030 --> 00:44:33,930 up into two concepts, it leaves you 1058 00:44:33,930 --> 00:44:38,920 the rest of the episode to explore the cooler questions. 1059 00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:41,900 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And then you can go with-- the metaphor, 1060 00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:44,350 you can take as far as you want. 1061 00:44:44,350 --> 00:44:47,660 You can say, OK, well, are some people's furnaces 1062 00:44:47,660 --> 00:44:48,560 more efficient? 1063 00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:51,179 Do some burn different types of sugar? 1064 00:44:51,179 --> 00:44:52,720 Whatever the answer ends up being-- I 1065 00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:54,720 don't actually know what the answer is. 1066 00:44:54,720 --> 00:44:58,160 I really want to know, but whatever that is, 1067 00:44:58,160 --> 00:45:01,290 you can develop the metaphor or not, depending 1068 00:45:01,290 --> 00:45:03,980 on whether it fits and really explore 1069 00:45:03,980 --> 00:45:08,150 this question that's fundamental to the nature of our survival, 1070 00:45:08,150 --> 00:45:09,960 because there will be another Ice Age. 1071 00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:10,750 It's coming. 1072 00:45:10,750 --> 00:45:11,750 We just don't know when. 1073 00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:20,850 So we took this experience that we've all had, 1074 00:45:20,850 --> 00:45:24,890 and we turned it into an existential crisis, which 1075 00:45:24,890 --> 00:45:26,430 is great. 1076 00:45:26,430 --> 00:45:28,150 So thank you. 1077 00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:32,130 Next, I was going to do two examples from each script, 1078 00:45:32,130 --> 00:45:35,130 but I think we should just move on, because we're running short 1079 00:45:35,130 --> 00:45:36,580 on time. 1080 00:45:36,580 --> 00:45:37,950 Whose script is this? 1081 00:45:37,950 --> 00:45:39,540 All right, come on up. 1082 00:45:50,015 --> 00:45:51,390 All right, so you know the drill. 1083 00:45:51,390 --> 00:45:53,330 Give us a read. 1084 00:45:53,330 --> 00:45:55,270 AUDIENCE: Once upon a time, in the year 2009 1085 00:45:55,270 --> 00:45:57,170 actually, Stephen Hawking held a party 1086 00:45:57,170 --> 00:46:00,360 with all the usual stuff-- wines, hors d'oeuvres, 1087 00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:01,939 and yet no one turned up! 1088 00:46:01,939 --> 00:46:03,480 And you'd have thought he'd be upset, 1089 00:46:03,480 --> 00:46:05,700 but in fact, he was actually quite happy, 1090 00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:07,637 because it just proven his own belief that it 1091 00:46:07,637 --> 00:46:09,220 was impossible to travel back in time. 1092 00:46:09,220 --> 00:46:11,160 He had, in fact, sent out the invitations 1093 00:46:11,160 --> 00:46:15,460 for the party to time travelers after the party had-- I already 1094 00:46:15,460 --> 00:46:16,710 mentioned it. 1095 00:46:16,710 --> 00:46:18,170 A lack of partygoers actually meant 1096 00:46:18,170 --> 00:46:20,740 that time travel was probably impossible, 1097 00:46:20,740 --> 00:46:23,355 or just that people thought that Stephen Hawking was lame 1098 00:46:23,355 --> 00:46:25,440 and didn't really want to go to his party. 1099 00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:30,430 So was time travel really not possible? 1100 00:46:30,430 --> 00:46:31,130 Yeah. 1101 00:46:31,130 --> 00:46:32,588 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Great, come on back. 1102 00:46:35,240 --> 00:46:38,947 So what is effective in this script? 1103 00:46:38,947 --> 00:46:40,863 Introduction, really-- It's not a full script. 1104 00:46:45,874 --> 00:46:47,290 Yeah, you have to raise your hand. 1105 00:46:47,290 --> 00:46:49,640 Just yell it out. 1106 00:46:49,640 --> 00:46:52,690 AUDIENCE: Well he introduces a character who we know, 1107 00:46:52,690 --> 00:46:57,170 but he's doing this party thing that's just like us. 1108 00:46:57,170 --> 00:46:59,720 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So we all love Stephen Hawking. 1109 00:46:59,720 --> 00:47:03,190 If you don't, leave immediately. 1110 00:47:03,190 --> 00:47:06,800 So right off the bat, Stephen Hawking is invoked, 1111 00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:08,317 and that's great. 1112 00:47:08,317 --> 00:47:10,150 Now we know exactly who we're talking about. 1113 00:47:10,150 --> 00:47:13,220 We're all on the same page, and we all love Stephen Hawking. 1114 00:47:13,220 --> 00:47:16,060 At least your audience for this video 1115 00:47:16,060 --> 00:47:18,540 is most likely going to know and love Stephen Hawking? 1116 00:47:18,540 --> 00:47:19,867 Not everyone does. 1117 00:47:19,867 --> 00:47:21,450 AUDIENCE: And even if they don't, it's 1118 00:47:21,450 --> 00:47:23,780 still a cool enough premise. 1119 00:47:23,780 --> 00:47:27,760 This one's doing the opposite-- taking something unfamiliar, 1120 00:47:27,760 --> 00:47:30,955 and you're going to spend the adventure familiarizing 1121 00:47:30,955 --> 00:47:32,350 yourself with it. 1122 00:47:32,350 --> 00:47:36,070 That someone had a party intending 1123 00:47:36,070 --> 00:47:41,116 to have no one show up, because he was proving time travel. 1124 00:47:41,116 --> 00:47:42,740 It's like this pop culture fascination. 1125 00:47:42,740 --> 00:47:45,720 It's very Hollywood science. 1126 00:47:45,720 --> 00:47:50,546 It's the reason why so many of the special effects that you 1127 00:47:50,546 --> 00:47:53,130 have on TV and so much of the science that does 1128 00:47:53,130 --> 00:47:55,820 end up broadcasting on major networks. 1129 00:47:55,820 --> 00:47:59,450 They're all about astrophysics stuff, 1130 00:47:59,450 --> 00:48:01,821 and it's because it's commercializable? 1131 00:48:01,821 --> 00:48:03,070 GEORGE ZAIDAN: It's just cool. 1132 00:48:05,960 --> 00:48:08,930 Who here has watched Cosmos? 1133 00:48:08,930 --> 00:48:10,710 New or old? 1134 00:48:10,710 --> 00:48:11,280 New? 1135 00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:11,780 Both? 1136 00:48:14,570 --> 00:48:16,260 At one point in one of the episodes, 1137 00:48:16,260 --> 00:48:18,510 either Carl Sagan, or Neil deGrasse Tyson, or probably 1138 00:48:18,510 --> 00:48:22,730 both say that we have this inbuilt fascination looking up 1139 00:48:22,730 --> 00:48:25,910 at the stars and wondering what our place is in the universe, 1140 00:48:25,910 --> 00:48:27,490 and that is absolutely true. 1141 00:48:27,490 --> 00:48:32,070 And shows and movies capitalize on that all the time. 1142 00:48:32,070 --> 00:48:36,040 Interstellar, Gravity, are two of the most recent ones, 1143 00:48:36,040 --> 00:48:39,420 but we've always looked up, and wondered, 1144 00:48:39,420 --> 00:48:42,670 and written stories about it. 1145 00:48:42,670 --> 00:48:43,444 What else works? 1146 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:54,940 So what's instantly different about this script? 1147 00:48:54,940 --> 00:48:58,180 This introduction versus the last introduction? 1148 00:48:58,180 --> 00:49:05,030 AUDIENCE: Something visual that [INAUDIBLE] something 1149 00:49:05,030 --> 00:49:06,721 very visual. 1150 00:49:06,721 --> 00:49:10,540 In my mind, I'm thinking of this sad face, smiley face. 1151 00:49:10,540 --> 00:49:11,780 It's going to be quite funny. 1152 00:49:11,780 --> 00:49:13,930 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Take that even further. 1153 00:49:13,930 --> 00:49:18,910 It's visual, but it's also-- When 1154 00:49:18,910 --> 00:49:20,920 Kenneth got up here and started talking 1155 00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:22,740 to you, what was he doing? 1156 00:49:22,740 --> 00:49:26,060 AUDIENCE: He was [INAUDIBLE] face? 1157 00:49:26,060 --> 00:49:28,300 GEORGE ZAIDAN: He was what, sorry? 1158 00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:29,880 Yeah, he was expressive, right? 1159 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:31,970 AUDIENCE: He used his [INAUDIBLE] and [INAUDIBLE]. 1160 00:49:31,970 --> 00:49:34,340 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But even before that. 1161 00:49:34,340 --> 00:49:35,820 "Once upon a time," what's that? 1162 00:49:35,820 --> 00:49:37,850 Once upon a time. 1163 00:49:37,850 --> 00:49:38,970 It's a story. 1164 00:49:38,970 --> 00:49:40,160 You're telling a story. 1165 00:49:40,160 --> 00:49:45,940 And eventually, in this intro-- this is also a story 1166 00:49:45,940 --> 00:49:48,860 that you're telling, but once upon a time 1167 00:49:48,860 --> 00:49:54,580 is right off the bat, everybody knows that's story time. 1168 00:49:54,580 --> 00:49:57,381 And just like we're hard-wired to sort of look up at the stars 1169 00:49:57,381 --> 00:49:58,880 and wonder where we came from, we're 1170 00:49:58,880 --> 00:50:00,880 hard-wired to love stories. 1171 00:50:00,880 --> 00:50:02,880 When you start a sentence with once upon a time, 1172 00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:03,956 you're listening. 1173 00:50:03,956 --> 00:50:06,860 AUDIENCE: But that doesn't necessarily mean you should. 1174 00:50:06,860 --> 00:50:08,289 [LAUGHTER] 1175 00:50:08,289 --> 00:50:10,830 AUDIENCE: Again, take everything we say with a grain of salt. 1176 00:50:10,830 --> 00:50:14,190 It's not the tools that you use that make things work, 1177 00:50:14,190 --> 00:50:17,089 it's the reason why you use the tools. 1178 00:50:17,089 --> 00:50:19,630 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So you don't have to say once upon a time here 1179 00:50:19,630 --> 00:50:22,140 to know that it's a story. 1180 00:50:22,140 --> 00:50:24,400 Because even if you didn't say, you'd say, 1181 00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:26,560 in 2009, Stephen Hawking held a party. 1182 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:28,620 No one showed up, but he was thrilled. 1183 00:50:28,620 --> 00:50:29,120 Why? 1184 00:50:29,120 --> 00:50:30,980 Because he'd just proved time travel. 1185 00:50:30,980 --> 00:50:32,790 Let me explain to you how that works. 1186 00:50:32,790 --> 00:50:33,900 Blah, blah, blah, blah. 1187 00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:36,160 I didn't say once upon a time, but even 1188 00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:38,410 though I didn't say it, my first two sentences 1189 00:50:38,410 --> 00:50:43,690 are still this like, click-- I'm going to tell you a story. 1190 00:50:43,690 --> 00:50:44,910 What else is effective? 1191 00:50:44,910 --> 00:50:47,697 Actually effective or what you would improve. 1192 00:50:47,697 --> 00:50:49,155 AUDIENCE: I think the last sentence 1193 00:50:49,155 --> 00:50:52,150 kind of throws a loop in. 1194 00:50:52,150 --> 00:50:57,050 I'm unsure about what the body of it is going to be, 1195 00:50:57,050 --> 00:51:00,370 because you take this really smart guy like Stephen Hawking. 1196 00:51:00,370 --> 00:51:04,320 He just proved that you can't travel back in time. 1197 00:51:04,320 --> 00:51:09,020 So is this going to explain why that's true? 1198 00:51:09,020 --> 00:51:12,980 Or it's just the next breakthrough 1199 00:51:12,980 --> 00:51:15,300 where it actually is true. 1200 00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:17,970 I'm kind of unsure what's going to happen next. 1201 00:51:17,970 --> 00:51:19,720 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Anybody else a little bit-- 1202 00:51:19,720 --> 00:51:22,060 are you saying that as something that works 1203 00:51:22,060 --> 00:51:23,560 or something that could be improved? 1204 00:51:23,560 --> 00:51:25,807 AUDIENCE: To clarify, i guess. 1205 00:51:25,807 --> 00:51:27,640 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Was anybody else a little bit 1206 00:51:27,640 --> 00:51:29,450 hazy on where the script is going, 1207 00:51:29,450 --> 00:51:32,020 or what's been said already? 1208 00:51:32,020 --> 00:51:33,540 Yeah? 1209 00:51:33,540 --> 00:51:38,690 So when I read this, I was a little bit confused. 1210 00:51:38,690 --> 00:51:40,690 So what's the answer to this question? 1211 00:51:40,690 --> 00:51:42,840 Tell me in a couple sentences. 1212 00:51:42,840 --> 00:51:44,469 AUDIENCE: And what happens after? 1213 00:51:44,469 --> 00:51:46,260 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Summarize your script for me 1214 00:51:46,260 --> 00:51:47,510 in two or three sentences. 1215 00:51:47,510 --> 00:51:50,456 AUDIENCE: After that, we talk about what time travel is 1216 00:51:50,456 --> 00:51:53,000 and how it's maybe possible to time travel, 1217 00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:59,280 and why, theoretically, it's not possible to do it yet. 1218 00:51:59,280 --> 00:52:01,210 [INAUDIBLE] 1219 00:52:01,210 --> 00:52:03,400 Maybe we just haven't explored enough yet. 1220 00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:07,790 We don't understand enough of the [INAUDIBLE] time travel. 1221 00:52:07,790 --> 00:52:10,230 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So the bottom line, main point of the video 1222 00:52:10,230 --> 00:52:13,992 is we're not sure if time travel is possible? 1223 00:52:13,992 --> 00:52:15,908 AUDIENCE: That currently it points to the fact 1224 00:52:15,908 --> 00:52:16,800 that we are unable. 1225 00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:20,250 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But most science says that it's not 1226 00:52:20,250 --> 00:52:21,256 going to be possible? 1227 00:52:21,256 --> 00:52:21,880 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1228 00:52:21,880 --> 00:52:26,180 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So we think it's not going to be possible ever? 1229 00:52:26,180 --> 00:52:28,180 AUDIENCE: But yet we're still asking. 1230 00:52:28,180 --> 00:52:30,300 We're questioning [INAUDIBLE]. 1231 00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:33,444 AUDIENCE: I think to fix that, instead of maybe prove 1232 00:52:33,444 --> 00:52:34,860 by-- I don't know-- you could just 1233 00:52:34,860 --> 00:52:39,076 take a less qualifying word like the possibility that he has 1234 00:52:39,076 --> 00:52:42,100 disproven it, or something that gives him some sort of air 1235 00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:45,144 that there is the possibility that it isn't true. 1236 00:52:45,144 --> 00:52:46,030 I don't know. 1237 00:52:46,030 --> 00:52:49,840 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So let me ask you-- 1238 00:52:49,840 --> 00:52:54,770 without going back to this intro, tell me again 1239 00:52:54,770 --> 00:52:57,470 the underlying theory behind the party, 1240 00:52:57,470 --> 00:52:59,990 and what it proves that no one showed up? 1241 00:52:59,990 --> 00:53:03,020 Or doesn't prove, or we think, or whatever. 1242 00:53:03,020 --> 00:53:07,490 AUDIENCE: Prior to this, Hawking has said [INAUDIBLE], 1243 00:53:07,490 --> 00:53:11,185 but he believes that it's not possible. 1244 00:53:11,185 --> 00:53:12,650 So he set up this extra experiment. 1245 00:53:12,650 --> 00:53:14,650 GEORGE ZAIDAN: He believes that time travel is not possible? 1246 00:53:14,650 --> 00:53:16,860 AUDIENCE: So he set up this extra experiment. 1247 00:53:16,860 --> 00:53:19,260 He hosted the party. 1248 00:53:19,260 --> 00:53:21,604 It fails on [INAUDIBLE]. 1249 00:53:21,604 --> 00:53:25,605 Then he sent out invitations after the party 1250 00:53:25,605 --> 00:53:27,090 to time travellers. 1251 00:53:27,090 --> 00:53:30,812 So he even included specific coordinates and specific date 1252 00:53:30,812 --> 00:53:32,160 and time. 1253 00:53:32,160 --> 00:53:34,665 So when no one showed up, [INAUDIBLE] so it's 1254 00:53:34,665 --> 00:53:36,030 not possible. 1255 00:53:36,030 --> 00:53:37,960 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I see, OK. 1256 00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:38,550 Now I get it. 1257 00:53:38,550 --> 00:53:41,970 So when you read the script the first time-- 1258 00:53:41,970 --> 00:53:43,460 whose understanding of the script 1259 00:53:43,460 --> 00:53:46,560 changed based on hearing that explanation. 1260 00:53:46,560 --> 00:53:49,910 I must say that I actually know this point, but reading this 1261 00:53:49,910 --> 00:53:52,290 I didn't understand, until I [INAUDIBLE]. 1262 00:53:52,290 --> 00:53:55,650 And it actually happens to be a Big Bang Theory joke. 1263 00:53:55,650 --> 00:53:58,080 A Big Bang Theory joke where they sat together, 1264 00:53:58,080 --> 00:54:01,030 and they said, let's swear to this day 1265 00:54:01,030 --> 00:54:03,240 that we will come back to this exact same moment 1266 00:54:03,240 --> 00:54:04,810 if we do invent a time machine. 1267 00:54:04,810 --> 00:54:07,240 And then they wrote this letter and swore on it, 1268 00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:09,240 and they waiter for one second and no one came. 1269 00:54:09,240 --> 00:54:11,250 And they were really sad. 1270 00:54:11,250 --> 00:54:14,070 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So that's another version of the same? 1271 00:54:17,350 --> 00:54:20,240 So now I totally get this. 1272 00:54:20,240 --> 00:54:24,320 Let's think about other creative ways to-- 1273 00:54:24,320 --> 00:54:25,070 AUDIENCE: I don't. 1274 00:54:25,070 --> 00:54:25,770 GEORGE ZAIDAN: You don't. 1275 00:54:25,770 --> 00:54:26,750 I still don't get it. 1276 00:54:26,750 --> 00:54:28,680 I'm sorry, but I still don't get it. 1277 00:54:28,680 --> 00:54:32,430 I don't understand the concept that he sent invitations 1278 00:54:32,430 --> 00:54:34,351 after the party and no one showed up? 1279 00:54:34,351 --> 00:54:36,850 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So someone else explain it in a different way 1280 00:54:36,850 --> 00:54:38,740 than has already been explained. 1281 00:54:38,740 --> 00:54:42,700 AUDIENCE: So it's like if I were to swear to myself 1282 00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:47,286 right now that in the future, if I do invent a time machine, 1283 00:54:47,286 --> 00:54:48,660 I will come back to the time when 1284 00:54:48,660 --> 00:54:50,600 I'm writing this right now. 1285 00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:52,930 So theoretically speaking, that would 1286 00:54:52,930 --> 00:54:56,670 mean that as I'm writing this, my future self 1287 00:54:56,670 --> 00:54:57,696 will come right now. 1288 00:54:57,696 --> 00:54:59,820 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But actually, now that you say that, 1289 00:54:59,820 --> 00:55:01,580 that brings up a really interesting point. 1290 00:55:01,580 --> 00:55:04,519 Your version just proves that you're not 1291 00:55:04,519 --> 00:55:05,810 going to invent a time machine. 