1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,430 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,430 --> 00:00:03,820 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,820 --> 00:00:06,060 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,060 --> 00:00:10,150 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,150 --> 00:00:12,690 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:12,690 --> 00:00:16,600 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:17,310 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:21,220 --> 00:00:25,640 PROFESSOR: Today, we are having a table read, which basically 9 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:28,700 means that we're all going to go around and read 10 00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:32,890 the scripts where you have them standing as if now. 11 00:00:32,890 --> 00:00:37,820 The way it'll work is that say, Siri goes first. 12 00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:40,000 She would read the script aloud. 13 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:43,310 We would all keep our laptops closed for the first reading. 14 00:00:43,310 --> 00:00:46,390 So just listen to her script as it flows. 15 00:00:46,390 --> 00:00:48,030 And then the second time she reads it, 16 00:00:48,030 --> 00:00:51,790 we will follow along on her script on annotation studio 17 00:00:51,790 --> 00:00:54,120 and make notes in real time. 18 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:57,480 And then afterwards we'll talk about any feedback 19 00:00:57,480 --> 00:00:59,076 that we have for her. 20 00:00:59,076 --> 00:01:02,316 And then we'll just go around the class. 21 00:01:02,316 --> 00:01:04,149 Do you want to say anything before we start? 22 00:01:08,335 --> 00:01:10,584 AUDIENCE: I think not really, other than the fact 23 00:01:10,584 --> 00:01:12,000 that, I'm sure you guys know this, 24 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:16,040 but feedback is best when it's very specific. 25 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:17,690 So as we give feedback to each other, 26 00:01:17,690 --> 00:01:19,565 and you've been doing this for the most part, 27 00:01:19,565 --> 00:01:22,470 is to just really as much mentioning 28 00:01:22,470 --> 00:01:24,265 the things that really work as it does 29 00:01:24,265 --> 00:01:25,850 the things that don't work. 30 00:01:25,850 --> 00:01:28,980 Because I'm sure you all maybe felt this way when 31 00:01:28,980 --> 00:01:31,875 we were work-shopping the other day, but as a writer, 32 00:01:31,875 --> 00:01:34,416 it's very hard to put yourself out there and have people just 33 00:01:34,416 --> 00:01:36,660 give you critical feedback. 34 00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:38,220 So if we can also remember to just 35 00:01:38,220 --> 00:01:40,859 give some positive critical feedback as well, about things 36 00:01:40,859 --> 00:01:42,400 that we liked and things that worked, 37 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:45,676 that helps the person in the hot seat feel a little bit better. 38 00:01:45,676 --> 00:01:46,820 PROFESSOR: Yeah, for sure. 39 00:01:46,820 --> 00:01:50,600 And I also wanted to say, don't be afraid to repeat comments 40 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:52,600 that other people have made, especially 41 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:53,950 on annotation studio. 42 00:01:53,950 --> 00:01:57,440 If you notice that someone has made the same note that you 43 00:01:57,440 --> 00:01:59,600 were going to make, just that tag a reply 44 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:01,240 to it saying like ditto or something. 45 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:05,250 Because that'll draw people's attention to a space 46 00:02:05,250 --> 00:02:07,742 that's worth looking at a little bit more. 47 00:02:07,742 --> 00:02:09,325 AUDIENCE: Andrea had something to say. 48 00:02:09,325 --> 00:02:10,220 I just want to make sure I don't lose it. 49 00:02:10,220 --> 00:02:10,680 PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah. 50 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:11,180 Sorry. 