1292 00:55:05,810 --> 00:55:09,370 But Kenneth's version proves that no one-- 1293 00:55:09,370 --> 00:55:11,815 AUDIENCE: All the time travelers possible that he sent 1294 00:55:11,815 --> 00:55:12,985 would not be able to-- 1295 00:55:12,985 --> 00:55:13,860 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Sorry. 1296 00:55:13,860 --> 00:55:15,568 So Kenneth's version proves that everyone 1297 00:55:15,568 --> 00:55:17,459 that Stephen Hawking sends an invite to 1298 00:55:17,459 --> 00:55:18,750 will not invent a time machine. 1299 00:55:18,750 --> 00:55:21,570 It doesn't necessarily prove that no one will ever 1300 00:55:21,570 --> 00:55:24,780 invent a time machine. 1301 00:55:24,780 --> 00:55:26,335 It's just an interesting point. 1302 00:55:26,335 --> 00:55:28,418 AUDIENCE: There was also a time travel [INAUDIBLE] 1303 00:55:28,418 --> 00:55:30,647 in the '90s on East Campus. 1304 00:55:30,647 --> 00:55:31,980 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So this happened? 1305 00:55:31,980 --> 00:55:33,470 AUDIENCE: At MIT. 1306 00:55:33,470 --> 00:55:37,750 So that's just another thing that you should note. 1307 00:55:37,750 --> 00:55:40,880 Other people have tried to do it, and that's [INAUDIBLE]. 1308 00:55:40,880 --> 00:55:47,574 But also, it's nicer that MIT students [INAUDIBLE]. 1309 00:55:47,574 --> 00:55:49,410 [LAUGHTER] 1310 00:55:50,131 --> 00:55:52,130 AUDIENCE: That's a good example, but we're still 1311 00:55:52,130 --> 00:55:54,430 missing what the big-- we're coming up 1312 00:55:54,430 --> 00:55:59,480 with examples and accessories when we don't have 1313 00:55:59,480 --> 00:56:02,470 the core point of the video. 1314 00:56:02,470 --> 00:56:06,330 And I think I really feel like taking the last question, 1315 00:56:06,330 --> 00:56:09,970 completely scrapping it, and trying to figure out 1316 00:56:09,970 --> 00:56:11,869 how to best set up the rest of the episode 1317 00:56:11,869 --> 00:56:13,410 is what's going to help you the most. 1318 00:56:13,410 --> 00:56:18,100 When you explained all that stuff to me, I 1319 00:56:18,100 --> 00:56:20,390 Totally read your intro completely different. 1320 00:56:20,390 --> 00:56:24,540 And the question that I came up with in my head 1321 00:56:24,540 --> 00:56:26,640 before you asked your question-- so you 1322 00:56:26,640 --> 00:56:27,960 read through the whole thing. 1323 00:56:27,960 --> 00:56:29,376 You said, or maybe Stephen Hawking 1324 00:56:29,376 --> 00:56:33,240 was too lame-- my initial question as an audience member 1325 00:56:33,240 --> 00:56:36,900 was, OK, well then how did he prove that? 1326 00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:38,550 Like how did that party prove it? 1327 00:56:38,550 --> 00:56:41,940 And if it did prove it, why are we still asking ourselves 1328 00:56:41,940 --> 00:56:45,650 if time travel is possible? 1329 00:56:45,650 --> 00:56:47,910 I guess that's how I initially reacted, 1330 00:56:47,910 --> 00:56:50,960 and that sets up a very, very different episode 1331 00:56:50,960 --> 00:56:53,930 than the question that's up there right now. 1332 00:56:53,930 --> 00:56:55,430 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I also want to give-- 1333 00:56:55,430 --> 00:56:58,820 so this kind of discussion is exactly 1334 00:56:58,820 --> 00:57:02,850 the kind of discussion that happens with every script 1335 00:57:02,850 --> 00:57:05,340 that we do for Science Out Loud. 1336 00:57:05,340 --> 00:57:08,770 And I know it seems like we're piling on, 1337 00:57:08,770 --> 00:57:13,950 but I really want to give you props for taking a chance 1338 00:57:13,950 --> 00:57:15,750 and doing this sort of creative intro, 1339 00:57:15,750 --> 00:57:18,560 because we're going with this, I think is really interesting. 1340 00:57:18,560 --> 00:57:23,480 So your two questions at the end are-- what were they again? 1341 00:57:23,480 --> 00:57:24,300 It was? 1342 00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:28,490 AUDIENCE: It was how did this actually prove it? 1343 00:57:28,490 --> 00:57:31,180 And if it's proven, why are we still asking ourselves? 1344 00:57:31,180 --> 00:57:32,013 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 1345 00:57:32,013 --> 00:57:33,600 So if we could have an infinite party, 1346 00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,600 where we send out infinity invitations to everybody 1347 00:57:36,600 --> 00:57:39,980 on the planet in the future, would that 1348 00:57:39,980 --> 00:57:42,230 prove-- and then no one shows up at this party-- 1349 00:57:42,230 --> 00:57:46,990 would that prove that time travel is impossible? 1350 00:57:46,990 --> 00:57:48,890 So let me back up. 1351 00:57:48,890 --> 00:57:52,024 I'm going from the Big Bang example, which is-- or no, 1352 00:57:52,024 --> 00:57:52,940 actually your example. 1353 00:57:52,940 --> 00:57:55,280 Which is you proving to yourself. 1354 00:57:55,280 --> 00:57:58,027 You say, all right, if I invent a time machine then 1355 00:57:58,027 --> 00:58:00,360 I swear to myself I'm going to come back to this moment. 1356 00:58:00,360 --> 00:58:04,080 I don't come back, so I didn't invent a time machine. 1357 00:58:04,080 --> 00:58:05,900 Then to Kenneth's version-- Stephen Hawking 1358 00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:08,930 sends an invitation to let's say 20 people. 1359 00:58:08,930 --> 00:58:09,850 No one shows up? 1360 00:58:09,850 --> 00:58:12,239 That means those 20 people didn't come back in time. 1361 00:58:12,239 --> 00:58:14,530 AUDIENCE: Actually, it was more like an open invitation 1362 00:58:14,530 --> 00:58:17,282 to the future. 1363 00:58:17,282 --> 00:58:17,990 It's [INAUDIBLE]. 1364 00:58:21,485 --> 00:58:23,970 The fact that he had the party. 1365 00:58:23,970 --> 00:58:26,455 So in the future, [INAUDIBLE] time 1366 00:58:26,455 --> 00:58:31,940 travel anyone who would [INAUDIBLE] know of this party. 1367 00:58:31,940 --> 00:58:35,650 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But conceivably, you could-- I 1368 00:58:35,650 --> 00:58:37,010 get what you're saying. 1369 00:58:37,010 --> 00:58:39,990 I think, as a thought experiment-- 1370 00:58:39,990 --> 00:58:42,282 you're going to miss somebody in your invite, 1371 00:58:42,282 --> 00:58:44,240 if you send out a finite number of invitations, 1372 00:58:44,240 --> 00:58:48,940 no matter how broad your spectrum is. 1373 00:58:48,940 --> 00:58:52,490 But I mean you could pick something in-between where 1374 00:58:52,490 --> 00:58:55,940 you send out a million invites, but there are still 1375 00:58:55,940 --> 00:58:57,720 7 billion people on the planet. 1376 00:58:57,720 --> 00:59:02,030 So then the question is, if you send out 1377 00:59:02,030 --> 00:59:05,110 if you've sent an invitation to not just everybody who's alive 1378 00:59:05,110 --> 00:59:07,570 right now, but everybody who will ever 1379 00:59:07,570 --> 00:59:10,330 be born from this moment forward-- everybody, 1380 00:59:10,330 --> 00:59:12,950 whatever number of billion or hundreds of billion of people 1381 00:59:12,950 --> 00:59:14,140 that is. 1382 00:59:14,140 --> 00:59:17,110 Theoretically, if someone invents a time machine 1383 00:59:17,110 --> 00:59:20,040 and decides to go to your party, they would come back in time 1384 00:59:20,040 --> 00:59:22,760 and go to your party. 1385 00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:26,360 So then if you set that story up with the audience-- and that's 1386 00:59:26,360 --> 00:59:27,290 a long set up. 1387 00:59:27,290 --> 00:59:29,080 You've got three separate scenarios-- 1388 00:59:29,080 --> 00:59:31,490 between one and three, you could do two scenarios. 1389 00:59:31,490 --> 00:59:34,277 It's a long set up, but the story element of it 1390 00:59:34,277 --> 00:59:36,110 means that your audience will probably stick 1391 00:59:36,110 --> 00:59:38,560 with you, especially because it's an unusual story. 1392 00:59:38,560 --> 00:59:41,210 It's like a weird thing, and there's 1393 00:59:41,210 --> 00:59:43,600 confusion at the beginning. 1394 00:59:43,600 --> 00:59:45,570 You're saying, like, hold on, I didn't get it. 1395 00:59:45,570 --> 00:59:48,150 Your audience is going to be in that space for the first 30 1396 00:59:48,150 --> 00:59:49,330 seconds of the video. 1397 00:59:49,330 --> 00:59:51,616 And there's a fine line between I don't get it-- 1398 00:59:51,616 --> 00:59:52,990 I'm going to turn off this video, 1399 00:59:52,990 --> 00:59:54,490 and I don't get it-- I'm interested; 1400 00:59:54,490 --> 00:59:56,370 I want to keep watching. 1401 00:59:56,370 --> 00:59:58,550 But if you can stay on the line of I'm interested; 1402 00:59:58,550 --> 00:59:59,950 I'm going to keep watching, the I 1403 00:59:59,950 --> 01:00:02,800 don't get it can be an OK thing to do. 1404 01:00:02,800 --> 01:00:05,180 And then after that, you get into Elizabeth's question 1405 01:00:05,180 --> 01:00:09,180 of what does this thought experiment actually mean? 1406 01:00:09,180 --> 01:00:10,750 And does it does it prove anything 1407 01:00:10,750 --> 01:00:15,454 and how do we know, which I think is a fascinating video. 1408 01:00:15,454 --> 01:00:18,365 Conceptually, I think it's really hard, 1409 01:00:18,365 --> 01:00:20,400 the double negative. 1410 01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:26,100 To either choose to say is time travel possible or not 1411 01:00:26,100 --> 01:00:29,920 the opposite, which is time travel not-- it's 1412 01:00:29,920 --> 01:00:31,952 just harder to conceptualize. 1413 01:00:31,952 --> 01:00:34,160 So when you do go down this road, 1414 01:00:34,160 --> 01:00:38,134 I would just see if you could take the affirmative approach, 1415 01:00:38,134 --> 01:00:41,920 which is time travel possible. 1416 01:00:41,920 --> 01:00:45,239 AUDIENCE: I would wait to ask that question though, 1417 01:00:45,239 --> 01:00:47,734 because that's actually not the question that's relevant. 1418 01:00:47,734 --> 01:00:51,790 The question is how did that prove it? 1419 01:00:51,790 --> 01:00:56,840 Then the next question is why are we still looking, and then 1420 01:00:56,840 --> 01:00:59,574 the immediate question that [INAUDIBLE] is time 1421 01:00:59,574 --> 01:01:00,240 travel possible? 1422 01:01:00,240 --> 01:01:02,860 That sets the core question, but it 1423 01:01:02,860 --> 01:01:07,982 doesn't show up at-- it's too big to [INAUDIBLE]. 1424 01:01:13,664 --> 01:01:14,872 GEORGE ZAIDAN: This is great. 1425 01:01:14,872 --> 01:01:16,716 This is a fascinating discussion. 1426 01:01:16,716 --> 01:01:18,980 Good job. 1427 01:01:18,980 --> 01:01:22,210 Anything else before we move on here? 1428 01:01:22,210 --> 01:01:24,390 AUDIENCE: So there was a bit of discussion 1429 01:01:24,390 --> 01:01:26,455 where there was a detail on how many people 1430 01:01:26,455 --> 01:01:28,580 Stephen Hawking actually sent out an invitation to, 1431 01:01:28,580 --> 01:01:31,030 but that kind of detail doesn't really 1432 01:01:31,030 --> 01:01:34,070 affect the knowledge that you're trying to disseminate. 1433 01:01:34,070 --> 01:01:38,020 Is it OK if we were to-- because it's not really 1434 01:01:38,020 --> 01:01:41,790 an official history point, so I'm not sure 1435 01:01:41,790 --> 01:01:44,340 whether I'll be allowed to deviate from it. 1436 01:01:44,340 --> 01:01:46,380 GEORGE ZAIDAN: That's a great point. 1437 01:01:46,380 --> 01:01:49,110 In writing your scripts, you will generate more material 1438 01:01:49,110 --> 01:01:49,850 than you'll use. 1439 01:01:49,850 --> 01:01:53,250 And probably going through-- I had the three scenarios. 1440 01:01:53,250 --> 01:01:55,730 Probably the middle scenario is just not worth doing, 1441 01:01:55,730 --> 01:01:57,590 because it takes up a lot of time, 1442 01:01:57,590 --> 01:01:59,850 there are a lot of subtleties to it-- 1443 01:01:59,850 --> 01:02:01,660 how many invitations exactly, who 1444 01:02:01,660 --> 01:02:03,410 gets the invitations, et cetera, et cetera 1445 01:02:03,410 --> 01:02:06,580 that is not important for the subject matter of the video. 1446 01:02:06,580 --> 01:02:10,230 So being able to edit yourself or edit others on that stuff 1447 01:02:10,230 --> 01:02:10,910 is really good. 1448 01:02:10,910 --> 01:02:12,285 So yeah, absolutely, great point. 1449 01:02:12,285 --> 01:02:14,326 AUDIENCE: You can also gloss over it pretty fast. 1450 01:02:14,326 --> 01:02:16,500 You can be like, OK, so when you're 1451 01:02:16,500 --> 01:02:18,720 explaining the actual details of the party, 1452 01:02:18,720 --> 01:02:22,320 you say he sent out an open invitation, no one came, 1453 01:02:22,320 --> 01:02:25,990 so the conclusion was that no one invented a time machine. 1454 01:02:25,990 --> 01:02:29,920 Well I guess you could say maybe someone in Antarctica 1455 01:02:29,920 --> 01:02:32,030 wasn't aware of the open invitation 1456 01:02:32,030 --> 01:02:33,800 so that's why they didn't come. 1457 01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:37,840 So what if we could ensure that every single human being on 1458 01:02:37,840 --> 01:02:41,310 will ever exist in the future somehow got this invitation? 1459 01:02:41,310 --> 01:02:43,390 Then will the argument still hold up? 1460 01:02:43,390 --> 01:02:48,070 Then you're glossing over each incremental example 1461 01:02:48,070 --> 01:02:52,150 and addressing the crux of the loophole that's 1462 01:02:52,150 --> 01:02:54,654 in that scenario. 1463 01:02:54,654 --> 01:02:57,546 AUDIENCE: Also, I wanted to mention humor. 1464 01:02:57,546 --> 01:03:02,690 So saying that Hawking was too lame-- while the other humorous 1465 01:03:02,690 --> 01:03:04,486 parts are very effective, that one 1466 01:03:04,486 --> 01:03:07,332 may be kind of edgy, especially for people 1467 01:03:07,332 --> 01:03:09,672 who don't know who Hawking is. 1468 01:03:09,672 --> 01:03:11,988 Maybe like, uh-oh, this person is lame, 1469 01:03:11,988 --> 01:03:15,146 and people who do know him will-- 1470 01:03:15,146 --> 01:03:16,520 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So that reminds me 1471 01:03:16,520 --> 01:03:18,644 of your earlier point-- which is that this actually 1472 01:03:18,644 --> 01:03:19,752 happened at MIT. 1473 01:03:19,752 --> 01:03:21,210 [INAUDIBLE] time [INAUDIBLE] going. 1474 01:03:21,210 --> 01:03:23,220 And one of the things that we try and do 1475 01:03:23,220 --> 01:03:27,470 with the Science Out Loud videos is establish a relevant MIT 1476 01:03:27,470 --> 01:03:28,390 connection. 1477 01:03:28,390 --> 01:03:30,767 And so that would be a great way to do that, 1478 01:03:30,767 --> 01:03:33,100 and then you get around the whole Stephen Hawking thing. 1479 01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:34,930 AUDIENCE: I like the humor point, though. 1480 01:03:34,930 --> 01:03:36,990 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I do too. 1481 01:03:36,990 --> 01:03:40,680 AUDIENCE: The word lame maybe is not as PC. 1482 01:03:40,680 --> 01:03:42,180 AUDIENCE: Yeah, I completely forgot. 1483 01:03:42,180 --> 01:03:46,841 AUDIENCE: But the whole concept of what other possibility-- 1484 01:03:46,841 --> 01:03:48,590 GEORGE ZAIDAN: But maybe Stephen Hawking's 1485 01:03:48,590 --> 01:03:51,490 rival just didn't want to show up to spite him. 1486 01:03:51,490 --> 01:03:54,130 Maybe he's like, well, I've invented a time machine, 1487 01:03:54,130 --> 01:03:55,720 but I'm not going to let you know about it, because I'm 1488 01:03:55,720 --> 01:03:56,950 too cool for you or whatever. 1489 01:03:56,950 --> 01:03:59,290 There are ways to get that exact same humor 1490 01:03:59,290 --> 01:04:00,705 thing without using lame. 1491 01:04:00,705 --> 01:04:03,250 But I like it. 1492 01:04:03,250 --> 01:04:06,210 I like it too. 1493 01:04:06,210 --> 01:04:09,030 Anything else? 1494 01:04:09,030 --> 01:04:11,700 Cool. 1495 01:04:11,700 --> 01:04:13,413 Whose is this? 1496 01:04:13,413 --> 01:04:14,766 All right, come on up. 1497 01:04:25,146 --> 01:04:27,520 AUDIENCE: So as long as people have lived on this planet, 1498 01:04:27,520 --> 01:04:28,565 there have been boats. 1499 01:04:28,565 --> 01:04:30,690 Many of the model boats shown in this museum-- this 1500 01:04:30,690 --> 01:04:36,089 is at the ship museum at MIT-- are over 100 years old, 1501 01:04:36,089 --> 01:04:38,255 but evidence suggests that the oldest ones date back 1502 01:04:38,255 --> 01:04:42,720 to log boats, almost 10,000 years ago. 1503 01:04:42,720 --> 01:04:44,626 But now, when we look onto the hardware, 1504 01:04:44,626 --> 01:04:46,000 it is clear that we have advanced 1505 01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:47,800 since the times of hollowed trees. 1506 01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:49,300 Today, there are all types of ships, 1507 01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:52,850 such as container ships, oil tankers, and cruise ships, 1508 01:04:52,850 --> 01:04:53,860 among others. 1509 01:04:53,860 --> 01:04:55,068 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Great, thanks. 1510 01:04:59,590 --> 01:05:01,340 OK, what works? 1511 01:05:01,340 --> 01:05:06,070 Actually, we're not going to-- just comments in general? 1512 01:05:06,070 --> 01:05:09,330 Good, bad, whatever. 1513 01:05:09,330 --> 01:05:10,340 Yes? 1514 01:05:10,340 --> 01:05:12,290 AUDIENCE: It feels a lot like a documentary. 1515 01:05:12,290 --> 01:05:14,200 GEORGE ZAIDAN: What do you mean by that? 1516 01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:19,040 AUDIENCE: The image I get walking through a museum 1517 01:05:19,040 --> 01:05:22,660 and look around us-- I don't know. 1518 01:05:22,660 --> 01:05:23,640 That's the feel I get. 1519 01:05:25,305 --> 01:05:26,430 GEORGE ZAIDAN: [INAUDIBLE]. 1520 01:05:29,110 --> 01:05:32,270 AUDIENCE: Uh, what's you're question? 1521 01:05:32,270 --> 01:05:37,710 AUDIENCE: So what three was-- it kind of gets to that. 1522 01:05:37,710 --> 01:05:39,110 So I think you're right. 1523 01:05:39,110 --> 01:05:44,344 There is a lot of words before I get to what I'm presenting. 1524 01:05:44,344 --> 01:05:45,760 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Tell us what it is. 1525 01:05:45,760 --> 01:05:49,410 AUDIENCE: So it's about subdivision in ships. 1526 01:05:49,410 --> 01:05:53,378 So if you take something that floats, like a shoebox, 1527 01:05:53,378 --> 01:05:56,300 and you put a hole in it, it'll sink. 1528 01:05:56,300 --> 01:05:59,650 But if you divide that shoebox into watertight sections, 1529 01:05:59,650 --> 01:06:04,380 this one compartment might not cause it to sink. 1530 01:06:04,380 --> 01:06:08,225 And how we've been asked to-- the time where 1531 01:06:08,225 --> 01:06:10,190 a ship can be extensively damaged 1532 01:06:10,190 --> 01:06:14,877 and can still stay afloat and people won't die. 1533 01:06:14,877 --> 01:06:16,460 GEORGE ZAIDAN: What you just did right 1534 01:06:16,460 --> 01:06:18,935 there is a fantastic pitch for a video. 1535 01:06:18,935 --> 01:06:21,060 Like the way that you explained it to us right now. 1536 01:06:25,494 --> 01:06:27,160 You get into the subject matter quickly. 1537 01:06:27,160 --> 01:06:31,120 Use you use something that we're all familiar with, shoebox. 1538 01:06:31,120 --> 01:06:33,500 You start simple and you expand out. 1539 01:06:33,500 --> 01:06:36,260 You start with a shoebox, expand out to a ship. 1540 01:06:36,260 --> 01:06:39,830 And you have the potential for an example that 1541 01:06:39,830 --> 01:06:42,600 is super relatable, like that Italian cruise-- was 1542 01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:45,660 it an Italian cruise ship that didn't sink, 1543 01:06:45,660 --> 01:06:48,767 but it turned sideways-- you could use something like that. 1544 01:06:48,767 --> 01:06:50,600 I'm sure there's a more appropriate example. 1545 01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:55,060 But you just add that, and you have the perfect pitch and also 1546 01:06:55,060 --> 01:06:58,479 a great introduction to a video too. 1547 01:06:58,479 --> 01:07:01,020 AUDIENCE: I also really liked what he says in the second part 1548 01:07:01,020 --> 01:07:03,370 where he says he's a coast guard marine inspector 1549 01:07:03,370 --> 01:07:05,260 and naval architect, a ship designer, 1550 01:07:05,260 --> 01:07:08,460 and he [INAUDIBLE] sleep over the subject. 1551 01:07:08,460 --> 01:07:10,360 So that to me sounds pretty cool. 1552 01:07:10,360 --> 01:07:13,270 First of all, those are awesome jobs, 1553 01:07:13,270 --> 01:07:15,230 and also, you are saying that you 1554 01:07:15,230 --> 01:07:16,930 have an emotional connection. 1555 01:07:16,930 --> 01:07:19,380 You're an expert in [INAUDIBLE]. 1556 01:07:19,380 --> 01:07:21,450 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And the other thing is that we 1557 01:07:21,450 --> 01:07:24,550 don't-- Science Out Loud doesn't put random people on camera. 1558 01:07:24,550 --> 01:07:26,140 Whoever we put on camera is going 1559 01:07:26,140 --> 01:07:27,940 to have some connection to the material, 1560 01:07:27,940 --> 01:07:30,140 whether it's this is my lab that we're working in, 1561 01:07:30,140 --> 01:07:34,580 or I am a member of the Coast Guard or whatever it is. 1562 01:07:34,580 --> 01:07:40,602 And highlighting that in a way that is not newscaster-y. 1563 01:07:40,602 --> 01:07:42,060 That's hard to do, but highlighting 1564 01:07:42,060 --> 01:07:49,788 that can really draw the audience into the material. 1565 01:07:49,788 --> 01:07:54,402 AUDIENCE: A lot better than poached eggs. 1566 01:07:54,402 --> 01:07:55,277 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1567 01:08:00,280 --> 01:08:05,660 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So honestly, if I were you, I would cut the intro 1568 01:08:05,660 --> 01:08:10,210 and go with what you just said. 1569 01:08:10,210 --> 01:08:12,550 The other nice thing about what you said 1570 01:08:12,550 --> 01:08:15,640 is that you can do it with a shoe box in front-- 1571 01:08:15,640 --> 01:08:17,729 it's a demo you can do. 1572 01:08:17,729 --> 01:08:20,420 So it has a visual that goes along with it really easily. 1573 01:08:20,420 --> 01:08:22,050 AUDIENCE: And since you're actually 1574 01:08:22,050 --> 01:08:25,930 doing that, there's potential for a really big visual reveal, 1575 01:08:25,930 --> 01:08:28,250 where we have you frame with the shoebox, 1576 01:08:28,250 --> 01:08:31,165 and then cut you to wide shot, and reveal you 1577 01:08:31,165 --> 01:08:32,290 in front of an actual ship. 1578 01:08:32,290 --> 01:08:36,460 So there's a lot of potential to play with the visuals there. 1579 01:08:36,460 --> 01:08:39,040 Where you don't have to say all the boats 1580 01:08:39,040 --> 01:08:42,930 here-- we don't even have to go in the museum, 1581 01:08:42,930 --> 01:08:47,609 we can actually go to wherever you work. 1582 01:08:47,609 --> 01:08:51,170 But I agree with George that-- when 1583 01:08:51,170 --> 01:08:53,120 you were talking about the shoebox stuff, 1584 01:08:53,120 --> 01:08:55,800 I didn't even realize that that was a question that I had, 1585 01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:58,200 but then you made me think, just like how 1586 01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:00,490 David made me think about the whole 1587 01:09:00,490 --> 01:09:03,630 why do some people feel colder than others. 1588 01:09:03,630 --> 01:09:07,300 How does a giant ship not sink if there's a little hole in it? 1589 01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,450 Whereas on a toy boat, if there's a hole, 1590 01:09:10,450 --> 01:09:12,186 then it's just catastrophe. 1591 01:09:12,186 --> 01:09:13,560 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Another question I 1592 01:09:13,560 --> 01:09:17,510 have about ships is that-- you see a giant cruise liner, 1593 01:09:17,510 --> 01:09:20,810 and a, what percentage of it is underwater? 1594 01:09:20,810 --> 01:09:23,000 Is it 10% or is it 50%? 1595 01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:26,470 And b, how the hell does that thing not just tip over? 1596 01:09:26,470 --> 01:09:28,729 AUDIENCE: We actually just asked that yesterday. 1597 01:09:28,729 --> 01:09:29,910 So you're wondering? 1598 01:09:29,910 --> 01:09:35,550 Yeah there is a lot of draft on it, 1599 01:09:35,550 --> 01:09:39,090 so the distance below the waterline is substantial, 1600 01:09:39,090 --> 01:09:43,120 so it's not uncommon to be 40 to 60 feet under the water. 1601 01:09:43,120 --> 01:09:47,220 But they fin stabilizers which they use when a lot of people 1602 01:09:47,220 --> 01:09:48,172 are on board. 1603 01:09:48,172 --> 01:09:50,720 They're just pretty much wings that go on the side of a ship. 1604 01:09:50,720 --> 01:09:53,216 And with that, they're able to adjust their attitude 1605 01:09:53,216 --> 01:09:55,220 to provide a more comfortable draft. 1606 01:09:55,220 --> 01:09:55,920 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Are they like wings 1607 01:09:55,920 --> 01:09:57,330 like as big as a airplane wing? 1608 01:09:57,330 --> 01:09:58,614 Or is it shorter? 1609 01:09:58,614 --> 01:10:00,270 AUDIENCE: They're a little bit shorter, 1610 01:10:00,270 --> 01:10:03,749 and they're kind of stubbier, but they have pretty good-- 1611 01:10:03,749 --> 01:10:06,290 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So if you took a cruise ship out of the water, 1612 01:10:06,290 --> 01:10:10,050 it would look like a deformed penguin kind of? 1613 01:10:10,050 --> 01:10:13,540 AUDIENCE: I guess you could think like [INAUDIBLE]. 1614 01:10:13,540 --> 01:10:17,040 Most have-- newer ones all have them. 1615 01:10:19,670 --> 01:10:22,310 GEORGE ZAIDAN: This is again that idea explosion 1616 01:10:22,310 --> 01:10:26,920 phase, where you're talking about compartmentalization, 1617 01:10:26,920 --> 01:10:28,360 and that's the core of the video. 1618 01:10:28,360 --> 01:10:31,642 But there may be other things that-- I 1619 01:10:31,642 --> 01:10:33,350 don't know if this would actually make it 1620 01:10:33,350 --> 01:10:36,000 into your video or not, but that is something that you wonder 1621 01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:37,291 when you look at a cruise ship. 1622 01:10:37,291 --> 01:10:39,779 Like how does that thing possibly stay afloat? 1623 01:10:39,779 --> 01:10:41,070 Is most of the mass underwater? 1624 01:10:44,990 --> 01:10:48,095 AUDIENCE: I can't really say quantitatively. 1625 01:10:48,095 --> 01:10:51,720 I'm not sure, but I know that that's one of the big parts 1626 01:10:51,720 --> 01:10:57,820 of it, is having appendages that are able to reduce the roll. 1627 01:10:57,820 --> 01:11:02,450 So if you have a cylinder, and it's water, 1628 01:11:02,450 --> 01:11:05,360 and you're trying to pitch it or just have it roll, 1629 01:11:05,360 --> 01:11:08,420 it's going to go forever, but if you put these two wings on, 1630 01:11:08,420 --> 01:11:11,425 the inertia of actually rolling it 1631 01:11:11,425 --> 01:11:14,467 is a lot harder, because it has these arms sticking out. 1632 01:11:14,467 --> 01:11:16,050 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think you've actually 1633 01:11:16,050 --> 01:11:17,980 got material for two separate videos in there. 1634 01:11:17,980 --> 01:11:20,657 I think the compartmentalization is one really-- 1635 01:11:20,657 --> 01:11:21,740 it could be a short video. 1636 01:11:21,740 --> 01:11:24,050 It doesn't have to be long. 1637 01:11:24,050 --> 01:11:29,090 And then there's this whole other-- boats, and ship 1638 01:11:29,090 --> 01:11:30,600 building, and how do these things, 1639 01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:32,100 how do these giant-- because they've 1640 01:11:32,100 --> 01:11:34,490 gotten big enough now that you can have 2,000 1641 01:11:34,490 --> 01:11:37,057 or 3,000 people on a ship. 1642 01:11:37,057 --> 01:11:38,390 How do these things stay afloat? 1643 01:11:38,390 --> 01:11:40,330 It'd be really cool, I think. 1644 01:11:40,330 --> 01:11:43,110 AUDIENCE: From an educational context point of view. 1645 01:11:43,110 --> 01:11:45,430 With the K-12 videos program in its old iteration, 1646 01:11:45,430 --> 01:11:48,300 where people made their own episodes, 1647 01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:50,800 there were like 10 episodes on buoyancy. 1648 01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:54,350 I don't know why people are so obsessed with explaining it, 1649 01:11:54,350 --> 01:11:57,270 but I think it's because it's a topic that maybe people 1650 01:11:57,270 --> 01:11:58,861 struggled with in school. 1651 01:11:58,861 --> 01:12:00,360 AUDIENCE: No, it's a framework test. 1652 01:12:00,360 --> 01:12:04,550 So, second graders-- it's the essential question that 1653 01:12:04,550 --> 01:12:05,870 is asked in the curriculum. 1654 01:12:05,870 --> 01:12:06,870 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Buoyancy? 1655 01:12:06,870 --> 01:12:08,078 AUDIENCE: Yes, sink or float. 1656 01:12:08,078 --> 01:12:09,470 What sinks, what floats, and why? 1657 01:12:09,470 --> 01:12:12,510 And it's a questions that's intended to get 1658 01:12:12,510 --> 01:12:14,700 them thinking scientifically. 1659 01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:16,990 And so that big buoyancy question 1660 01:12:16,990 --> 01:12:18,900 is-- when I was learning to be a teacher, 1661 01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:23,300 that was the core question, even in schools that had no science 1662 01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:25,910 curriculum whatsoever. 1663 01:12:25,910 --> 01:12:28,341 At that age, that's when they begin 1664 01:12:28,341 --> 01:12:30,340 asking scientific questions, and that experiment 1665 01:12:30,340 --> 01:12:32,950 is something you need to do, no matter where you are. 1666 01:12:32,950 --> 01:12:34,860 You have a small bucket. 1667 01:12:34,860 --> 01:12:36,985 Any kid can do it, regardless of what class. 1668 01:12:36,985 --> 01:12:38,443 I taught in some inner city schools 1669 01:12:38,443 --> 01:12:40,680 where there no resources, but you can still 1670 01:12:40,680 --> 01:12:41,790 do that experiment. 1671 01:12:41,790 --> 01:12:45,290 AUDIENCE: Do they figure out at that age-- do they 1672 01:12:45,290 --> 01:12:49,324 why a sinkable object like steel would float, or something? 1673 01:12:49,324 --> 01:12:50,990 AUDIENCE: Well the idea is that students 1674 01:12:50,990 --> 01:12:54,940 can construct themselves with themselves by experiment. 1675 01:12:54,940 --> 01:12:57,180 So the teacher, if it's a great teacher, 1676 01:12:57,180 --> 01:13:00,140 will put a bucket of water and a whole bunch of objects. 1677 01:13:00,140 --> 01:13:02,450 And encourage students to eventually 1678 01:13:02,450 --> 01:13:04,770 come up with some truths themselves about what sinks 1679 01:13:04,770 --> 01:13:08,150 and what floats through hands-on experimentation. 1680 01:13:08,150 --> 01:13:12,250 And that's sort the crux of the most early science exploration 1681 01:13:12,250 --> 01:13:16,200 in our curriculum, which is why there's so much on sink 1682 01:13:16,200 --> 01:13:18,685 and float, and that's why the kids were all-- they 1683 01:13:18,685 --> 01:13:21,110 all were interested in that when you talk to them, 1684 01:13:21,110 --> 01:13:22,826 because it was drilled into them, 1685 01:13:22,826 --> 01:13:25,760 at least in our educational system, the idea of sinking 1686 01:13:25,760 --> 01:13:32,130 and floating and a very elementary concept that 1687 01:13:32,130 --> 01:13:33,981 is the beginning of their scientific roots. 1688 01:13:33,981 --> 01:13:35,730 AUDIENCE: But the reason why I bring it up 1689 01:13:35,730 --> 01:13:38,770 is that there are 100 videos on sinking and floating, 1690 01:13:38,770 --> 01:13:41,610 and they're all the exact same thing. 1691 01:13:41,610 --> 01:13:44,180 And every lesson on buoyancy-- you 1692 01:13:44,180 --> 01:13:47,520 learn it in more detail in high school. 1693 01:13:47,520 --> 01:13:49,540 It's still on the same thing. 1694 01:13:49,540 --> 01:13:51,070 And this is presenting it in a way 1695 01:13:51,070 --> 01:13:52,600 that's very, very different. 1696 01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:54,784 And I hesitated to bring it up at all, 1697 01:13:54,784 --> 01:13:56,825 because I don't want you to look at those videos, 1698 01:13:56,825 --> 01:13:58,700 and I don't want you to look at the standards 1699 01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,460 and accidentally default to that style. 1700 01:14:01,460 --> 01:14:04,630 I think you should totally keep going the way you're going. 1701 01:14:04,630 --> 01:14:06,820 I only wanted to bring it up, because I 1702 01:14:06,820 --> 01:14:09,235 think that there is definitely an appetite for it 1703 01:14:09,235 --> 01:14:10,950 in an educational context. 1704 01:14:10,950 --> 01:14:13,520 I also wanted to bring up that-- it's 1705 01:14:13,520 --> 01:14:16,250 funny-- I wish we could have the raw footage from all 1706 01:14:16,250 --> 01:14:20,390 the classes just to [INAUDIBLE], because when you explain 1707 01:14:20,390 --> 01:14:24,400 the technical components of the wings and stuff-- 1708 01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:26,590 we could've used that footage. 1709 01:14:26,590 --> 01:14:29,240 And it's very different from when you read this aloud. 1710 01:14:29,240 --> 01:14:31,760 And the script also doesn't sound like you 1711 01:14:31,760 --> 01:14:34,610 at all, when you talk. 1712 01:14:34,610 --> 01:14:37,450 And it's a very difficult thing to do. 1713 01:14:37,450 --> 01:14:39,300 I sympathise with you guys completely. 1714 01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,540 It's really hard to become self-aware 1715 01:14:42,540 --> 01:14:44,730 of your natural talking style. 1716 01:14:44,730 --> 01:14:48,010 And so some of it will be just-- maybe 1717 01:14:48,010 --> 01:14:49,760 you want to record a conversation that you 1718 01:14:49,760 --> 01:14:51,480 have with someone else. 1719 01:14:51,480 --> 01:14:54,085 That might not be the best thing for everyone. 1720 01:14:54,085 --> 01:14:55,960 GEORGE ZAIDAN: One of the things you could do 1721 01:14:55,960 --> 01:15:00,730 is instead of recording yourself on camera, record just audio. 1722 01:15:00,730 --> 01:15:02,410 Because the visual part of it-- like 1723 01:15:02,410 --> 01:15:04,701 if you're conscious that there's a lens looking at you, 1724 01:15:04,701 --> 01:15:05,949 it's very hard to be natural. 1725 01:15:05,949 --> 01:15:07,490 AUDIENCE: Yeah, and I'm not very good 1726 01:15:07,490 --> 01:15:10,020 in front of a lens or anything. 1727 01:15:10,020 --> 01:15:12,020 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Getting rid of that misconception 1728 01:15:12,020 --> 01:15:12,978 is a whole other thing. 1729 01:15:12,978 --> 01:15:15,220 We'll get into it in a second, but it's much easier 1730 01:15:15,220 --> 01:15:17,780 to just be yourself if you just have a mic, 1731 01:15:17,780 --> 01:15:19,530 and you're not really-- you sort of forget 1732 01:15:19,530 --> 01:15:20,446 that the mic is there. 1733 01:15:20,446 --> 01:15:22,300 You're not looking into a lens or whatever. 1734 01:15:22,300 --> 01:15:26,910 So having that, it's easier to record yourself and hear 1735 01:15:26,910 --> 01:15:28,660 what you really sound like if you just use 1736 01:15:28,660 --> 01:15:32,260 audio, versus video as well. 1737 01:15:32,260 --> 01:15:36,285 AUDIENCE: So say you're trying to simplify something, 1738 01:15:36,285 --> 01:15:39,340 a complicated concept, so you're talking to [INAUDIBLE], 1739 01:15:39,340 --> 01:15:43,830 and there's a lot of different technical reasons 1740 01:15:43,830 --> 01:15:49,410 that you have these fin stabilizers. 1741 01:15:49,410 --> 01:15:55,620 So just being able to say that this is stopping 1742 01:15:55,620 --> 01:15:58,690 the ship from rolling, it's true, 1743 01:15:58,690 --> 01:16:01,210 but there's other aspects to it. 1744 01:16:01,210 --> 01:16:04,130 So this gets into the accuracy portion. 1745 01:16:04,130 --> 01:16:08,340 Like you could have a naval architect go on K through 12 1746 01:16:08,340 --> 01:16:11,090 and be like, yeah, but there's more to it than that. 1747 01:16:11,090 --> 01:16:13,012 So at what point are you oversimplifying. 1748 01:16:15,540 --> 01:16:23,700 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think there's no harm in alluding to the fact 1749 01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:26,480 that there are that you are just at the tip 1750 01:16:26,480 --> 01:16:27,980 of the iceberg of information. 1751 01:16:27,980 --> 01:16:29,907 So you could say something like-- the way 1752 01:16:29,907 --> 01:16:32,240 you said it was if you take a cylinder, put it in water, 1753 01:16:32,240 --> 01:16:33,255 and spin it, it'll spin. 1754 01:16:33,255 --> 01:16:35,630 You take a cylinder, attach some wings, put it in water-- 1755 01:16:35,630 --> 01:16:37,430 it's much harder to spin it. 1756 01:16:37,430 --> 01:16:39,425 That is all 100% accurate and true, 1757 01:16:39,425 --> 01:16:41,550 but you don't get into any of the technical reasons 1758 01:16:41,550 --> 01:16:43,410 as to why that's the case. 1759 01:16:43,410 --> 01:16:44,429 That's one way to do it. 1760 01:16:44,429 --> 01:16:45,970 The other way to do it is if you want 1761 01:16:45,970 --> 01:16:47,712 to start talking about whys. 1762 01:16:47,712 --> 01:16:50,170 And I don't know what the whys are, so you have to help me, 1763 01:16:50,170 --> 01:16:54,215 but you can start off your senses with-- look, 1764 01:16:54,215 --> 01:16:56,090 this is a really simple way of explaining it, 1765 01:16:56,090 --> 01:16:58,780 but basically, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. 