51 00:02:11,180 --> 00:02:13,620 AUDIENCE: Just one of the techniques that I learned, 52 00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:15,770 actually from an entrepreneurship class, 53 00:02:15,770 --> 00:02:18,220 was the technique of doing the yes/and, 54 00:02:18,220 --> 00:02:21,810 as a way of giving positive feedback where you're 55 00:02:21,810 --> 00:02:23,910 sort of riffing a little bit or adding something 56 00:02:23,910 --> 00:02:25,340 to what somebody just said. 57 00:02:25,340 --> 00:02:27,800 And I think you guys did that, actually, in your comments. 58 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:29,434 And that was received very positively, 59 00:02:29,434 --> 00:02:30,850 because it's like yes, you get it, 60 00:02:30,850 --> 00:02:32,621 and you're adding more to it. 61 00:02:32,621 --> 00:02:35,120 PROFESSOR: And I will say that looking over the scripts that 62 00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:36,790 were sent in this weekend, I think 63 00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:40,680 everyone's in a really good spot as far as ideas go. 64 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:43,120 Like the topics of your videos are actually 65 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:44,460 very, very fascinating. 66 00:02:44,460 --> 00:02:47,370 So it's a really good space to be in. 67 00:02:47,370 --> 00:02:51,930 I think that the common sort of room for improvement 68 00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:55,690 that people have right now is connecting specific examples 69 00:02:55,690 --> 00:02:57,039 to the bigger picture. 70 00:02:57,039 --> 00:02:58,830 And I think that you get that in your head, 71 00:02:58,830 --> 00:03:00,980 but making it a little more explicit in your script 72 00:03:00,980 --> 00:03:04,620 is where your focus should be on next. 73 00:03:04,620 --> 00:03:07,340 And I tried to give some of that feedback online. 74 00:03:07,340 --> 00:03:09,660 And maybe today I can explain some more of the comments 75 00:03:09,660 --> 00:03:12,790 if you didn't understand them as well. 76 00:03:12,790 --> 00:03:17,490 But connecting the facts that make up a tutorial video 77 00:03:17,490 --> 00:03:21,210 into a bigger picture, like this is why you should care, 78 00:03:21,210 --> 00:03:23,720 is a very tricky thing to do. 79 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:26,380 But hopefully today, with the feedback of everyone in class, 80 00:03:26,380 --> 00:03:28,590 you can have a better sense of how to do it. 81 00:03:28,590 --> 00:03:30,840 And I'll also say that at the end of the day 82 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:35,320 this is your video, and the final decisions are up to you. 83 00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:40,580 So it is OK if people offer different pieces of advice, 84 00:03:40,580 --> 00:03:42,070 conflicting opinions. 85 00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:43,780 In a lot of my feedback I was saying this 86 00:03:43,780 --> 00:03:45,120 as a matter of personal taste. 87 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:47,870 I don't really find this necessary in this part. 88 00:03:47,870 --> 00:03:49,024 And that's OK. 89 00:03:49,024 --> 00:03:51,190 Final decisions are up to you as long as you sort of 90 00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:55,250 justify why you've made the choices that you have. 91 00:03:55,250 --> 00:03:59,200 And that I don't want you to feel like you need to come away 92 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,680 from this table read with a checklist of things 93 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:02,980 that you need to do. 94 00:04:02,980 --> 00:04:06,000 And then once you do them, like, the script 95 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:07,770 is magically finished. 96 00:04:07,770 --> 00:04:09,380 Because that's not going to happen. 97 00:04:09,380 --> 00:04:12,040 And unfortunately, that's sort of how a lot of us 98 00:04:12,040 --> 00:04:13,760 approach these sort of things. 99 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,540 At least that's how I first approached them. 100 00:04:16,540 --> 00:04:19,899 So it's OK to repeat people. 101 00:04:19,899 --> 00:04:21,620 Constructive feedback is good. 102 00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:24,330 The yes/and thing is a good strategy. 103 00:04:24,330 --> 00:04:28,925 And I don't know if there's anything else. 104 00:04:28,925 --> 00:04:30,675 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I'm the only one who 105 00:04:30,675 --> 00:04:33,060 doesn't know how to get onto the annotation software. 