1766 01:16:58,780 --> 01:17:00,810 So you just sort of allude to the fact 1767 01:17:00,810 --> 01:17:04,410 that I'm giving you the super simple version of it. 1768 01:17:04,410 --> 01:17:07,350 It's much more complicated than this in real life. 1769 01:17:07,350 --> 01:17:10,030 And you can even explain what those complications are. 1770 01:17:10,030 --> 01:17:13,700 So if you had wings with a bunch of holes in them, 1771 01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:17,250 they wouldn't be as effective as solid wings, 1772 01:17:17,250 --> 01:17:18,520 because x, y, or z. 1773 01:17:18,520 --> 01:17:22,140 Or if your ship's wings need to be 1774 01:17:22,140 --> 01:17:24,720 able to do this and that for whatever reason-- 1775 01:17:24,720 --> 01:17:27,911 you can allude to stuff without actually explaining it, 1776 01:17:27,911 --> 01:17:29,910 and that's OK, because you do that in real life. 1777 01:17:29,910 --> 01:17:32,330 If you're sitting across the table from someone 1778 01:17:32,330 --> 01:17:35,050 and explaining something to them, the first time you do it, 1779 01:17:35,050 --> 01:17:39,590 you're not going to be like-- roman numeral I, part a, 1780 01:17:39,590 --> 01:17:41,847 subsection b-- you're not going to go super in-depth. 1781 01:17:41,847 --> 01:17:44,180 You're going to be like look, here's the important thing 1782 01:17:44,180 --> 01:17:45,302 to get right now. 1783 01:17:45,302 --> 01:17:46,510 Here are some of the details. 1784 01:17:46,510 --> 01:17:50,134 We can about the details later, but this is the crucial thing. 1785 01:17:50,134 --> 01:17:52,519 AUDIENCE: So more of the result and not everything 1786 01:17:52,519 --> 01:17:54,771 that got to that result? 1787 01:17:54,771 --> 01:17:56,521 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I don't know that I would-- 1788 01:17:56,521 --> 01:17:59,167 AUDIENCE: Or if it's a little too tricky, 1789 01:17:59,167 --> 01:18:03,170 then mention it, but focus on what the main reason 1790 01:18:03,170 --> 01:18:03,920 why they're there. 1791 01:18:03,920 --> 01:18:04,753 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 1792 01:18:04,753 --> 01:18:08,780 I think just being conscious of the fact that what you're 1793 01:18:08,780 --> 01:18:11,640 presenting isn't all of the information, 1794 01:18:11,640 --> 01:18:14,370 it is an accurate portion of the information. 1795 01:18:14,370 --> 01:18:16,064 AUDIENCE: And that's actually what 1796 01:18:16,064 --> 01:18:17,393 we want with Science Out Loud. 1797 01:18:17,393 --> 01:18:19,268 And keep in mind, it's a very different style 1798 01:18:19,268 --> 01:18:20,777 than some of the other videos that i 1799 01:18:20,777 --> 01:18:22,610 was talking about on the first day of class. 1800 01:18:22,610 --> 01:18:24,520 But we want to pique curiosity. 1801 01:18:24,520 --> 01:18:27,520 We want people to finish watching the video 1802 01:18:27,520 --> 01:18:29,650 and ask themselves those questions 1803 01:18:29,650 --> 01:18:32,147 and try to figure it out on their own 1804 01:18:32,147 --> 01:18:33,480 and explore the other resources. 1805 01:18:33,480 --> 01:18:35,021 And that's a very different objective 1806 01:18:35,021 --> 01:18:38,717 than say a lecture video or a technical video. 1807 01:18:38,717 --> 01:18:39,800 So just keep that in mind. 1808 01:18:39,800 --> 01:18:42,802 Again, whatever best practices we're establishing here 1809 01:18:42,802 --> 01:18:44,260 aren't necessarily ones that you'll 1810 01:18:44,260 --> 01:18:48,110 carry over to every single educational video. 1811 01:18:48,110 --> 01:18:51,440 We encompass such a huge variety, right? 1812 01:18:51,440 --> 01:18:55,090 But I think that's true of even the most technical video. 1813 01:18:55,090 --> 01:18:58,450 And again, this goes back to the whole rabbit hole witness test. 1814 01:18:58,450 --> 01:19:02,060 Once you find yourself clarifying more and more 1815 01:19:02,060 --> 01:19:03,880 to the point where you found yourself 1816 01:19:03,880 --> 01:19:07,630 on a topic that is tangential to the main point of your video 1817 01:19:07,630 --> 01:19:09,620 or the main point of your lesson, 1818 01:19:09,620 --> 01:19:13,520 then it's time to backtrack a little bit, and that's OK. 1819 01:19:13,520 --> 01:19:15,690 No video under an hour. 1820 01:19:15,690 --> 01:19:18,850 No semester-long class is going to answer 1821 01:19:18,850 --> 01:19:20,650 every single question that's related 1822 01:19:20,650 --> 01:19:24,570 to the topic of the class. 1823 01:19:24,570 --> 01:19:26,765 AUDIENCE: But this gets back to what we were 1824 01:19:26,765 --> 01:19:28,030 talking about the [INAUDIBLE]. 1825 01:19:28,030 --> 01:19:31,610 By going deeply and narrowing your focus actually 1826 01:19:31,610 --> 01:19:34,820 allows you to allude to a lot of much larger topics 1827 01:19:34,820 --> 01:19:36,230 superficially. 1828 01:19:36,230 --> 01:19:38,700 And people get it more quickly the more narrow 1829 01:19:38,700 --> 01:19:40,470 you are in your examples. 1830 01:19:40,470 --> 01:19:43,530 And think if there were a truth in here, that's the truth 1831 01:19:43,530 --> 01:19:46,877 to sort of apply-- is that the more specific and narrow 1832 01:19:46,877 --> 01:19:48,460 you can be without getting [INAUDIBLE] 1833 01:19:48,460 --> 01:19:50,710 in that extra information, the easier it 1834 01:19:50,710 --> 01:19:52,830 is to allude to that extra information 1835 01:19:52,830 --> 01:19:54,610 without it-- like a story flow, you 1836 01:19:54,610 --> 01:19:56,680 want it always more forward. 1837 01:19:56,680 --> 01:19:59,840 And if this information is so little 1838 01:19:59,840 --> 01:20:03,350 that it doesn't prevent the forward motion 1839 01:20:03,350 --> 01:20:06,720 of your storyline, then you know you're doing 1840 01:20:06,720 --> 01:20:08,199 a good job of including that. 1841 01:20:08,199 --> 01:20:09,990 What you don't want is for this information 1842 01:20:09,990 --> 01:20:13,027 to take you backwards or sideways. 1843 01:20:13,027 --> 01:20:15,360 AUDIENCE: I mean I guess I should rephrase that it's not 1844 01:20:15,360 --> 01:20:16,443 necessarily a rabbit hole. 1845 01:20:16,443 --> 01:20:19,400 You don't want to branch out too much. 1846 01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:23,650 You want accuracy, specificity to a certain degree. 1847 01:20:23,650 --> 01:20:28,270 You could very well do a video on why do boats float, 1848 01:20:28,270 --> 01:20:30,586 but that wouldn't really be a good video. 1849 01:20:30,586 --> 01:20:32,210 It wouldn't be a very compelling video. 1850 01:20:32,210 --> 01:20:35,480 So you're going to make a video about the wings on a boat. 1851 01:20:35,480 --> 01:20:38,750 You're going to hit the bigger topic of how things float, 1852 01:20:38,750 --> 01:20:41,242 but that's not the thing that's driving your video forward. 1853 01:20:41,242 --> 01:20:42,700 AUDIENCE: And that's why your topic 1854 01:20:42,700 --> 01:20:48,410 is perfectly narrow of imagining three 1855 01:20:48,410 --> 01:20:51,890 differently smooshed shoeboxes. 1856 01:20:51,890 --> 01:20:55,230 Why does this one versus this one-- and it's 1857 01:20:55,230 --> 01:20:57,590 a narrow enough topic, and concrete enough 1858 01:20:57,590 --> 01:20:59,900 that it will allow you to get to some of those bigger 1859 01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:03,100 sink or float buoyancy design issues. 1860 01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:08,052 But using this very small way of getting access to that. 1861 01:21:08,052 --> 01:21:09,510 GEORGE ZAIDAN: By the way, I wanted 1862 01:21:09,510 --> 01:21:13,660 to come back to something that is a tad tangential, 1863 01:21:13,660 --> 01:21:15,570 ironically. 1864 01:21:15,570 --> 01:21:19,660 You said, maybe it's better then to just tell the results 1865 01:21:19,660 --> 01:21:21,080 and leave out the process. 1866 01:21:21,080 --> 01:21:22,460 And I said no, maybe not. 1867 01:21:22,460 --> 01:21:26,870 The reason that I said no is because sometimes, 1868 01:21:26,870 --> 01:21:29,190 taking your audience through the experimentation that 1869 01:21:29,190 --> 01:21:31,085 was done to get to a result is just 1870 01:21:31,085 --> 01:21:32,710 as interesting or even more interesting 1871 01:21:32,710 --> 01:21:33,930 as the result itself. 1872 01:21:33,930 --> 01:21:38,619 So the Stephen Hawking example-- the time travel experiment 1873 01:21:38,619 --> 01:21:40,660 and the intricacies of the time travel experiment 1874 01:21:40,660 --> 01:21:42,680 are just as interesting, to me, anyway, 1875 01:21:42,680 --> 01:21:45,901 as the result of that experiment, whatever it is. 1876 01:21:45,901 --> 01:21:48,150 So that's why I would just caution against using that. 1877 01:21:48,150 --> 01:21:53,720 Sometimes-- how did people first invent 1878 01:21:53,720 --> 01:21:55,256 compartmentalizing boats? 1879 01:21:55,256 --> 01:21:57,130 I'm not saying that is an interesting answer. 1880 01:21:57,130 --> 01:21:57,790 It may not be. 1881 01:21:57,790 --> 01:22:01,250 But sometimes that process is just as interesting as the fact 1882 01:22:01,250 --> 01:22:04,237 that there are compartmentalized boats and why they work. 1883 01:22:04,237 --> 01:22:05,820 AUDIENCE: One thing that I mentioned-- 1884 01:22:05,820 --> 01:22:07,530 I don't know if it's worth exploring 1885 01:22:07,530 --> 01:22:12,720 is the whole reason why [INAUDIBLE] was like I know 1886 01:22:12,720 --> 01:22:17,890 that floating is obviously a big teaching point, 1887 01:22:17,890 --> 01:22:21,530 but if you open with why the Titanic sank, 1888 01:22:21,530 --> 01:22:26,680 which has exactly to do with compartmentalization, 1889 01:22:26,680 --> 01:22:29,610 is that something that would be a better hook? 1890 01:22:29,610 --> 01:22:34,080 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I honestly like your shoebox better. 1891 01:22:34,080 --> 01:22:36,140 I'll tell you why-- because it's more visual. 1892 01:22:36,140 --> 01:22:38,496 Sorry, it's more visual because it has you in it. 1893 01:22:38,496 --> 01:22:39,120 There's a demo. 1894 01:22:39,120 --> 01:22:40,828 There's a thing that someone can look at, 1895 01:22:40,828 --> 01:22:42,570 and it's directly accessible. 1896 01:22:42,570 --> 01:22:45,200 With the Titanic, yeah, it's an example 1897 01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:47,040 that everyone knows, and you could maybe 1898 01:22:47,040 --> 01:22:50,110 use stock footage of the movie Titanic or whatever. 1899 01:22:50,110 --> 01:22:53,960 But it's one degree of complexity-- 1900 01:22:53,960 --> 01:22:56,110 it starts at a higher level of complexity 1901 01:22:56,110 --> 01:22:57,892 than your shoebox example. 1902 01:22:57,892 --> 01:22:59,614 AUDIENCE: Well I'm saying you could do-- 1903 01:22:59,614 --> 01:23:01,405 GEORGE ZAIDAN: First shoebox, then Titanic? 1904 01:23:01,405 --> 01:23:04,390 AUDIENCE: No, how the Titanic did their compartmentalization 1905 01:23:04,390 --> 01:23:06,525 with a shoebox. 1906 01:23:06,525 --> 01:23:08,150 So they didn't finish their [INAUDIBLE] 1907 01:23:08,150 --> 01:23:10,260 to the deck, which you could actually easily 1908 01:23:10,260 --> 01:23:12,848 build with a shoebox, and then just see 1909 01:23:12,848 --> 01:23:14,394 how it progressively floats. 1910 01:23:14,394 --> 01:23:16,310 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So the problem with the Titanic 1911 01:23:16,310 --> 01:23:18,320 was that their compartments did not extend 1912 01:23:18,320 --> 01:23:19,660 all the way through the hull? 1913 01:23:19,660 --> 01:23:21,629 AUDIENCE: All the way up the [INAUDIBLE]. 1914 01:23:21,629 --> 01:23:22,420 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Why? 1915 01:23:22,420 --> 01:23:23,086 That seems dumb. 1916 01:23:23,086 --> 01:23:24,600 AUDIENCE: I have no idea. 1917 01:23:24,600 --> 01:23:26,100 AUDIENCE: But then the video becomes 1918 01:23:26,100 --> 01:23:28,930 about why did the Titanic sink, instead of 1919 01:23:28,930 --> 01:23:34,542 about how do I prevent boats from sinking as a Coast Guard. 1920 01:23:34,542 --> 01:23:36,000 AUDIENCE: I think it's distracting. 1921 01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:38,290 I think it's distracting, and I think 1922 01:23:38,290 --> 01:23:43,370 that the simplicity of this shoebox 1923 01:23:43,370 --> 01:23:46,240 allows you to gain access to the concepts 1924 01:23:46,240 --> 01:23:49,600 more easily, without getting the story of the Titanic entangled 1925 01:23:49,600 --> 01:23:50,870 into it. 1926 01:23:50,870 --> 01:23:54,340 AUDIENCE: The other thing is, if you are not at MIT 1927 01:23:54,340 --> 01:23:56,250 studying naval architecture or whatever, 1928 01:23:56,250 --> 01:24:00,600 and if you weren't actually an engineer, just maybe 1929 01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:02,100 Vsauce or hand Hank Green, then I'd 1930 01:24:02,100 --> 01:24:04,170 say, yeah, talk about why the Titanic sunk. 1931 01:24:04,170 --> 01:24:06,320 But it's a story that's already been told. 1932 01:24:06,320 --> 01:24:08,570 And it's a story that can be told by anyone. 1933 01:24:08,570 --> 01:24:10,640 You have this opportunity to tell us 1934 01:24:10,640 --> 01:24:13,135 a story from a perspective that not many very people can, 1935 01:24:13,135 --> 01:24:14,760 and that's what I was trying to get out 1936 01:24:14,760 --> 01:24:17,350 on the first day about being able to take yourself out 1937 01:24:17,350 --> 01:24:19,890 of the perspective that you're used to having. 1938 01:24:19,890 --> 01:24:23,370 I think that is an opportunity to capitalize upon, for sure. 1939 01:24:23,370 --> 01:24:25,740 So it's not that I think that the Titanic thing is 1940 01:24:25,740 --> 01:24:28,490 a bad hook, necessarily-- just that the one you have 1941 01:24:28,490 --> 01:24:30,090 is so much better. 1942 01:24:30,090 --> 01:24:33,286 And one that not other people can do. 1943 01:24:33,286 --> 01:24:34,660 AUDIENCE: Can I also say that you 1944 01:24:34,660 --> 01:24:37,330 had mentioned about process. 1945 01:24:37,330 --> 01:24:41,620 In my lab, the work that I see predominately-- I 1946 01:24:41,620 --> 01:24:44,350 would actually argue that it's extremely hard for scientists 1947 01:24:44,350 --> 01:24:50,350 to share a process in an interesting way. 1948 01:24:50,350 --> 01:24:53,860 That scientists, typically-- and I am generalizing, 1949 01:24:53,860 --> 01:24:56,950 and this is not really fair, but because we spend so much time 1950 01:24:56,950 --> 01:24:58,750 day-to-day going through a process, 1951 01:24:58,750 --> 01:25:00,660 you want to share it chronologically, 1952 01:25:00,660 --> 01:25:03,200 and that's where your default is to go from start to finish, 1953 01:25:03,200 --> 01:25:07,080 telling people what you did in painstaking detail, 1954 01:25:07,080 --> 01:25:08,290 and that's boring. 1955 01:25:08,290 --> 01:25:10,670 And so that's really, really hard-- if any of you 1956 01:25:10,670 --> 01:25:14,570 end up doing a process where you're sharing your process, 1957 01:25:14,570 --> 01:25:18,290 it's really hard to figure out the bigger picture 1958 01:25:18,290 --> 01:25:22,900 within the process so that an outsider actually 1959 01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:25,120 finds your process interesting, as opposed 1960 01:25:25,120 --> 01:25:27,550 to just sharing the I did this, then I did this, 1961 01:25:27,550 --> 01:25:29,470 then I did this. 1962 01:25:29,470 --> 01:25:31,400 Explaining why I did what I did each way 1963 01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:32,650 is what people care about. 1964 01:25:32,650 --> 01:25:34,316 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Well the interesting part 1965 01:25:34,316 --> 01:25:40,330 is the moment of ingenuity that led to an experiment designed 1966 01:25:40,330 --> 01:25:41,820 the way it was designed. 1967 01:25:41,820 --> 01:25:43,660 Not the day-to-day-- 1968 01:25:43,660 --> 01:25:46,170 AUDIENCE: Exactly, and I feel like because people 1969 01:25:46,170 --> 01:25:48,740 in their labs are like someone needs to listen to me. 1970 01:25:48,740 --> 01:25:49,680 I did this. 1971 01:25:49,680 --> 01:25:52,799 It didn't work, and I spent hours and hours working on this 1972 01:25:52,799 --> 01:25:53,590 and it didn't work. 1973 01:25:53,590 --> 01:25:56,290 They feel like they want to share that with people, 1974 01:25:56,290 --> 01:25:59,030 but people don't actually care about that. 1975 01:25:59,030 --> 01:26:00,760 They care about the why you designed 1976 01:26:00,760 --> 01:26:03,300 the experiment that way, and why it didn't work, 1977 01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:05,700 as opposed to the what you actually did, 1978 01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:09,070 the who cares kind of concept. 1979 01:26:09,070 --> 01:26:13,870 AUDIENCE: Actually, I agree with you on the Titanic idea, 1980 01:26:13,870 --> 01:26:18,190 but you mentioned that you could build these compartments out 1981 01:26:18,190 --> 01:26:21,185 of shoeboxes, and I think that at least the kids that we 1982 01:26:21,185 --> 01:26:22,560 talked to yesterday-- they really 1983 01:26:22,560 --> 01:26:24,851 like the idea of destruction. 1984 01:26:24,851 --> 01:26:27,860 Something burning, being crushed. 1985 01:26:27,860 --> 01:26:30,010 So if you could kind of talk about those concepts 1986 01:26:30,010 --> 01:26:34,150 and in the end, you sink some random ship. 1987 01:26:34,150 --> 01:26:37,180 That would kind of show, first of all, that it's cool, 1988 01:26:37,180 --> 01:26:40,850 but also it shows that what you;re talking about is 1989 01:26:40,850 --> 01:26:41,350 important. 1990 01:26:41,350 --> 01:26:42,210 AUDIENCE: Don't get me wrong. 1991 01:26:42,210 --> 01:26:43,710 You can totally bring up the Titanic 1992 01:26:43,710 --> 01:26:47,080 at the end as the bigger picture application. 1993 01:26:47,080 --> 01:26:48,460 That's awesome. 1994 01:26:48,460 --> 01:26:51,650 It's just the hook isn't the place for it, 1995 01:26:51,650 --> 01:26:53,600 I think personally. 1996 01:26:53,600 --> 01:26:56,010 GEORGE ZAIDAN: It's been done before. 1997 01:26:56,010 --> 01:26:57,035 I agree with you. 1998 01:26:57,035 --> 01:26:57,910 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Great. 1999 01:26:57,910 --> 01:27:01,630 Anything else on this script? 2000 01:27:01,630 --> 01:27:03,081 Going once, going twice-- 2001 01:27:03,081 --> 01:27:04,830 AUDIENCE: Before you go onto the next one, 2002 01:27:04,830 --> 01:27:06,411 I do just want to mention-- sorry. 2003 01:27:06,411 --> 01:27:08,160 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I'm just kidding, go ahead. 2004 01:27:08,160 --> 01:27:10,326 AUDIENCE: I do want to mention that you guys came up 2005 01:27:10,326 --> 01:27:12,170 with really fascinating topics. 2006 01:27:12,170 --> 01:27:15,120 I mean George and I were talking about it this morning. 2007 01:27:15,120 --> 01:27:20,160 So I mean even though we're critiquing things, 2008 01:27:20,160 --> 01:27:23,530 the topic at the core, I think there's 2009 01:27:23,530 --> 01:27:25,600 a lot of potential for it. 2010 01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:28,970 So just a word of encouragement. 2011 01:27:28,970 --> 01:27:30,470 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, I would totally 2012 01:27:30,470 --> 01:27:32,855 watch all of these videos. 