106 00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:34,930 Does everyone know how to do that? 107 00:04:34,930 --> 00:04:35,440 No? 108 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:35,910 Yes? 109 00:04:35,910 --> 00:04:37,311 OK, then maybe I'm the only one who 110 00:04:37,311 --> 00:04:38,100 doesn't know how to do this. 111 00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:39,470 AUDIENCE: Here's the homework on the first day. 112 00:04:39,470 --> 00:04:39,800 AUDIENCE: Oh. 113 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:41,425 AUDIENCE: There's a link on the Tumblr. 114 00:04:41,425 --> 00:04:42,272 AUDIENCE: OK. 115 00:04:42,272 --> 00:04:44,730 We should probably, in order to make this run smoothly, all 116 00:04:44,730 --> 00:04:46,784 be ready so that there isn't a big gap 117 00:04:46,784 --> 00:04:47,950 in between the first person. 118 00:04:51,970 --> 00:04:52,469 [INAUDIBLE] 119 00:04:59,982 --> 00:05:01,940 PROFESSOR: Oh, this will also be an opportunity 120 00:05:01,940 --> 00:05:03,050 to practice hosting. 121 00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:05,070 So whenever you're reading the script, 122 00:05:05,070 --> 00:05:07,470 it's OK if things aren't memorized completely. 123 00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:09,860 But try to deliver it as you would on screen 124 00:05:09,860 --> 00:05:13,150 and we'll give you feedback on the hosting as well. 125 00:05:13,150 --> 00:05:14,890 So for this first reading, Julia, just 126 00:05:14,890 --> 00:05:17,100 go ahead and read it start to finish. 127 00:05:17,100 --> 00:05:21,400 If you have queues for like b-roll or something like that, 128 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:24,950 just say this is the part where I'm going to have some b-roll. 129 00:05:24,950 --> 00:05:29,030 AUDIENCE: OK, and should I also describe the animations? 130 00:05:29,030 --> 00:05:32,210 PROFESSOR: Um, yeah. 131 00:05:32,210 --> 00:05:36,190 Just like briefly, briefly go over that. 132 00:05:36,190 --> 00:05:38,050 And so for this first read, everyone just 133 00:05:38,050 --> 00:05:39,990 close the computers. 134 00:05:39,990 --> 00:05:45,504 If you have to make notes, do it analog. 135 00:05:45,504 --> 00:05:46,420 Whenever you're ready. 136 00:05:49,650 --> 00:05:52,210 AUDIENCE: What do a cellphone, a river, and a cancer cell 137 00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:53,430 have in common? 138 00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:55,530 The answer is fractals. 139 00:05:55,530 --> 00:05:58,410 Fractals in mathematics are never ending patterns. 140 00:05:58,410 --> 00:06:01,080 Scientists can program these infinite patterns 141 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:03,470 by repeating a simple mathematical process 142 00:06:03,470 --> 00:06:04,860 over and over. 143 00:06:04,860 --> 00:06:08,380 So if you zoom in, you'll see the shape-- the same shape, 144 00:06:08,380 --> 00:06:10,670 again and again and again. 145 00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:13,210 And here I would show an animation 146 00:06:13,210 --> 00:06:15,230 of that on a computer. 147 00:06:15,230 --> 00:06:18,290 Similarly, a tree grows by repetitive branching. 148 00:06:18,290 --> 00:06:20,710 Just like a fractal, a tree extends its branches 149 00:06:20,710 --> 00:06:23,500 one smaller than the other, but similar. 150 00:06:23,500 --> 00:06:25,950 A tree can't grow as far and precisely 151 00:06:25,950 --> 00:06:29,200 as a truly mathematical fractal, but we can still study nature 152 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:30,830 in terms of fractals. 153 00:06:30,830 --> 00:06:33,120 In fact, so many things in nature 154 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:36,420 have these pattern properties-- and show animation 155 00:06:36,420 --> 00:06:38,900 of all those things-- it sometimes 156 00:06:38,900 --> 00:06:43,060 feels like the world itself is one giant fractal. 157 00:06:43,060 --> 00:06:45,410 Rivers of the planet flow like the blood vessels 158 00:06:45,410 --> 00:06:46,630 in our bodies. 159 00:06:46,630 --> 00:06:50,160 Lightning bolts become electrifying rivers of the sky. 160 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,140 And just look at this honey-- show fractal honey-- here's 161 00:06:54,140 --> 00:06:58,950 something even wackier, a brain-fractal shaped forest. 162 00:06:58,950 --> 00:07:01,260 One way to explain this abundance of patterns 163 00:07:01,260 --> 00:07:04,040 is the fact that nature is just great at reusing 164 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:05,520 efficient mechanisms. 165 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:08,820 How and why that happens, we can't really tell. 166 00:07:08,820 --> 00:07:11,970 But although the existence of fractals remains a mystery, 167 00:07:11,970 --> 00:07:15,280 mathematicians have found a way to study the wacky structures. 168 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:17,820 Clouds are not spheres and bark is not smooth, 169 00:07:17,820 --> 00:07:22,050 but with fractal geometry we can mathematically explore them. 170 00:07:22,050 --> 00:07:26,220 In the 1970s, a mathematician, named Benoit Mandelbrot, 171 00:07:26,220 --> 00:07:29,460 was hired to investigate noise in telephone lines. 172 00:07:29,460 --> 00:07:32,130 Now Mandelbrot loved connecting images with numbers, 173 00:07:32,130 --> 00:07:34,740 so he immediately graphed the data he collected. 174 00:07:34,740 --> 00:07:39,060 And he came up with this-- show Mandelbrot fractal, 175 00:07:39,060 --> 00:07:42,420 and also the equation that comes along with it. 176 00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:44,680 At first, the image didn't look too special. 177 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,070 In fact, it kind of resembled a turtle with a giant head. 178 00:07:48,070 --> 00:07:51,560 It wasn't until night time that Mandelbrot looked closer. 179 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:54,160 He zoomed in once and found a smaller turtle etched 180 00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:56,960 onto the original one, and an even smaller turtle 181 00:07:56,960 --> 00:07:58,150 on that one. 182 00:07:58,150 --> 00:08:00,280 Mandelbrot kept zooming and zooming 183 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:02,610 and the turtles kept shrinking and shrinking, 184 00:08:02,610 --> 00:08:05,340 but they were still all the same shape. 185 00:08:05,340 --> 00:08:08,300 Mandelbrot was convinced he'd seen a nightmare. 186 00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:10,830 But when the shape remained on the screen the next day, 187 00:08:10,830 --> 00:08:12,790 Mandelbrot knew he was onto something 188 00:08:12,790 --> 00:08:16,490 huge, a simple equation applied repeatedly, 189 00:08:16,490 --> 00:08:18,910 carried incredible properties. 190 00:08:18,910 --> 00:08:22,100 What if, thought he, you could create such expressions 191 00:08:22,100 --> 00:08:24,530 for other natural phenomena? 192 00:08:24,530 --> 00:08:27,210 And that's exactly what mathematicians do today. 193 00:08:27,210 --> 00:08:31,550 Fractal geometry allows them to model, say, mountain ranges, 194 00:08:31,550 --> 00:08:34,350 and then use the models to study earthquakes or creed 195 00:08:34,350 --> 00:08:37,480 realistic special effects for our favorite movies. 196 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:39,289 So you would show animating a mountain 197 00:08:39,289 --> 00:08:42,880 range from fractal triangles, and then a scene from Star Wars 198 00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:46,300 where that was used, or other movie. 199 00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:47,990 In healthier news, fractals may also 200 00:08:47,990 --> 00:08:51,190 help doctors diagnose cancer faster and more accurately. 201 00:08:51,190 --> 00:08:53,090 They can study the edges of various cells 202 00:08:53,090 --> 00:08:55,410 in our bodies using fractal geometry. 203 00:08:55,410 --> 00:08:58,000 Here the cell on the right is more jagged and repeating 204 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,030 than the one on the left, which means 205 00:09:00,030 --> 00:09:03,110 it's the more aggressive, faster-growing cancer cell. 206 00:09:03,110 --> 00:09:04,570 This way of discovering cancer can 207 00:09:04,570 --> 00:09:08,480 be that 10 times more effective than the current methods. 208 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,430 So that's how cancer cells and rivers relate. 209 00:09:11,430 --> 00:09:13,360 But what about cell phones? 