2013 01:27:32,855 --> 01:27:34,980 AUDIENCE: I don't know where we're going quite yet, 2014 01:27:34,980 --> 01:27:36,360 but we've been going for a while. 2015 01:27:36,360 --> 01:27:38,020 I suspect people might need a bathroom break. 2016 01:27:38,020 --> 01:27:38,590 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Oh yeah, good idea. 2017 01:27:38,590 --> 01:27:39,740 AUDIENCE: Yeah, I need a bathroom break. 2018 01:27:39,740 --> 01:27:41,573 AUDIENCE: So maybe we should, before we dive 2019 01:27:41,573 --> 01:27:44,540 into the next one give people a chance to stretch and do that. 2020 01:27:44,540 --> 01:27:48,710 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, OK, who wrote this? 2021 01:27:55,186 --> 01:27:56,186 GUEST SPEAKER: I'm cold. 2022 01:28:00,510 --> 01:28:01,560 AUDIENCE: I'm warm. 2023 01:28:01,560 --> 01:28:02,816 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I'm pretty warm, yeah. 2024 01:28:02,816 --> 01:28:04,940 AUDIENCE: I think it's where you're sitting partly. 2025 01:28:04,940 --> 01:28:08,332 The first day I was under a vent and it was freezing. 2026 01:28:08,332 --> 01:28:10,040 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK, whenever you're ready. 2027 01:28:10,040 --> 01:28:12,130 GUEST SPEAKER: OK. 2028 01:28:12,130 --> 01:28:14,670 Few things strike more dread than hearing 2029 01:28:14,670 --> 01:28:17,610 you have to get braces. 2030 01:28:17,610 --> 01:28:20,130 Whether it's worrying about how much it will hurt, 2031 01:28:20,130 --> 01:28:24,200 what happens if a wire pops out, how you're going to talk, 2032 01:28:24,200 --> 01:28:27,360 or how much your friends will make fun of you, 2033 01:28:27,360 --> 01:28:29,970 it's kind of an awkward experience. 2034 01:28:29,970 --> 01:28:32,600 So why even get braces in the first place? 2035 01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:35,314 Cut to pictures of famous stars who have had braces 2036 01:28:35,314 --> 01:28:36,022 with a voiceover. 2037 01:28:39,980 --> 01:28:40,689 Should I keep-- 2038 01:28:40,689 --> 01:28:42,480 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yep, just the next sentence. 2039 01:28:42,480 --> 01:28:43,150 GUEST SPEAKER: Studies have shown 2040 01:28:43,150 --> 01:28:45,480 that having a beautiful smile with even white teeth 2041 01:28:45,480 --> 01:28:48,950 conveys health and youth, and makes people like you even 2042 01:28:48,950 --> 01:28:50,280 a little bit more. 2043 01:28:50,280 --> 01:28:51,590 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Cool, thanks. 2044 01:28:51,590 --> 01:28:55,530 Who were the famous stars that you are thinking of here? 2045 01:28:55,530 --> 01:28:56,930 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 2046 01:29:20,380 --> 01:29:23,324 AUDIENCE: But this video's about you. 2047 01:29:23,324 --> 01:29:24,990 AUDIENCE: Well the way that I structured 2048 01:29:24,990 --> 01:29:27,830 it is to have as little of me in it 2049 01:29:27,830 --> 01:29:31,770 as possible, which is why I had so much of the [INAUDIBLE]. 2050 01:29:31,770 --> 01:29:33,690 There would only be one or two choices. 2051 01:29:33,690 --> 01:29:35,870 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Just out of curiosity, why? 2052 01:29:35,870 --> 01:29:39,127 Why did you structure it that way? 2053 01:29:39,127 --> 01:29:40,710 AUDIENCE: I like the animation aspect. 2054 01:29:40,710 --> 01:29:44,410 I also know I don't look good on camera. 2055 01:29:47,450 --> 01:29:52,190 AUDIENCE: No one knows that they don't look at my camera. 2056 01:29:52,190 --> 01:29:53,870 AUDIENCE: I feel like this is the fear 2057 01:29:53,870 --> 01:29:57,097 that every person comes into a Science Out Loud episode 2058 01:29:57,097 --> 01:29:58,680 with is like, we want to animate this, 2059 01:29:58,680 --> 01:30:00,950 because I don't want to explain it on a camera. 2060 01:30:00,950 --> 01:30:03,200 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Or I can't say this long of a paragraph 2061 01:30:03,200 --> 01:30:04,030 without stumbling. 2062 01:30:04,030 --> 01:30:05,780 AUDIENCE: Or we'll take their script away, 2063 01:30:05,780 --> 01:30:08,040 and they'll be like I need to have it. 2064 01:30:08,040 --> 01:30:09,650 I can't do it. 2065 01:30:09,650 --> 01:30:11,930 That is so not true. 2066 01:30:11,930 --> 01:30:15,220 You can't actually prove that you can't do it. 2067 01:30:15,220 --> 01:30:18,530 And we want your faces to be on camera, 2068 01:30:18,530 --> 01:30:22,660 and we can talk about this more, but I 2069 01:30:22,660 --> 01:30:25,817 think that if you do too much of the pictures 2070 01:30:25,817 --> 01:30:27,400 and the voiceovers and the animations, 2071 01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:31,320 then we go back to that Siri litmus test. 2072 01:30:31,320 --> 01:30:35,630 Or if we swap you out for anyone else to do this video, 2073 01:30:35,630 --> 01:30:37,420 it's not going to make a big difference. 2074 01:30:37,420 --> 01:30:39,086 And I don't know if you're OK with that, 2075 01:30:39,086 --> 01:30:41,570 but I certainly feel like you have compelling enough 2076 01:30:41,570 --> 01:30:42,380 of a perspective. 2077 01:30:42,380 --> 01:30:46,330 Didn't you say you used to work for an orthodontics company? 2078 01:30:46,330 --> 01:30:49,890 Yeah, that is a really unique perspective, 2079 01:30:49,890 --> 01:30:53,897 both from the industry-- and my mom's a dentist. 2080 01:30:53,897 --> 01:30:56,230 So I used to work at her office, and I had braces twice. 2081 01:30:56,230 --> 01:31:00,717 And I know for sure that there's so much fascinating information 2082 01:31:00,717 --> 01:31:03,300 about that that you would know from that perspective that most 2083 01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:03,860 people don't. 2084 01:31:06,488 --> 01:31:09,920 You can make a video that a lot of people can't. 2085 01:31:09,920 --> 01:31:13,800 And I would hesitate to let you go 2086 01:31:13,800 --> 01:31:19,000 on thinking that your video should be that way. 2087 01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:20,500 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And that's not to say 2088 01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:25,800 that like it's just going to be you on camera or any of you. 2089 01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:27,800 That's not to say the entire video 2090 01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:31,380 is going to be from here to here, 100% of the time, 2091 01:31:31,380 --> 01:31:33,730 talking. 2092 01:31:33,730 --> 01:31:37,107 We know that that doesn't make for compelling video. 2093 01:31:37,107 --> 01:31:39,440 You want to have the person doing something, interacting 2094 01:31:39,440 --> 01:31:42,540 with their environment, being in an interesting place, whatever. 2095 01:31:42,540 --> 01:31:49,030 There are lots of ways to compliment the fact that-- 2096 01:31:49,030 --> 01:31:50,390 let me back up a second. 2097 01:31:50,390 --> 01:31:53,180 The human-to-human-- ideally, you 2098 01:31:53,180 --> 01:31:54,710 want to transmit information. 2099 01:31:54,710 --> 01:31:56,810 One person sits down and talks to another, 2100 01:31:56,810 --> 01:32:00,892 that's like the idealized way to engage someone, convey 2101 01:32:00,892 --> 01:32:02,850 information, talk about an interesting subject, 2102 01:32:02,850 --> 01:32:05,840 whatever it is. 2103 01:32:05,840 --> 01:32:07,340 Obviously, video gives you the power 2104 01:32:07,340 --> 01:32:10,710 to do that to a wide audience at once, and it's remote, 2105 01:32:10,710 --> 01:32:12,310 but there is something about seeing 2106 01:32:12,310 --> 01:32:16,850 someone's face, and expressions, and intonations, 2107 01:32:16,850 --> 01:32:20,890 and something that really draws you into the material. 2108 01:32:20,890 --> 01:32:23,640 But that having been said, you don't 2109 01:32:23,640 --> 01:32:25,500 want to just stay on that person's 2110 01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:29,230 face for the whole video and not show anything else. 2111 01:32:29,230 --> 01:32:32,790 But that's our job, as producers and directors, 2112 01:32:32,790 --> 01:32:36,230 is to figure out where it makes sense to just do a simple head 2113 01:32:36,230 --> 01:32:38,740 shot of someone talking versus where it makes sense 2114 01:32:38,740 --> 01:32:40,161 to cut away for an animation. 2115 01:32:40,161 --> 01:32:41,910 If you're talking about like teeth moving, 2116 01:32:41,910 --> 01:32:44,810 that might be a perfect place to do it. 2117 01:32:44,810 --> 01:32:47,030 Versus where to do a demo or whatever 2118 01:32:47,030 --> 01:32:50,160 it is to keep visual variety and interest throughout the video. 2119 01:32:50,160 --> 01:32:53,220 But yes? 2120 01:32:53,220 --> 01:32:55,230 AUDIENCE: That was a tangent-- an important one. 2121 01:32:55,230 --> 01:32:57,438 AUDIENCE: No, I think it's actually really important. 2122 01:32:57,438 --> 01:33:00,320 AUDIENCE: Well, it's also a segue into [INAUDIBLE]. 2123 01:33:00,320 --> 01:33:02,466 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 2124 01:33:02,466 --> 01:33:05,764 I have all these graduate fellows who work for me. 2125 01:33:05,764 --> 01:33:09,093 We do workshops all over campus and our biggest credibility, 2126 01:33:09,093 --> 01:33:11,830 and why we can give our workshops,and why people care, 2127 01:33:11,830 --> 01:33:14,640 and listen to them is because we give workshops on how 2128 01:33:14,640 --> 01:33:17,850 to succeed with the National Science Foundation awards from 2129 01:33:17,850 --> 01:33:20,620 people who have actually earned them. 2130 01:33:20,620 --> 01:33:21,400 We're authentic. 2131 01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:22,180 I did this. 2132 01:33:22,180 --> 01:33:24,300 I'm going to tell you what I did to be successful. 2133 01:33:24,300 --> 01:33:26,027 That's what you have that's so powerful. 2134 01:33:26,027 --> 01:33:26,610 I'm a student. 2135 01:33:26,610 --> 01:33:29,310 I'm studying this with this really great institute, 2136 01:33:29,310 --> 01:33:32,480 and I'm going to share with you how I think about something. 2137 01:33:32,480 --> 01:33:36,010 That's like the most authentic you can be, is being you. 2138 01:33:38,920 --> 01:33:43,030 It would be a shame to go to someone who's inauthentic, 2139 01:33:43,030 --> 01:33:46,195 like someone we don't know like a movie star, when 2140 01:33:46,195 --> 01:33:50,683 you have this incredible credibility by just being you. 2141 01:33:50,683 --> 01:33:52,251 That's so powerful. 2142 01:33:55,080 --> 01:33:57,380 GEORGE ZAIDAN: OK. 2143 01:33:57,380 --> 01:33:59,190 AUDIENCE: Sorry, you guys are so cool. 2144 01:33:59,190 --> 01:34:01,230 GEORGE ZAIDAN: No, you're absolutely right. 2145 01:34:01,230 --> 01:34:02,150 That is correct. 2146 01:34:05,125 --> 01:34:07,000 AUDIENCE: But now it's about how to structure 2147 01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:10,570 the script in which you can feel most comfortable being that. 2148 01:34:10,570 --> 01:34:16,082 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah There was something 2149 01:34:16,082 --> 01:34:17,790 I wanted to say about this, but I forgot. 2150 01:34:17,790 --> 01:34:18,956 Maybe it'll come back to me. 2151 01:34:18,956 --> 01:34:22,190 Anyway, comments on the script before we 2152 01:34:22,190 --> 01:34:26,510 get into the hosting side? 2153 01:34:26,510 --> 01:34:28,752 AUDIENCE: I like the first paragraph especially 2154 01:34:28,752 --> 01:34:30,460 GEORGE ZAIDAN: What do you like about it? 2155 01:34:30,460 --> 01:34:32,960 AUDIENCE: I felt that whe she was saying it's 2156 01:34:32,960 --> 01:34:35,781 as if-- I imagine her saying this to a bunch of girls 2157 01:34:35,781 --> 01:34:38,904 in front with braces. 2158 01:34:38,904 --> 01:34:41,342 Telling them a story about her life and saying, 2159 01:34:41,342 --> 01:34:43,341 oh, I used to have braces, and I didn't like it. 2160 01:34:43,341 --> 01:34:45,970 So why do you want to get braces? [INAUDIBLE] as to 2161 01:34:45,970 --> 01:34:48,290 why it's important or why not. 2162 01:34:48,290 --> 01:34:52,170 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, she gives very specific examples 2163 01:34:52,170 --> 01:34:55,544 about realistic fears that people will have about braces, 2164 01:34:55,544 --> 01:34:56,710 and that makes it relatable. 2165 01:34:56,710 --> 01:34:58,550 It's going to hurt. 2166 01:34:58,550 --> 01:35:00,930 You know you've got these like metal wires in your mouth. 2167 01:35:00,930 --> 01:35:02,860 What happens if they poke you in the gum? 2168 01:35:02,860 --> 01:35:05,990 How you going to talk with all this stuff in your face? 2169 01:35:05,990 --> 01:35:07,960 People are going to make fun of you. 2170 01:35:07,960 --> 01:35:10,580 Those are actual, real fears that you 2171 01:35:10,580 --> 01:35:12,320 get when you've had braces. 2172 01:35:12,320 --> 01:35:16,830 So, pointing them out like that is effective. 2173 01:35:16,830 --> 01:35:17,916 What else? 2174 01:35:17,916 --> 01:35:19,541 AUDIENCE: Just to check, is the content 2175 01:35:19,541 --> 01:35:21,874 of the question or the video why you get braces or is it 2176 01:35:21,874 --> 01:35:23,189 [INAUDIBLE]? 2177 01:35:23,189 --> 01:35:24,817 AUDIENCE: The actual video itself 2178 01:35:24,817 --> 01:35:28,608 is about what happens when the braces move 2179 01:35:28,608 --> 01:35:32,018 your teeth on a cellular level. 2180 01:35:32,018 --> 01:35:33,476 AUDIENCE: What happens [INAUDIBLE]? 2181 01:35:38,581 --> 01:35:40,580 AUDIENCE: As the force is applied to your tooth, 2182 01:35:40,580 --> 01:35:46,910 there are two different types of cells, one of which 2183 01:35:46,910 --> 01:35:49,570 actually dissolves some of the bone in your jaw 2184 01:35:49,570 --> 01:35:52,588 to make a little bit more room, and another one that actually 2185 01:35:52,588 --> 01:35:55,689 builds the bone to be able to hold the bone in place. 2186 01:35:55,689 --> 01:35:56,480 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Wow. 2187 01:35:56,480 --> 01:35:57,240 I had no idea. 2188 01:35:57,240 --> 01:35:59,090 That's cool. 2189 01:35:59,090 --> 01:36:02,934 AUDIENCE: And that's like the shoebox thing. 2190 01:36:02,934 --> 01:36:04,350 GEORGE ZAIDAN: That's the reaction 2191 01:36:04,350 --> 01:36:05,970 you want from an audience. 2192 01:36:05,970 --> 01:36:08,230 What I just did-- I wasn't faking it. 2193 01:36:08,230 --> 01:36:09,670 That's an authentic reaction. 2194 01:36:09,670 --> 01:36:11,415 That's the reaction that you want. 2195 01:36:11,415 --> 01:36:13,290 AUDIENCE: Yeah, I mean later on in the script 2196 01:36:13,290 --> 01:36:17,590 I say it's actually dissolving your jaw. 2197 01:36:17,590 --> 01:36:19,520 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I had a question-- 2198 01:36:19,520 --> 01:36:25,180 so the braces are only attached to your teeth, right? 2199 01:36:25,180 --> 01:36:27,230 So normally when you want to move something-- 2200 01:36:27,230 --> 01:36:31,130 like I want to move this table-- my foot's on the floor, 2201 01:36:31,130 --> 01:36:34,520 and I push against my foot to pull the table, 2202 01:36:34,520 --> 01:36:39,580 whereas with braces, I'm not holding some external object 2203 01:36:39,580 --> 01:36:43,667 to pull teeth in a certain direction, so how is that by-- 2204 01:36:43,667 --> 01:36:44,541 AUDIENCE: Headgear. 2205 01:36:44,541 --> 01:36:44,980 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Huh? 2206 01:36:44,980 --> 01:36:45,470 AUDIENCE: Headgear. 2207 01:36:45,470 --> 01:36:46,720 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Headgear, yeah. 2208 01:36:46,720 --> 01:36:48,890 But most people don't-- I don't know. 2209 01:36:48,890 --> 01:36:51,066 Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think people-- 2210 01:36:51,066 --> 01:36:52,440 when you get braces, usually it's 2211 01:36:52,440 --> 01:36:55,530 just the metal and the wire on your tooth. 2212 01:36:55,530 --> 01:36:57,990 But there's no external support there. 2213 01:36:57,990 --> 01:36:59,640 So how does it move your teeth? 2214 01:36:59,640 --> 01:37:01,320 AUDIENCE: So that's a physics question, 2215 01:37:01,320 --> 01:37:03,170 and we went over this yesterday. 2216 01:37:03,170 --> 01:37:06,790 Because there are different aspects. 2217 01:37:06,790 --> 01:37:08,290 There's the sort of what's happening 2218 01:37:08,290 --> 01:37:10,890 on the cellular level, which is one approach. 2219 01:37:10,890 --> 01:37:15,350 You can also do it from the material science-- basically 2220 01:37:15,350 --> 01:37:18,250 what moves your teeth the wire itself 2221 01:37:18,250 --> 01:37:22,566 and its shape that's constantly applying pressure. 2222 01:37:22,566 --> 01:37:24,774 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Is that why you get your wire changed? 2223 01:37:24,774 --> 01:37:25,740 AUDIENCE: Yes. 2224 01:37:25,740 --> 01:37:28,440 AUDIENCE: I mean imagine being one person who 2225 01:37:28,440 --> 01:37:30,440 has two boxes on either side of them, 2226 01:37:30,440 --> 01:37:33,590 and they want to bring them closer together. 2227 01:37:33,590 --> 01:37:36,280 The external force is the person itself pulling them together. 2228 01:37:36,280 --> 01:37:39,040 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, but the tension in the wire-- 2229 01:37:39,040 --> 01:37:39,640 that's the-- 2230 01:37:39,640 --> 01:37:40,750 AUDIENCE: Right. 2231 01:37:40,750 --> 01:37:43,901 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] when I had braces they had my molars-- 2232 01:37:43,901 --> 01:37:46,400 I don't know if they're using that now to the points or not, 2233 01:37:46,400 --> 01:37:48,095 but you had the metal-- 2234 01:37:48,095 --> 01:37:49,110 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 2235 01:37:49,110 --> 01:37:51,045 AUDIENCE: They put a whole band around your-- 2236 01:37:51,045 --> 01:37:52,170 they don't do that anymore. 2237 01:37:52,170 --> 01:37:54,630 AUDIENCE: They don't-- back in my day. 2238 01:37:54,630 --> 01:37:55,284 [LAUGHTER] 2239 01:37:55,284 --> 01:37:57,200 AUDIENCE: They have much better adhesives now, 2240 01:37:57,200 --> 01:38:00,700 so that was another-- the chemistry of the epoxy 2241 01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,594 that actually-- I mean there's a lot of science that 2242 01:38:03,594 --> 01:38:04,510 goes into your braces. 2243 01:38:04,510 --> 01:38:06,550 AUDIENCE: And when you think about it-- 2244 01:38:06,550 --> 01:38:08,500 I would have this discussion with my mother all the time, 2245 01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:09,958 because I had to have braces twice. 2246 01:38:09,958 --> 01:38:11,360 And I was like, mom. 2247 01:38:11,360 --> 01:38:14,110 Braces, when you think about it, they're like barbaric. 