210 00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:15,710 They aren't really part of nature. 211 00:09:15,710 --> 00:09:18,050 Well, in the '90s a radio astronomer 212 00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:20,290 by the name of Nathan Cohen was having 213 00:09:20,290 --> 00:09:22,160 troubles with this landlord. 214 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,210 The man wouldn't let him put a radio antenna on the roof. 215 00:09:25,210 --> 00:09:28,490 So Cohen decided to make a more compact fractal radio 216 00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:30,240 antenna instead. 217 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:31,850 The landlord didn't notice it. 218 00:09:31,850 --> 00:09:34,400 And it worked better than the ones before. 219 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:37,350 Working further, Cohen designed a new version, 220 00:09:37,350 --> 00:09:40,550 this time using a shape called the menger sponge. 221 00:09:40,550 --> 00:09:42,530 The fractal's infinite sponginess 222 00:09:42,530 --> 00:09:46,100 allowed the antenna to receive multiple different signals. 223 00:09:46,100 --> 00:09:47,850 The menger sponge is not really the sponge 224 00:09:47,850 --> 00:09:49,460 you'd be scrubbing your back with, 225 00:09:49,460 --> 00:09:51,220 but you can still think of it like that. 226 00:09:51,220 --> 00:09:54,490 Imagine both water and soap getting through sponges holes, 227 00:09:54,490 --> 00:09:57,800 except the water is wifi and the soap is, say, Bluetooth. 228 00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,790 Without Cohen's sponge, your cellphone 229 00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:01,830 would have to look something like a giraffe 230 00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:03,800 to receive both those signals. 231 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:06,130 Not quite as handy, is it? 232 00:10:06,130 --> 00:10:08,360 Fractals are already very common, 233 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:10,690 yet we're still searching for more applications, 234 00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,150 asking questions, building new patterns, 235 00:10:13,150 --> 00:10:16,810 and exploring nature's best, here at MIT and everywhere 236 00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:18,010 in the world. 237 00:10:18,010 --> 00:10:19,010 Look around you. 238 00:10:19,010 --> 00:10:20,600 What beautiful patterns do you see? 239 00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,864 [APPLAUSE] 240 00:10:28,864 --> 00:10:29,739 PROFESSOR: All right. 241 00:10:29,739 --> 00:10:30,760 TEACHER ASSISTANT: Can I ask a question before we start? 242 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:31,676 PROFESSOR: Absolutely. 243 00:10:31,676 --> 00:10:36,575 AUDIENCE: Is the reason why you have us not having our laptops 244 00:10:36,575 --> 00:10:38,980 up so that we don't want to start writing. 245 00:10:38,980 --> 00:10:42,672 Or from your perspective, as someone 246 00:10:42,672 --> 00:10:44,570 who doesn't process information auditorily, 247 00:10:44,570 --> 00:10:48,150 like with my ears, that was a really hard activity for me. 248 00:10:48,150 --> 00:10:50,355 Is it possible to still accomplish your goal 249 00:10:50,355 --> 00:10:52,392 while looking if we don't type? 250 00:10:52,392 --> 00:10:54,100 PROFESSOR: So the reason why George and I 251 00:10:54,100 --> 00:10:56,792 don't have people look at the text the first time around 252 00:10:56,792 --> 00:10:59,000 is because when you're watching the video, ultimately 253 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,130 you're not reading it with the script in front of you. 254 00:11:02,130 --> 00:11:07,170 And you'll notice that there may be moments where you tune out 255 00:11:07,170 --> 00:11:10,010 when you don't have a script in front of you following along, 256 00:11:10,010 --> 00:11:12,590 which is going to be the experience that a viewer is 257 00:11:12,590 --> 00:11:15,180 going to have. 258 00:11:15,180 --> 00:11:17,170 And I know that that's very difficult to do, 259 00:11:17,170 --> 00:11:19,520 because we don't have the visuals, which is why we also 260 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:20,730 do it again with the script. 