2248 01:38:14,110 --> 01:38:16,210 I can't believe we're living in the 21st century, 2249 01:38:16,210 --> 01:38:22,120 and I pay money for a person to glue metal to my mouth 2250 01:38:22,120 --> 01:38:25,470 and take wires to yank my teeth together 2251 01:38:25,470 --> 01:38:27,190 because I have too much gap in-between. 2252 01:38:27,190 --> 01:38:29,620 That's so barbaric when you think about it, 2253 01:38:29,620 --> 01:38:31,860 that your jaw is dissolving. 2254 01:38:31,860 --> 01:38:36,150 But barbaric in a way that's fascinating to watch on video, 2255 01:38:36,150 --> 01:38:38,880 and I feel like that's such a more 2256 01:38:38,880 --> 01:38:46,000 high-stakes drama-driven hook than you're worrying if braces 2257 01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:47,820 will hurt or how you'll look. 2258 01:38:47,820 --> 01:38:50,278 AUDIENCE: It's interesting too, because the bottom question 2259 01:38:50,278 --> 01:38:56,150 gets at the anthropological question of what is beauty. 2260 01:38:56,150 --> 01:38:59,289 But really, I think it's much more. 2261 01:38:59,289 --> 01:39:01,580 If we're going to get back to the evolutionary question 2262 01:39:01,580 --> 01:39:03,795 of what makes someone cold versus hot, and will 2263 01:39:03,795 --> 01:39:06,080 they die soon or not-- if all of us 2264 01:39:06,080 --> 01:39:11,040 has evolved to the point where 80% of tweens 2265 01:39:11,040 --> 01:39:14,070 end up getting braces, what's wrong with our society, 2266 01:39:14,070 --> 01:39:16,620 and why do we have to keep fixing these teeth? 2267 01:39:16,620 --> 01:39:18,869 Is it actually going to make us die sooner 2268 01:39:18,869 --> 01:39:20,410 if you don't fix your teeth, or is it 2269 01:39:20,410 --> 01:39:22,420 just because we look prettier? 2270 01:39:22,420 --> 01:39:23,910 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Is it cosmetic? 2271 01:39:23,910 --> 01:39:25,020 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 2272 01:39:25,020 --> 01:39:26,882 I know that I will at some point have 2273 01:39:26,882 --> 01:39:29,090 to deal with some more significant dental issues that 2274 01:39:29,090 --> 01:39:31,700 are actually about my functioning. 2275 01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,610 But proportion of this is actually-- I don't know. 2276 01:39:35,610 --> 01:39:38,056 And I don't know if that's a question you're even 2277 01:39:38,056 --> 01:39:41,630 going to get into, but why do so many teenagers end up 2278 01:39:41,630 --> 01:39:42,560 getting braces. 2279 01:39:42,560 --> 01:39:49,710 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So that and Elizabeth's point are related. 2280 01:39:49,710 --> 01:39:53,770 When she was describing the barbarity of you 2281 01:39:53,770 --> 01:39:56,270 get these metal blocks and a wire in your mouth 2282 01:39:56,270 --> 01:39:58,270 and all sorts of stuff-- what technique is that? 2283 01:39:58,270 --> 01:39:58,910 What is that? 2284 01:39:58,910 --> 01:40:00,030 It's not a metaphor. 2285 01:40:00,030 --> 01:40:03,400 What is she doing there? 2286 01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:05,230 Yeah, so she's inducing emotional pain 2287 01:40:05,230 --> 01:40:07,870 by asking you to put yourself in her shoes and getting this. 2288 01:40:07,870 --> 01:40:12,030 But specifically when she says, OK, you get braces. 2289 01:40:12,030 --> 01:40:14,020 You're going to go and have someone-- 2290 01:40:14,020 --> 01:40:17,710 you're going to pay them to glue metal stuff 2291 01:40:17,710 --> 01:40:20,095 to every one of your teeth, then take a wire that is not 2292 01:40:20,095 --> 01:40:22,720 in the shape of your mouth, bend it so that it fits your mouth, 2293 01:40:22,720 --> 01:40:25,500 and then it forces your teeth to move around. 2294 01:40:25,500 --> 01:40:27,640 Like what is that that she's doing? 2295 01:40:27,640 --> 01:40:29,990 Who here has seen Robin Williams' comedy 2296 01:40:29,990 --> 01:40:31,220 sketch on golf? 2297 01:40:31,220 --> 01:40:33,810 Anyone? 2298 01:40:33,810 --> 01:40:34,630 Oh, you have? 2299 01:40:34,630 --> 01:40:37,360 It has a lot of bad language in it, but it is hilarious. 2300 01:40:37,360 --> 01:40:39,000 And I can't do it here for that reason, 2301 01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:41,630 but you should watch it tonight. 2302 01:40:41,630 --> 01:40:45,800 He basically says, look, golf-- you 2303 01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:50,380 take a stick with a really tiny metal thing on the end of it, 2304 01:40:50,380 --> 01:40:52,230 and you have a small ball. 2305 01:40:52,230 --> 01:40:55,250 And the goal is, without touching the ball, 2306 01:40:55,250 --> 01:40:58,200 to beat it with the stick until you 2307 01:40:58,200 --> 01:41:01,680 get close enough to a tiny hole in the ground 2308 01:41:01,680 --> 01:41:04,150 that you can take another stick and then 2309 01:41:04,150 --> 01:41:08,882 gently tap the ball into the hole, not once, but 18 times. 2310 01:41:08,882 --> 01:41:10,840 That's the same technique as Elizabeth's using, 2311 01:41:10,840 --> 01:41:12,000 what is that? 2312 01:41:12,000 --> 01:41:13,150 Why is that interesting? 2313 01:41:13,150 --> 01:41:18,050 Why does that make us listen? 2314 01:41:18,050 --> 01:41:18,956 Yeah? 2315 01:41:18,956 --> 01:41:20,330 AUDIENCE: Well it's was humorous, 2316 01:41:20,330 --> 01:41:23,870 because you get used to the jargon and different terms, 2317 01:41:23,870 --> 01:41:27,180 but it's the sort of thing if you're trying to describe it 2318 01:41:27,180 --> 01:41:29,830 to someone who has no clue what you're talking about. 2319 01:41:29,830 --> 01:41:31,680 it just sounds so utterly ridiculous. 2320 01:41:31,680 --> 01:41:32,638 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Exactly. 2321 01:41:32,638 --> 01:41:35,740 So the humor, actually, I'd argue is a secondary component. 2322 01:41:35,740 --> 01:41:37,620 Really, the crux of it is what you said 2323 01:41:37,620 --> 01:41:39,080 about being used to something. 2324 01:41:39,080 --> 01:41:41,800 It is taking something that's familiar 2325 01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:46,490 and describing it from a completely different vantage 2326 01:41:46,490 --> 01:41:49,880 point, and you can only do that with things 2327 01:41:49,880 --> 01:41:52,210 that are familiar enough that people are so used 2328 01:41:52,210 --> 01:41:54,920 to them that they just don't think about it-- braces, 2329 01:41:54,920 --> 01:41:55,420 oh yeah. 2330 01:41:55,420 --> 01:41:57,540 Braces, whatever. 2331 01:41:57,540 --> 01:41:59,620 But when you shift that perspective, 2332 01:41:59,620 --> 01:42:01,270 you do inject humor. 2333 01:42:01,270 --> 01:42:03,190 You can inject drama. 2334 01:42:03,190 --> 01:42:07,750 You can inject-- mainly humor and drama. 2335 01:42:07,750 --> 01:42:08,697 Humor and drama. 2336 01:42:08,697 --> 01:42:11,280 And you force people to sort of step out of their comfort zone 2337 01:42:11,280 --> 01:42:13,420 and consider something that-- they just 2338 01:42:13,420 --> 01:42:18,390 look at it in a totally different way, which 2339 01:42:18,390 --> 01:42:20,550 is an alternative opening. 2340 01:42:20,550 --> 01:42:22,840 So that's another thing that you could consider. 2341 01:42:22,840 --> 01:42:24,700 If I were to tell you-- and the way to do 2342 01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:26,765 it would be to do it as a reveal. 2343 01:42:26,765 --> 01:42:28,140 If I were to tell you that you're 2344 01:42:28,140 --> 01:42:30,990 going to go to someone's place of business, 2345 01:42:30,990 --> 01:42:34,200 pay them money to fill your mouth with a bunch of metal 2346 01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:39,290 and plastic and chemicals, would you do it? 2347 01:42:39,290 --> 01:42:40,102 And then like, no. 2348 01:42:40,102 --> 01:42:41,310 But people do that every day. 2349 01:42:41,310 --> 01:42:42,910 It's called getting braces. 2350 01:42:42,910 --> 01:42:45,200 The way I just did it was not very good, 2351 01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:48,340 but you get the general idea. 2352 01:42:48,340 --> 01:42:49,816 Other comments? 2353 01:42:49,816 --> 01:42:51,964 AUDIENCE: I also liked-- I was actually 2354 01:42:51,964 --> 01:42:53,952 with Andrea when she was pitching 2355 01:42:53,952 --> 01:42:55,620 her idea to sixth graders. 2356 01:42:55,620 --> 01:43:00,690 And her first question was do you have braces? 2357 01:43:00,690 --> 01:43:04,940 And this one girl who did-- she was really excited about that. 2358 01:43:04,940 --> 01:43:06,156 Like yes, this is about me. 2359 01:43:06,156 --> 01:43:08,780 And then the next question was, well, do you know what they do? 2360 01:43:08,780 --> 01:43:11,890 And she started pitching all these ideas. 2361 01:43:11,890 --> 01:43:15,339 This is what I think they do, but then the answer 2362 01:43:15,339 --> 01:43:16,130 was very different. 2363 01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:22,745 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Sorry-- the girl thought 2364 01:43:22,745 --> 01:43:24,370 they did something completely different 2365 01:43:24,370 --> 01:43:25,328 than they actually did? 2366 01:43:25,328 --> 01:43:27,070 What did she think they did? 2367 01:43:27,070 --> 01:43:30,860 She just kind of said pushing teeth, whatever-- just a really 2368 01:43:30,860 --> 01:43:31,560 basic answer. 2369 01:43:31,560 --> 01:43:33,770 But then Andrea was saying there's 2370 01:43:33,770 --> 01:43:36,050 so much they actually do. 2371 01:43:36,050 --> 01:43:38,260 And I thought that was a really good way 2372 01:43:38,260 --> 01:43:40,310 to get into it, because they got really excited, 2373 01:43:40,310 --> 01:43:43,630 and they started talking about their experience with braces. 2374 01:43:43,630 --> 01:43:45,890 So here it's kind of-- if you say maybe 2375 01:43:45,890 --> 01:43:48,130 instead of whether it's worrying, 2376 01:43:48,130 --> 01:43:51,180 you could say do you worry about how much it will hurt? 2377 01:43:51,180 --> 01:43:53,840 All these things. 2378 01:43:53,840 --> 01:43:57,460 Get the audience thinking maybe offering their own ideas, 2379 01:43:57,460 --> 01:44:02,387 but also it connects them to-- this is something that I have. 2380 01:44:02,387 --> 01:44:03,220 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 2381 01:44:03,220 --> 01:44:06,230 So that approach-- generally, I would call it 2382 01:44:06,230 --> 01:44:08,240 the preconceived notion approach. 2383 01:44:08,240 --> 01:44:12,510 So you basically guess or know what your audience thinks 2384 01:44:12,510 --> 01:44:16,569 about something, and usually that is either entirely wrong, 2385 01:44:16,569 --> 01:44:18,860 or parts of it are wrong, or not complete, or whatever. 2386 01:44:18,860 --> 01:44:22,580 And you say you start the video by saying you probably think 2387 01:44:22,580 --> 01:44:25,620 that x, but actually y. 2388 01:44:25,620 --> 01:44:27,510 Or z or whatever. 2389 01:44:27,510 --> 01:44:32,510 And so that is another-- it's very different than the fill 2390 01:44:32,510 --> 01:44:34,810 your mouth with a bunch of metal and wires and stuff, 2391 01:44:34,810 --> 01:44:37,410 but it can be just as engaging and interesting, depending 2392 01:44:37,410 --> 01:44:40,130 on what the subject matter is. 2393 01:44:40,130 --> 01:44:42,090 The only difference-- and this is 2394 01:44:42,090 --> 01:44:45,010 where you've got to be careful-- is that when you're actually 2395 01:44:45,010 --> 01:44:46,930 in a room interacting with people, 2396 01:44:46,930 --> 01:44:49,920 going back and forth with the Socratic method is great, 2397 01:44:49,920 --> 01:44:52,300 and it is a perfect way to get into the topic, 2398 01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:55,260 but you can't do that with video. 2399 01:44:55,260 --> 01:44:57,100 And so you what you don't want to do 2400 01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:04,420 is make that two dimensional conversation one dimension 2401 01:45:04,420 --> 01:45:07,420 by sort of just stripping the away the kids' answers 2402 01:45:07,420 --> 01:45:09,040 and just putting in the questions. 2403 01:45:14,730 --> 01:45:19,360 It's kind of like trying to fit a square peg into a round hole, 2404 01:45:19,360 --> 01:45:23,177 or the other way around in the sense that it's designed 2405 01:45:23,177 --> 01:45:25,468 for one medium, and you're trying to use it in another. 2406 01:45:25,468 --> 01:45:28,250 [? SEAM ?] And I know that's not a great way of explaining 2407 01:45:28,250 --> 01:45:31,001 why it doesn't fully work, and I don't necessarily 2408 01:45:31,001 --> 01:45:32,334 have a better way of explaining. 2409 01:45:32,334 --> 01:45:35,690 AUDIENCE: Isn't that why Dora and why Blues Clues 2410 01:45:35,690 --> 01:45:37,606 are held the way that they are, where 2411 01:45:37,606 --> 01:45:39,400 it's like a rhetorical question, but they 2412 01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:41,220 leave space for the kids to-- my son 2413 01:45:41,220 --> 01:45:42,678 watches and answers the television. 2414 01:45:42,678 --> 01:45:45,010 AUDIENCE: And that's the educational best practices 2415 01:45:45,010 --> 01:45:46,732 for educational videos that I was talking about 2416 01:45:46,732 --> 01:45:48,357 on the first day-- that you acknowledge 2417 01:45:48,357 --> 01:45:50,930 your audience, that you give room for interaction. 2418 01:45:50,930 --> 01:45:55,330 I will say, going out of your comment, 2419 01:45:55,330 --> 01:45:58,670 and sort of addressing the kids where they are-- 2420 01:45:58,670 --> 01:46:02,760 don't forget about George's point of talking 2421 01:46:02,760 --> 01:46:06,060 for the audience, not to them. 2422 01:46:06,060 --> 01:46:11,490 Because the overall point I would say about the wording 2423 01:46:11,490 --> 01:46:18,960 and the set-up of this opening is that a sixth grade kid would 2424 01:46:18,960 --> 01:46:21,730 be interested in this, but I'm not sure 2425 01:46:21,730 --> 01:46:25,850 that their parent would necessarily be relate. 2426 01:46:25,850 --> 01:46:29,240 And maybe it's just the way the questions are posed, 2427 01:46:29,240 --> 01:46:32,730 or the types of questions that are asked, 2428 01:46:32,730 --> 01:46:36,650 but there's a risk of falling into this tone 2429 01:46:36,650 --> 01:46:37,925 of like after-school special. 2430 01:46:41,420 --> 01:46:42,030 I don't know. 2431 01:46:42,030 --> 01:46:44,370 George, do you have tangible feedback 2432 01:46:44,370 --> 01:46:45,820 that you can give about that? 2433 01:46:45,820 --> 01:46:49,044 I can't identify exactly what it is. 2434 01:46:49,044 --> 01:46:50,085 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Let's see. 2435 01:46:53,637 --> 01:46:55,470 AUDIENCE: Maybe the question of why even get 2436 01:46:55,470 --> 01:46:59,360 braces-- how that follows this list of examples 2437 01:46:59,360 --> 01:47:02,145 of how much it'll hurt and depending on the delivery, 2438 01:47:02,145 --> 01:47:04,680 it can really change how this reads. 2439 01:47:04,680 --> 01:47:07,300 So why even get braces leads me to think 2440 01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:09,560 that this is the type of video that they'll 2441 01:47:09,560 --> 01:47:11,302 show at a dentist's office. 2442 01:47:11,302 --> 01:47:13,260 AUDIENCE: I feel maybe what you're getting back 2443 01:47:13,260 --> 01:47:21,290 to is the-- this is the first example that we've seen where 2444 01:47:21,290 --> 01:47:26,160 she's directly talking to you, whereas the other ones, it's 2445 01:47:26,160 --> 01:47:30,055 more of either the voice is different in all 2446 01:47:30,055 --> 01:47:30,680 the other ones. 2447 01:47:30,680 --> 01:47:32,900 This is the first one where she's talking directly 2448 01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:36,350 to the audience, and it's abstract. 2449 01:47:39,050 --> 01:47:43,540 You were using yourself to say, this is what I do. 2450 01:47:43,540 --> 01:47:47,140 This is a boat, and this is back to me, my voice. 2451 01:47:47,140 --> 01:47:50,130 And you were talking about time travel and Stephen Hawking 2452 01:47:50,130 --> 01:47:55,140 as this third voice. 2453 01:47:55,140 --> 01:47:57,410 But this is the first time we've seen 2454 01:47:57,410 --> 01:48:02,590 sort of an abstract you in there that makes it, 2455 01:48:02,590 --> 01:48:05,209 I think, a little fuzzy in that way. 2456 01:48:05,209 --> 01:48:07,000 GEORGE ZAIDAN: And I'm not necessarily sure 2457 01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:11,520 that it would help to just switch out the you with a we, 2458 01:48:11,520 --> 01:48:18,390 because it is a we, but it's also sort of a royal-feeling we 2459 01:48:18,390 --> 01:48:21,910 rather than a-- we're going to do this. 2460 01:48:21,910 --> 01:48:24,050 Royal, by the way, I don't want to-- I 2461 01:48:24,050 --> 01:48:26,370 realize I'm lacing this with jargon, but royal 2462 01:48:26,370 --> 01:48:32,506 we means basically just I. You say we, but you mean I. 2463 01:48:32,506 --> 01:48:33,260 So I don't know. 2464 01:48:33,260 --> 01:48:35,135 I think this is a really interesting problem. 2465 01:48:35,135 --> 01:48:39,350 Does anyone have thoughts on how to reward 2466 01:48:39,350 --> 01:48:43,610 without going the sort of dramatic dentist route? 2467 01:48:43,610 --> 01:48:46,000 Because I think this is interesting. 2468 01:48:46,000 --> 01:48:46,846 Yeah? 2469 01:48:46,846 --> 01:48:50,850 AUDIENCE: We mentioned the personal aspect of it. 2470 01:48:50,850 --> 01:48:53,278 If you had braces, and you suffered from this 2471 01:48:53,278 --> 01:48:55,166 and that kind of [INAUDIBLE]. 2472 01:48:55,166 --> 01:48:59,455 So we can say how [INAUDIBLE], because I experienced it 2473 01:48:59,455 --> 01:49:02,084 just as you might be experiencing it right now. 2474 01:49:02,084 --> 01:49:03,500 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I kind of think I'd 2475 01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:06,560 be even better if-- I know you don't have braces now, 2476 01:49:06,560 --> 01:49:10,070 but I would almost want the host of the video 2477 01:49:10,070 --> 01:49:14,834 to either actually have braces or I 2478 01:49:14,834 --> 01:49:16,500 don't know if it's even possible to like 2479 01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:17,900 put fake braces in your mouth. 2480 01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:20,040 Like temporary braces that you could just 2481 01:49:20,040 --> 01:49:22,170 have in there for a day and to just start 2482 01:49:22,170 --> 01:49:23,580 with something like-- 2483 01:49:23,580 --> 01:49:25,997 AUDIENCE: They did it on Ugly Betty for all their seasons. 2484 01:49:25,997 --> 01:49:27,288 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Did they really? 2485 01:49:27,288 --> 01:49:28,620 AUDIENCE: Yeah, they did. 2486 01:49:28,620 --> 01:49:29,830 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I thought she actually had braces. 2487 01:49:29,830 --> 01:49:30,371 I don't know. 2488 01:49:30,371 --> 01:49:32,440 Anyway. 2489 01:49:32,440 --> 01:49:35,451 But to start with something like see the metal stuff 2490 01:49:35,451 --> 01:49:35,950 in my teeth? 2491 01:49:35,950 --> 01:49:36,930 This is called braces. 2492 01:49:36,930 --> 01:49:42,232 And you have this-- it's a piece of metal. 2493 01:49:42,232 --> 01:49:43,190 It's glued to my teeth. 2494 01:49:43,190 --> 01:49:45,810 This wire is bent, and it's forcing my teeth around. 2495 01:49:45,810 --> 01:49:48,840 So you're kind of doing this sort of dramatic dentist 2496 01:49:48,840 --> 01:49:52,800 approach, but not as storified. 2497 01:49:52,800 --> 01:50:00,040 And you are sort of sideways hitting these points. 2498 01:50:00,040 --> 01:50:05,960 Like I've got all the stuff in my mouth-- is it going to hurt? 2499 01:50:05,960 --> 01:50:08,380 What happens if this wire pops out? 2500 01:50:08,380 --> 01:50:11,350 Clearly I have a bit of trouble talking or whatever 2501 01:50:11,350 --> 01:50:16,920 the issues are, but you do it in a way that is-- because you're 2502 01:50:16,920 --> 01:50:19,480 pointing at something, because it's kind of a demo, 2503 01:50:19,480 --> 01:50:22,010 it's more conversational, more relatable. i don't know. 2504 01:50:22,010 --> 01:50:23,010 That's my thought on it. 2505 01:50:23,010 --> 01:50:23,968 What do you guys think? 2506 01:50:23,968 --> 01:50:25,540 AUDIENCE: I was thinking maybe-- you 2507 01:50:25,540 --> 01:50:29,620 know how infomercials always ask you have you ever 2508 01:50:29,620 --> 01:50:32,300 had this problem, and then they go into the details. 2509 01:50:32,300 --> 01:50:35,460 So maybe start off with have you ever had braces 2510 01:50:35,460 --> 01:50:36,910 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 2511 01:50:36,910 --> 01:50:38,784 AUDIENCE: How much it hurts when [INAUDIBLE]. 2512 01:50:41,421 --> 01:50:44,171 So it relates back to them. 2513 01:50:44,171 --> 01:50:46,420 AUDIENCE: Were the braces your second time having them 2514 01:50:46,420 --> 01:50:48,930 or your first-- it was your first time. 2515 01:50:48,930 --> 01:50:52,950 AUDIENCE: You could show crazy teeth. 2516 01:50:52,950 --> 01:50:54,752 AUDIENCE: David Bowie's teeth? 2517 01:50:54,752 --> 01:50:55,960 AUDIENCE: Any English person. 2518 01:50:58,904 --> 01:51:02,310 If think maybe we've all seen the bubba teeth enough times 2519 01:51:02,310 --> 01:51:04,210 that we know what they are when we see them. 2520 01:51:04,210 --> 01:51:07,860 But maybe many Europe creators haven't seen then, 2521 01:51:07,860 --> 01:51:10,423 and you could start talking with this horrible mouth of teeth 2522 01:51:10,423 --> 01:51:12,688 and then pull them out. 2523 01:51:15,940 --> 01:51:19,335 AUDIENCE: I feel like this backing out a lot from what 2524 01:51:19,335 --> 01:51:20,251 we were talking about. 2525 01:51:20,251 --> 01:51:24,430 But my big question is why we even have the first section, 2526 01:51:24,430 --> 01:51:28,780 because to my understanding, the video is about how braces work, 2527 01:51:28,780 --> 01:51:30,836 but in this first section. 2528 01:51:30,836 --> 01:51:32,460 It's more about why would you get them, 2529 01:51:32,460 --> 01:51:34,543 but I kind of get the feeling that the video isn't 2530 01:51:34,543 --> 01:51:38,570 really about why you get them, it's just how they do that. 2531 01:51:38,570 --> 01:51:40,507 I don't know. 2532 01:51:40,507 --> 01:51:42,090 AUDIENCE: Going off that, I was trying 2533 01:51:42,090 --> 01:51:46,045 to do figure out what my main concerns with this 2534 01:51:46,045 --> 01:51:49,584 were, and I didn't have a mental grasp on it until you mentioned 2535 01:51:49,584 --> 01:51:50,450 [INAUDIBLE]. 2536 01:51:50,450 --> 01:51:52,620 Because I haven't had braces. 2537 01:51:52,620 --> 01:51:55,800 I don't plan on getting braces, so I felt really, 2538 01:51:55,800 --> 01:52:00,805 alienated by the you in this, because I would probably, 2539 01:52:00,805 --> 01:52:03,370 realistically, turn this video off because I'm not 2540 01:52:03,370 --> 01:52:06,610 interested in why people get graces, because that's not 2541 01:52:06,610 --> 01:52:07,470 relevant to my life. 2542 01:52:07,470 --> 01:52:10,250 But if you posed the question have you ever 2543 01:52:10,250 --> 01:52:14,250 thought about exactly what braces do, 2544 01:52:14,250 --> 01:52:17,210 that's a much more interesting to me and to probably 2545 01:52:17,210 --> 01:52:18,210 a broader audience. 2546 01:52:18,210 --> 01:52:21,660 And [INAUDIBLE] your tone with whatever intro 2547 01:52:21,660 --> 01:52:23,760 you decide to [INAUDIBLE], because that seems 2548 01:52:23,760 --> 01:52:26,420 to be what your video's going to be about, especially if you 2549 01:52:26,420 --> 01:52:29,710 phrase it like braces are much more scientific 2550 01:52:29,710 --> 01:52:30,970 than we think they are. 2551 01:52:30,970 --> 01:52:35,120 They're not just magically mushing your teeth 2552 01:52:35,120 --> 01:52:37,480 into the correct place-- there's actually 2553 01:52:37,480 --> 01:52:39,160 a lot of things going on in your mouth 2554 01:52:39,160 --> 01:52:40,410 that people don't think about. 2555 01:52:40,410 --> 01:52:43,900 And thousands of people have braces every day. 2556 01:52:43,900 --> 01:52:46,764 AUDIENCE: And the other thing is I don't actually 2557 01:52:46,764 --> 01:52:48,180 think that the point of your video 2558 01:52:48,180 --> 01:52:50,810 should be how braces work, beside that's 2559 01:52:50,810 --> 01:52:54,590 an instructional video that Invisalign could make 2560 01:52:54,590 --> 01:52:56,290 and has made, so many times. 2561 01:52:56,290 --> 01:53:00,190 I've seen them so many times. 2562 01:53:00,190 --> 01:53:03,560 There's no spark or wonder or curiosity in that whatsoever. 2563 01:53:03,560 --> 01:53:05,020 And I'm not saying that every video 2564 01:53:05,020 --> 01:53:07,000 has to be Neil deGrasse Tyson contemplating 2565 01:53:07,000 --> 01:53:09,830 on the philosophies of our existence or whatever. 2566 01:53:09,830 --> 01:53:14,930 But when you think about it, you can be born with bubba teeth, 2567 01:53:14,930 --> 01:53:18,030 and we have the ability to know how 2568 01:53:18,030 --> 01:53:22,530 to craft bones in our bodies-- your teeth are the only exposed 2569 01:53:22,530 --> 01:53:23,860 bone in your entire body. 2570 01:53:23,860 --> 01:53:30,070 And we have figured out a way to alter that, in such a way 2571 01:53:30,070 --> 01:53:31,820 that we can still continue to use them. 2572 01:53:31,820 --> 01:53:33,280 So it's not like you break a bone 2573 01:53:33,280 --> 01:53:39,380 and try to align a crooked finger or something. 2574 01:53:39,380 --> 01:53:45,290 We've loop-holed around bubba teeth and the bones 2575 01:53:45,290 --> 01:53:49,360 that we have been born with, and can actually 2576 01:53:49,360 --> 01:53:51,980 dissolve the osteoblast or osteoplast 2577 01:53:51,980 --> 01:53:55,020 or get them to dissolve bone and restructure it. 2578 01:53:55,020 --> 01:53:57,205 And we can manipulate, essentially-- 2579 01:53:58,884 --> 01:54:00,300 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think what you're 2580 01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:04,350 saying is braces shouldn't work, just by reasonable-- 2581 01:54:04,350 --> 01:54:06,421 AUDIENCE: Or not even that they shouldn't work, 2582 01:54:06,421 --> 01:54:08,462 but we shouldn't be able to do the things that we 2583 01:54:08,462 --> 01:54:09,253 can do with braces. 2584 01:54:11,944 --> 01:54:13,307 Braces shouldn't exist. 2585 01:54:13,307 --> 01:54:15,640 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Well I don't know that they should exist. 2586 01:54:19,100 --> 01:54:23,800 The fact that you can basically blunt trauma move teeth around 2587 01:54:23,800 --> 01:54:26,450 and then your body gets them to stay where 2588 01:54:26,450 --> 01:54:29,420 you put them is really weird. 2589 01:54:29,420 --> 01:54:34,350 That's something that is-- I don't know about 2590 01:54:34,350 --> 01:54:36,910 if you were to break an arm and what 2591 01:54:36,910 --> 01:54:39,640 the difference is between a braces and a cast, for example. 2592 01:54:39,640 --> 01:54:42,370 That might be another analogy, or simile, or whatever. 2593 01:54:42,370 --> 01:54:45,830 But it is bizarre. 2594 01:54:45,830 --> 01:54:48,700 When you said the thing about one type of cell 2595 01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:57,030 dissolves the bone, and then the other one re-bonifies it 2596 01:54:57,030 --> 01:54:59,670 in the right place. 2597 01:54:59,670 --> 01:55:03,560 To me, that's the weirdest and coolest part 2598 01:55:03,560 --> 01:55:05,170 of the braces thing. 2599 01:55:05,170 --> 01:55:10,660 And so incidentally, why does your body even do that? 2600 01:55:10,660 --> 01:55:12,660 I mean it's not something that your body came up 2601 01:55:12,660 --> 01:55:15,010 with in response to braces. 2602 01:55:15,010 --> 01:55:17,300 This is an ability that it has. 2603 01:55:17,300 --> 01:55:19,580 AUDIENCE: Yeah, this is in your entire skeleton. 2604 01:55:19,580 --> 01:55:22,920 GEORGE ZAIDAN: So what happens in our natural experience 2605 01:55:22,920 --> 01:55:25,610 where our mouth would need to do that? 2606 01:55:25,610 --> 01:55:27,267 Get a tooth knocked out or what? 2607 01:55:30,610 --> 01:55:33,760 Why can we do that? 2608 01:55:33,760 --> 01:55:37,127 Is it only gums or is it elsewhere in our body too? 2609 01:55:37,127 --> 01:55:38,585 AUDIENCE: It's in your entire body, 2610 01:55:38,585 --> 01:55:42,980 because you very rarely have two hard substances butting up 2611 01:55:42,980 --> 01:55:43,930 against each other. 2612 01:55:43,930 --> 01:55:45,858 They have usually some covering that's 2613 01:55:45,858 --> 01:55:51,010 mediating that relationship. 2614 01:55:51,010 --> 01:55:54,320 And then if something happens to permanently mean 2615 01:55:54,320 --> 01:55:59,750 that these two pieces of hard substance 2616 01:55:59,750 --> 01:56:02,450 now have to be in this orientation as opposed 2617 01:56:02,450 --> 01:56:03,200 to this one. 2618 01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:05,646 How do you get it to stay that way. 2619 01:56:05,646 --> 01:56:08,020 AUDIENCE: So this is more about how the body heals itself 2620 01:56:08,020 --> 01:56:10,920 than it is about braces. 2621 01:56:10,920 --> 01:56:12,220 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 2622 01:56:12,220 --> 01:56:13,720 The word isn't even heal. 2623 01:56:13,720 --> 01:56:16,340 It's more like how your body deals with something 2624 01:56:16,340 --> 01:56:18,040 it can't change anymore. 2625 01:56:18,040 --> 01:56:20,840 Because healing implies that it puts it back the way 2626 01:56:20,840 --> 01:56:23,240 it was, which is not what it's doing. 2627 01:56:23,240 --> 01:56:27,110 It's like we are brute-changing our bodies, 2628 01:56:27,110 --> 01:56:28,730 and it's adapting to what we're doing. 2629 01:56:28,730 --> 01:56:30,022 Did you raise your hand? 2630 01:56:30,022 --> 01:56:34,364 AUDIENCE: Actually, I think that some experiment [INAUDIBLE] 2631 01:56:34,364 --> 01:56:35,780 basically to make yourself taller, 2632 01:56:35,780 --> 01:56:39,320 what they do is they break the bones in your legs. 2633 01:56:39,320 --> 01:56:41,010 AUDIENCE: Of your [INAUDIBLE]? 2634 01:56:41,010 --> 01:56:42,635 GEORGE ZAIDAN: To make yourself taller. 2635 01:56:44,621 --> 01:56:46,292 AUDIENCE: So maybe for one year, they 2636 01:56:46,292 --> 01:56:47,750 keep breaking the bone in your leg. 2637 01:56:47,750 --> 01:56:51,594 Then they stretch it slightly, like a few millimeters. 2638 01:56:51,594 --> 01:56:53,510 AUDIENCE: How many inches can they [INAUDIBLE] 2639 01:56:53,510 --> 01:56:54,344 out of you that way? 2640 01:56:54,344 --> 01:56:56,759 AUDIENCE: I think it's like an inch or an inch and a half. 2641 01:56:56,759 --> 01:56:58,410 AUDIENCE: Is it really worth one inch? 2642 01:56:58,410 --> 01:57:00,130 AUDIENCE: It's really painful. 2643 01:57:00,130 --> 01:57:01,588 AUDIENCE: So they keep breaking it, 2644 01:57:01,588 --> 01:57:07,490 and then you have to [INAUDIBLE] the distance apart [INAUDIBLE] 2645 01:57:07,490 --> 01:57:08,950 AUDIENCE: Sorry. 2646 01:57:08,950 --> 01:57:10,840 The point of the video though. 2647 01:57:10,840 --> 01:57:12,770 This is going back to Jamie's point of you 2648 01:57:12,770 --> 01:57:15,300 hone in on something very specific like braces, 2649 01:57:15,300 --> 01:57:17,160 but the point of the video is not really 2650 01:57:17,160 --> 01:57:19,867 just this is what happens when you get braces-- 2651 01:57:19,867 --> 01:57:21,950 it points to this bigger thing that we're actually 2652 01:57:21,950 --> 01:57:24,877 manipulating natural processes that happen in our bodies that 2653 01:57:24,877 --> 01:57:25,460 are important. 2654 01:57:25,460 --> 01:57:28,980 Like your bones have to break down and remodel all the time. 2655 01:57:28,980 --> 01:57:31,030 That is actually an essential process 2656 01:57:31,030 --> 01:57:36,910 of dissolving old bone and osteoblasts forming new bone. 2657 01:57:36,910 --> 01:57:41,150 If that doesn't happen, your body can't exist. 2658 01:57:41,150 --> 01:57:42,930 That's actually an essential process, 2659 01:57:42,930 --> 01:57:45,640 and with braces, you're manipulating that. 2660 01:57:45,640 --> 01:57:47,710 You're tricking your body in a way 2661 01:57:47,710 --> 01:57:50,880 to adapt to these blunt forces that you otherwise 2662 01:57:50,880 --> 01:57:52,090 wouldn't be able to do. 2663 01:57:52,090 --> 01:57:54,020 GEORGE ZAIDAN: We had no idea when we invented braces 2664 01:57:54,020 --> 01:57:55,330 that that's what was happening. 2665 01:57:55,330 --> 01:57:56,621 This was discovered afterwards? 2666 01:57:56,621 --> 01:57:58,870 Or did we know? 2667 01:57:58,870 --> 01:58:00,850 AUDIENCE: And I think taking those-- 2668 01:58:00,850 --> 01:58:02,350 what you were saying earlier about 2669 01:58:02,350 --> 01:58:06,180 how can we do this and what you were just saying. 2670 01:58:06,180 --> 01:58:09,630 We're manipulating a natural thing. 2671 01:58:09,630 --> 01:58:11,211 I think part of what you can do is 2672 01:58:11,211 --> 01:58:13,460 like-- I was talking to you about how your teeth slip. 2673 01:58:13,460 --> 01:58:15,590 You teeth want to go back to its natural state. 2674 01:58:15,590 --> 01:58:17,090 They don't want to be straight. 2675 01:58:17,090 --> 01:58:19,300 They want to be whatever you're born with. 2676 01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:21,810 And how that-- I don't know if it's possible. 2677 01:58:21,810 --> 01:58:25,220 You might be able to take that angle-- we're 2678 01:58:25,220 --> 01:58:27,760 made as how we're made and we're to manipulate this, 2679 01:58:27,760 --> 01:58:31,500 but in the end, we just want to go back to the [INAUDIBLE]. 2680 01:58:31,500 --> 01:58:36,560 And how this is process of using braces as kind of-- at first 2681 01:58:36,560 --> 01:58:39,796 it can seem like it's barbaric, but it's trying 2682 01:58:39,796 --> 01:58:41,169 to manipulate this process. 2683 01:58:41,169 --> 01:58:41,710 I don't know. 2684 01:58:41,710 --> 01:58:43,710 AUDIENCE: This is such an interesting challenge, 2685 01:58:43,710 --> 01:58:46,810 because we were talking about this yesterday-- how Andrea 2686 01:58:46,810 --> 01:58:50,520 is struggling with the opposite issue 2687 01:58:50,520 --> 01:58:53,320 that almost all the rest of your scripts 2688 01:58:53,320 --> 01:58:56,250 are struggling with which is she has the very concrete thing, 2689 01:58:56,250 --> 01:58:58,460 but she's not sure about the big question is. 2690 01:58:58,460 --> 01:59:01,850 That this is the example for that big question. 2691 01:59:01,850 --> 01:59:04,580 And we're struggling right now to help her figure out 2692 01:59:04,580 --> 01:59:07,590 was is that question that allows her to use what she knows 2693 01:59:07,590 --> 01:59:09,370 about braces as a cool way of illustrating 2694 01:59:09,370 --> 01:59:11,200 some very cool concept. 2695 01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:13,360 And I feel like most of you are actually 2696 01:59:13,360 --> 01:59:16,060 struggling with the opposite-- you have some cool concept, 2697 01:59:16,060 --> 01:59:17,960 and you're trying to figure out what's 2698 01:59:17,960 --> 01:59:21,990 the specific story I'm going to tell to illustrate that. 2699 01:59:21,990 --> 01:59:24,510 And so we've actually got like a reverse engineering problem 2700 01:59:24,510 --> 01:59:28,250 here, which is we don't know what the question is that she 2701 01:59:28,250 --> 01:59:29,790 wants to ask that allows her to tell 2702 01:59:29,790 --> 01:59:33,170 this cool story about braces in a way 2703 01:59:33,170 --> 01:59:36,380 that that example is a perfect example for this larger 2704 01:59:36,380 --> 01:59:37,760 concept. 2705 01:59:37,760 --> 01:59:40,280 And the problem right now is that there 2706 01:59:40,280 --> 01:59:43,974 are a bunch of different questions we could ask. 2707 01:59:43,974 --> 01:59:45,390 AUDIENCE: But it's a good exercise 2708 01:59:45,390 --> 01:59:47,680 to throw-out all these bigger questions, because that 2709 01:59:47,680 --> 01:59:50,430 gets you out of the after-school special. 2710 01:59:50,430 --> 01:59:53,430 That gets you out of why do we get braces? 2711 01:59:53,430 --> 01:59:55,270 You put up with this trauma so that you 2712 01:59:55,270 --> 02:00:00,660 have a healthy, shiny smile, and then thumbs up and end credits. 2713 02:00:00,660 --> 02:00:03,340 You don't want to have a video that's like that. 2714 02:00:03,340 --> 02:00:05,090 GEORGE ZAIDAN: To play devil's advocate. 2715 02:00:05,090 --> 02:00:06,870 AUDIENCE: You don't want to have a video! 2716 02:00:06,870 --> 02:00:07,828 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I agree. 2717 02:00:07,828 --> 02:00:08,560 No, no, I agree. 2718 02:00:08,560 --> 02:00:09,270 I agree with you. 2719 02:00:09,270 --> 02:00:10,100 I agree with you. 2720 02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:13,050 But you can play off that expectation 2721 02:00:13,050 --> 02:00:15,020 in fun and interesting ways, like I 2722 02:00:15,020 --> 02:00:17,060 would be perfectly happy to start a video 2723 02:00:17,060 --> 02:00:19,199 as a parody of an infomercial. 2724 02:00:19,199 --> 02:00:20,740 AUDIENCE: Like a parody is different. 2725 02:00:20,740 --> 02:00:22,615 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Parody of an infomercial, yes. 2726 02:00:22,615 --> 02:00:24,000 Yes, yes, yes. 2727 02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:27,672 I mean to do the infomercial and then reveal it's a parody. 2728 02:00:27,672 --> 02:00:29,130 AUDIENCE: But you wouldn't actually 2729 02:00:29,130 --> 02:00:33,480 go out with the intention of the infomercial as your tone. 2730 02:00:33,480 --> 02:00:35,310 No, but we'd shoot it and deliver it 2731 02:00:35,310 --> 02:00:39,390 as an honest-to-God infomercial for the first 20 2732 02:00:39,390 --> 02:00:42,076 seconds or whatever, until you establish that you're joking. 2733 02:00:42,076 --> 02:00:43,100 AUDIENCE: No more than 20 seconds 2734 02:00:43,100 --> 02:00:44,740 or else you'll bore the crap out of your audience. 2735 02:00:44,740 --> 02:00:45,600 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah. 2736 02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:47,850 And you actually have to go a bit over the top of what 2737 02:00:47,850 --> 02:00:52,880 the normal tone would be to sort of signal that you're-- yeah. 2738 02:00:52,880 --> 02:00:54,022 Yeah? 2739 02:00:54,022 --> 02:00:56,878 AUDIENCE: So when I first heard Andrea 2740 02:00:56,878 --> 02:00:59,840 say that your jaw dissolves. 2741 02:00:59,840 --> 02:01:01,590 That kind of brings up a lot of images. 2742 02:01:01,590 --> 02:01:03,990 There are so many movies where there's 2743 02:01:03,990 --> 02:01:06,822 a focus on teeth destroying mankind. 2744 02:01:06,822 --> 02:01:08,910 So there's Jaws, there's Piranhas, 2745 02:01:08,910 --> 02:01:13,460 there's just random people with teeth walking around, 2746 02:01:13,460 --> 02:01:15,312 and that's kind of their main feature. 2747 02:01:15,312 --> 02:01:16,520 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Zombie movies. 2748 02:01:16,520 --> 02:01:20,470 AUDIENCE: Yeah, and we watched a video about what makes things 2749 02:01:20,470 --> 02:01:22,240 creepy, and one of the images was just 2750 02:01:22,240 --> 02:01:25,710 a teddy bear with teeth, and that was horrifying. 2751 02:01:25,710 --> 02:01:29,590 So I think the idea-- so it's just making the familiar thing 2752 02:01:29,590 --> 02:01:30,400 unfamiliar. 2753 02:01:30,400 --> 02:01:35,340 So you can even get away from the idea of getting braces. 2754 02:01:35,340 --> 02:01:36,870 This is something we do, but rather 2755 02:01:36,870 --> 02:01:42,590 start with this monstrous thing that we dissolve our jaw. 2756 02:01:42,590 --> 02:01:44,390 And that's a really cool image. 2757 02:01:44,390 --> 02:01:46,090 And maybe you put it on a teddy bear. 2758 02:01:46,090 --> 02:01:49,900 You don't even have to associate it with human kind. 2759 02:01:49,900 --> 02:01:52,040 And then at the end, you come back to the familiar. 2760 02:01:52,040 --> 02:01:55,810 This is what we do, let the viewer think back 2761 02:01:55,810 --> 02:01:58,090 and say, oh, wow. 2762 02:01:58,090 --> 02:02:01,700 This is me doing really well cool things inside me body. 2763 02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:05,360 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think figuring out other examples where 2764 02:02:05,360 --> 02:02:08,700 essentially bone is dissolved and basically 2765 02:02:08,700 --> 02:02:10,960 listing all of those out-- seeing 2766 02:02:10,960 --> 02:02:13,500 what the differences are, what the commonalities are. 2767 02:02:13,500 --> 02:02:16,460 And then from there, I think you will 2768 02:02:16,460 --> 02:02:21,520 have a better sense of what the overall story or big question 2769 02:02:21,520 --> 02:02:27,410 of the video is, whether it's infomercial parody, horror 2770 02:02:27,410 --> 02:02:32,150 at the dentist, bub teeth, teddy bear with a creepy smile. 2771 02:02:32,150 --> 02:02:38,180 Whatever it ends up being, I think you're absolutely right. 2772 02:02:38,180 --> 02:02:42,580 The challenge is you have one concrete example. 2773 02:02:42,580 --> 02:02:46,280 One really interesting, good, concrete example. 2774 02:02:46,280 --> 02:02:48,820 And the question is how to get to it in a way that 2775 02:02:48,820 --> 02:02:52,230 is authentic and engaging. 2776 02:02:52,230 --> 02:02:54,984 AUDIENCE: The body morphing concept is very interesting. 2777 02:02:54,984 --> 02:02:56,650 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Oh, that's the other one. 2778 02:02:56,650 --> 02:02:58,774 Breaking your legs to get taller. 2779 02:02:58,774 --> 02:03:07,410 AUDIENCE: And because it's a everyday example of something 2780 02:03:07,410 --> 02:03:09,966 that's actually really bizarre of us 2781 02:03:09,966 --> 02:03:13,280 physically altering our own image 2782 02:03:13,280 --> 02:03:15,310 for one reason or another. 2783 02:03:15,310 --> 02:03:19,990 And people have experimented with-- in certain countries, 2784 02:03:19,990 --> 02:03:22,320 big feet are not attractive. 2785 02:03:22,320 --> 02:03:24,820 And trying to swaddle their feet in order to protect women's 2786 02:03:24,820 --> 02:03:27,550 feet from getting too big. 2787 02:03:27,550 --> 02:03:29,030 And thinking of what are the ways 2788 02:03:29,030 --> 02:03:33,480 we have either for beauty or for function 2789 02:03:33,480 --> 02:03:38,680 found ways to manipulate our physical appearance 2790 02:03:38,680 --> 02:03:41,382 at a structural or cellular level. 2791 02:03:41,382 --> 02:03:44,180 Not just on a going to the plastic surgeon 2792 02:03:44,180 --> 02:03:47,960 and getting them to fix my nose [INAUDIBLE]. 2793 02:03:47,960 --> 02:03:49,950 GEORGE ZAIDAN: In a weird way, some 2794 02:03:49,950 --> 02:03:54,790 of the body modifications that we associate with extremism 2795 02:03:54,790 --> 02:03:56,170 are the easiest. 2796 02:03:56,170 --> 02:03:59,650 You get a piercing, you're just driving a nail 2797 02:03:59,650 --> 02:04:01,520 through your ear, so what, big deal. 2798 02:04:01,520 --> 02:04:04,940 Braces, which everybody thinks are like-- everyone 2799 02:04:04,940 --> 02:04:08,200 gets braces-- are actually this incredibly complicated 2800 02:04:08,200 --> 02:04:09,780 biochemical process that's happening 2801 02:04:09,780 --> 02:04:13,840 that's a team effort between the hunk of metal in your teeth 2802 02:04:13,840 --> 02:04:17,410 and your body to reshape the only exposed bones that you 2803 02:04:17,410 --> 02:04:20,044 have on you. 2804 02:04:20,044 --> 02:04:22,460 AUDIENCE: And it's more than just brute force pulling them 2805 02:04:22,460 --> 02:04:24,890 together, but you're actually affecting 2806 02:04:24,890 --> 02:04:27,570 the biochemical interactions that 2807 02:04:27,570 --> 02:04:30,340 are happening within your body. 2808 02:04:30,340 --> 02:04:31,840 AUDIENCE: Maybe start off with that, 2809 02:04:31,840 --> 02:04:35,728 like say the common misconception of how 2810 02:04:35,728 --> 02:04:37,120 braces work. 2811 02:04:37,120 --> 02:04:39,120 AUDIENCE: But until you know where you're going, 2812 02:04:39,120 --> 02:04:40,932 that doesn't help. 2813 02:04:40,932 --> 02:04:43,390 So I wonder if, since it kind of feels like we're circling, 2814 02:04:43,390 --> 02:04:48,050 that maybe what we need to do is either have Andrea or all 2815 02:04:48,050 --> 02:04:53,290 of us come up with a whole couple of our questions 2816 02:04:53,290 --> 02:04:55,419 that the braces could be the answer to. 2817 02:04:55,419 --> 02:04:56,960 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think also coming up 2818 02:04:56,960 --> 02:04:59,376 with a list of other examples that are similar and simple. 2819 02:04:59,376 --> 02:05:01,470 AUDIENCE: And then maybe tomorrow we circle back 2820 02:05:01,470 --> 02:05:06,120 and see if we can better explore this, 2821 02:05:06,120 --> 02:05:09,240 because I don't know that right now we're going to get there. 2822 02:05:09,240 --> 02:05:11,200 AUDIENCE: I mean we have a lot of options 2823 02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:12,560 that you can toy with. 2824 02:05:12,560 --> 02:05:15,690 The point of the conversation is that the point of the video 2825 02:05:15,690 --> 02:05:18,530 shouldn't be this is how braces work. 2826 02:05:18,530 --> 02:05:22,410 It's a tool that you use to reach the bigger point. 2827 02:05:22,410 --> 02:05:25,450 And the bigger point has not been established yet, 2828 02:05:25,450 --> 02:05:29,841 but there are lots of possibilities that hopefully 2829 02:05:29,841 --> 02:05:30,840 we've been throwing out. 2830 02:05:30,840 --> 02:05:33,010 And this thread of body modification 2831 02:05:33,010 --> 02:05:34,910 is a different thread than the old making 2832 02:05:34,910 --> 02:05:37,926 the familiar unfamiliar, and I'm not sure 2833 02:05:37,926 --> 02:05:40,050 that you can address all of them in a single video. 2834 02:05:40,050 --> 02:05:40,380 GEORGE ZAIDAN: No, you can't. 2835 02:05:40,380 --> 02:05:42,700 AUDIENCE: But they're all possible options They're all 2836 02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:45,070 equally viable options. 2837 02:05:45,070 --> 02:05:47,540 I would say that on a practical level, how that relates 2838 02:05:47,540 --> 02:05:49,650 to the script that you've written here-- 2839 02:05:49,650 --> 02:05:51,700 I mean the studies have shown that having 2840 02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:57,940 a beautiful smile-- that's a sentence that's explaining 2841 02:05:57,940 --> 02:06:01,489 why we get braces, but that's not necessarily a point 2842 02:06:01,489 --> 02:06:03,530 that I think you should eliminate from the video, 2843 02:06:03,530 --> 02:06:06,250 it's just a point that can come much, much later. 2844 02:06:08,285 --> 02:06:09,660 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I'd actually argue 2845 02:06:09,660 --> 02:06:16,690 that that's its own video, because the whole-- this 2846 02:06:16,690 --> 02:06:23,160 is kind of this like philosophical point that raises 2847 02:06:23,160 --> 02:06:25,580 so many interesting questions like well 2848 02:06:25,580 --> 02:06:28,190 how important is a smile to the rest of your face. 2849 02:06:28,190 --> 02:06:31,830 Is symmetry important? 2850 02:06:31,830 --> 02:06:34,460 Does it really actually make people like you more 2851 02:06:34,460 --> 02:06:37,884 if your teeth are whiter-- so that, for me-- 2852 02:06:37,884 --> 02:06:39,860 AUDIENCE: It's almost like a psychology video. 2853 02:06:39,860 --> 02:06:41,651 GEORGE ZAIDAN: It's a whole separate video. 2854 02:06:41,651 --> 02:06:42,690 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 2855 02:06:42,690 --> 02:06:44,856 AUDIENCE: Time has done a whole bunch of different-- 2856 02:06:44,856 --> 02:06:47,454 I think Time Magazine has done a whole series on beauty 2857 02:06:47,454 --> 02:06:52,490 and the physical nature of beauty and all that. 2858 02:06:52,490 --> 02:06:55,330 I think tons of popular magazine have really 2859 02:06:55,330 --> 02:06:57,200 tried to explore this topic. 2860 02:06:57,200 --> 02:06:59,120 I always get nervous when we say studies too, 2861 02:06:59,120 --> 02:07:03,890 because the critical scientist in all of us is like who? 2862 02:07:03,890 --> 02:07:05,280 How legit are they? 2863 02:07:05,280 --> 02:07:07,010 And are they at Harvard, or are they 2864 02:07:07,010 --> 02:07:10,100 at Podunk somewhere and the only person in the universe 2865 02:07:10,100 --> 02:07:11,380 who thinks this. 2866 02:07:11,380 --> 02:07:13,610 So that's just something that I always think about. 2867 02:07:13,610 --> 02:07:17,086 AUDIENCE: But just saying that that sentence-- you can neither 2868 02:07:17,086 --> 02:07:19,502 get rid of it entirely in the open-- I would get rid of it 2869 02:07:19,502 --> 02:07:20,502 entirely in the opening. 2870 02:07:20,502 --> 02:07:24,954 AUDIENCE: I think that if it were me at this point, 2871 02:07:24,954 --> 02:07:26,370 I would want to actually-- this is 2872 02:07:26,370 --> 02:07:27,870 what I tell a lot of people who come 2873 02:07:27,870 --> 02:07:31,240 in my lab for a variety of a different communication tasks-- 2874 02:07:31,240 --> 02:07:35,945 is to actually minimize this and not not look at it, 2875 02:07:35,945 --> 02:07:39,200 and see if you can come up with an idea that this fits under, 2876 02:07:39,200 --> 02:07:41,820 and then come back to this idea and see if you can somehow 2877 02:07:41,820 --> 02:07:42,970 repurpose it. 2878 02:07:42,970 --> 02:07:45,460 But the idea of trying to repurpose this 2879 02:07:45,460 --> 02:07:47,596 without that bigger concept is not really 2880 02:07:47,596 --> 02:07:50,230 going to allow your mind to get there. 2881 02:07:50,230 --> 02:07:51,480 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Yeah, actually. 2882 02:07:51,480 --> 02:07:53,188 And that leads me to another point, which 2883 02:07:53,188 --> 02:07:56,500 is everyone who's gone today and almost certainly the people who 2884 02:07:56,500 --> 02:08:00,870 have not been subjected to this horrifying treatment-- 2885 02:08:00,870 --> 02:08:02,610 you will all need to completely rewrite 2886 02:08:02,610 --> 02:08:04,040 your next draft from scratch. 2887 02:08:04,040 --> 02:08:05,730 So when we say redraft a script, we're 2888 02:08:05,730 --> 02:08:07,771 not saying like change a few words here or there. 2889 02:08:07,771 --> 02:08:10,630 We're saying start with a blank word document 2890 02:08:10,630 --> 02:08:12,630 and start from scratch, because otherwise you're 2891 02:08:12,630 --> 02:08:14,780 going to end up with all the same issues 2892 02:08:14,780 --> 02:08:16,110 that we talked about. 2893 02:08:16,110 --> 02:08:18,890 AUDIENCE: But if you end up loving a phrase that you used, 2894 02:08:18,890 --> 02:08:21,624 you can do what you call lifting a line, which 2895 02:08:21,624 --> 02:08:23,845 is to just copy and paste that line once you've got 2896 02:08:23,845 --> 02:08:25,840 your new structure in place. 2897 02:08:25,840 --> 02:08:28,260 And that keeps you from sticking to something 2898 02:08:28,260 --> 02:08:29,760 that doesn't really work, and trying 2899 02:08:29,760 --> 02:08:33,160 to step it into something that works a little better. 2900 02:08:33,160 --> 02:08:34,949 It keeps your mind open that way. 2901 02:08:34,949 --> 02:08:37,490 GEORGE ZAIDAN: If there's a line that really sticks with you, 2902 02:08:37,490 --> 02:08:39,970 oftentimes you will just, of your own will, rewrite it. 2903 02:08:39,970 --> 02:08:42,330 You don't even need to copy and paste it. 2904 02:08:42,330 --> 02:08:45,750 AUDIENCE: We won't get a chance to hit everyone's scripts 2905 02:08:45,750 --> 02:08:48,450 today, by George can stay until five, 2906 02:08:48,450 --> 02:08:50,600 and I can stick around as well. 2907 02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:55,320 It's about 3:30, so we should probably do a hosting. 2908 02:08:55,320 --> 02:08:57,386 AUDIENCE: I have to apologize, because I 2909 02:08:57,386 --> 02:09:00,800 have to leave every day at 3:30, and so I am sorry. 2910 02:09:00,800 --> 02:09:01,927 This is my moment to leave. 2911 02:09:01,927 --> 02:09:04,510 But if any of you need to reach me or want to connect with me, 2912 02:09:04,510 --> 02:09:05,010 email. 2913 02:09:05,010 --> 02:09:06,640 I will totally get back to you tonight. 2914 02:09:06,640 --> 02:09:08,848 But I am sorry that this always the moment of the day 2915 02:09:08,848 --> 02:09:10,394 where I have to leave. 2916 02:09:10,394 --> 02:09:11,060 So awesome work. 2917 02:09:14,710 --> 02:09:18,130 AUDIENCE: This is also a totally normal process. 2918 02:09:18,130 --> 02:09:21,959 George, your script was terrible. 2919 02:09:21,959 --> 02:09:24,250 No, we went back and forth actually three or four times 2920 02:09:24,250 --> 02:09:27,220 where she kept being like this is all fascinating information, 2921 02:09:27,220 --> 02:09:29,300 but what is the point of your script? 2922 02:09:29,300 --> 02:09:33,400 And as the writer, you are the worst person 2923 02:09:33,400 --> 02:09:36,561 to like objectively assess what the point of your script is. 2924 02:09:36,561 --> 02:09:38,560 So having other people talk about it is helpful. 2925 02:09:38,560 --> 02:09:42,310 AUDIENCE: And it's a lot easier to edit someone else's work 2926 02:09:42,310 --> 02:09:44,722 that exists than to come up with it on your own. 2927 02:09:44,722 --> 02:09:45,680 So it's totally normal. 2928 02:09:45,680 --> 02:09:48,310 GEORGE ZAIDAN: I think we did eight revisions of my script, 2929 02:09:48,310 --> 02:09:49,730 and I'm a professional writer. 2930 02:09:52,570 --> 02:09:54,792 AUDIENCE: What about defining the point 2931 02:09:54,792 --> 02:09:56,430 before you get started. 2932 02:09:56,430 --> 02:09:58,870 Particularly if you're doing a series, 2933 02:09:58,870 --> 02:10:00,996 you probably want some common theme, 2934 02:10:00,996 --> 02:10:04,590 and then each episode has a particular point. 2935 02:10:04,590 --> 02:10:05,770 Or I don't know. 2936 02:10:05,770 --> 02:10:09,250 GEORGE ZAIDAN: Oftentimes you have a point in your mind 2937 02:10:09,250 --> 02:10:12,740 when you start writing, but then as the script comes out, 2938 02:10:12,740 --> 02:10:14,400 maybe there's a better point. 2939 02:10:14,400 --> 02:10:19,640 Maybe discussions like these you discover that you know what? 2940 02:10:19,640 --> 02:10:22,942 Actually, this point that I was thinking 2941 02:10:22,942 --> 02:10:25,400 of when I wrote the script isn't what I want to talk about. 2942 02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:27,760 This other point really is. 2943 02:10:27,760 --> 02:10:29,480 And that usually happens, no matter 2944 02:10:29,480 --> 02:10:32,520 how diligent you are about picking the best point that you 2945 02:10:32,520 --> 02:10:35,217 can before you start writing. 2946 02:10:35,217 --> 02:10:37,050 And again, it's a slightly different process 2947 02:10:37,050 --> 02:10:39,290 for like purely technical instructional video-- 2948 02:10:39,290 --> 02:10:40,509 like Lynda videos. 2949 02:10:40,509 --> 02:10:42,550 Because I remember you had emailed me about that. 2950 02:10:42,550 --> 02:10:44,591 I don't know if you guys have checked it out yet, 2951 02:10:44,591 --> 02:10:47,553 but we're not going to technical how to use Final Cut Pro, how 2952 02:10:47,553 --> 02:10:49,580 to use iMovie-- but you can go on Lynda.com 2953 02:10:49,580 --> 02:10:51,410 and all MIT students have access to it. 2954 02:10:51,410 --> 02:10:53,720 And they're just purely technical videos. 2955 02:10:53,720 --> 02:10:57,190 I listed all the helpful ones in the syllabus. 2956 02:10:57,190 --> 02:11:01,220 But the objective of that is basically open your brain, 2957 02:11:01,220 --> 02:11:03,180 dump the information in, and close the brain. 2958 02:11:03,180 --> 02:11:06,230 And I mean that in a very positive way. 2959 02:11:06,230 --> 02:11:10,140 They are very, very good videos, but that's 2960 02:11:10,140 --> 02:11:13,410 a totally different objective than maybe doing a whole series 2961 02:11:13,410 --> 02:11:16,315 on time travel, because there's so much you 2962 02:11:16,315 --> 02:11:18,040 can talk about that right. 2963 02:11:18,040 --> 02:11:20,560 The objective of a series on time travel 2964 02:11:20,560 --> 02:11:23,700 to pique curiosity among people can also 2965 02:11:23,700 --> 02:11:26,710 include informing them and transferring knowledge to them, 2966 02:11:26,710 --> 02:11:30,980 but it's going to be a very different scripting process. 2967 02:11:30,980 --> 02:11:33,450 I hesitate to say a very different scripting process, 2968 02:11:33,450 --> 02:11:37,420 but the priorities that you're going to have 2969 02:11:37,420 --> 02:11:40,820 are going to be a little bit different than a Lynda series 2970 02:11:40,820 --> 02:11:42,370 for example.