261 00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:23,500 But the first time is more to just like 262 00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:26,715 experience it as close to an experience 263 00:11:26,715 --> 00:11:30,050 as the viewer would have of the video, 264 00:11:30,050 --> 00:11:32,690 because they're not going to be following along with notes. 265 00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,320 They're not going to know what's coming next. 266 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,210 So whatever confusion you may feel in this first read-through 267 00:11:38,210 --> 00:11:42,370 is probably more similar to what an actual viewer of the video 268 00:11:42,370 --> 00:11:43,224 will feel. 269 00:11:43,224 --> 00:11:44,890 AUDIENCE: That helps me understand that. 270 00:11:44,890 --> 00:11:49,120 I can deal with my discomfort now. 271 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:54,000 PROFESSOR: So how about for this next part, 272 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:55,790 let's all go to annotation studio 273 00:11:55,790 --> 00:11:58,205 and look at the fractals document. 274 00:12:10,790 --> 00:12:13,110 Sorry, my internet's slow. 275 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,000 Would you guys find it more helpful if, for the second time 276 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,570 through, everyone got to read through the script 277 00:12:21,570 --> 00:12:26,597 at their own pace and then offered feedback? 278 00:12:26,597 --> 00:12:27,930 Would you rather do it that way? 279 00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:31,270 Yes? 280 00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:32,230 OK. 281 00:12:32,230 --> 00:12:36,130 Then how about everyone take a look through Julia's script. 282 00:12:36,130 --> 00:12:37,970 Take a couple minutes to do that. 283 00:12:37,970 --> 00:12:40,260 And if you have feedback while you're reading through, 284 00:12:40,260 --> 00:12:41,610 go ahead and make notes. 285 00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:43,956 And then we'll talk about it afterwards. 286 00:12:43,956 --> 00:12:46,720 All right, has everyone gotten a chance to at least read 287 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:49,246 through the whole script? 288 00:12:49,246 --> 00:12:49,745 OK. 289 00:12:52,639 --> 00:12:54,180 Let's go ahead and talk about it now, 290 00:12:54,180 --> 00:12:57,164 just in the interest of time. 291 00:12:57,164 --> 00:12:58,830 Julia, did you want to talk a little bit 292 00:12:58,830 --> 00:13:00,620 about some of the edits you were already 293 00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:02,420 thinking about making or some of the things 294 00:13:02,420 --> 00:13:04,660 that you're struggling with right now? 295 00:13:04,660 --> 00:13:13,940 AUDIENCE: Yeah, so what the instructors have suggested 296 00:13:13,940 --> 00:13:20,880 is to take out some of the stories and examples 297 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,860 and focus on one story, which is the one that 298 00:13:23,860 --> 00:13:26,150 has to do with the cellphone, because that 299 00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:30,720 is an example of taking a mathematical concept 300 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,430 and applying it to real life. 301 00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:39,690 So that way I could delete or shorten the Mandelbrot story. 302 00:13:39,690 --> 00:13:44,190 But also some of the examples of fractals in nature, 303 00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:49,350 I would focus on them less and kind of put them at the end, 304 00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:50,950 maybe describe them less. 305 00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:54,710 But instead, explain more what a fractal is and some equations 306 00:13:54,710 --> 00:13:58,070 that come along with it, which to me is the hardest part, 307 00:13:58,070 --> 00:14:01,080 because the equations of fractals, 308 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,040 even though they are-- 309 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:07,290 So the equation for Mandelbrot, for example, is z 310 00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:09,700 equals z squared plus c. 311 00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:12,300 But the z's in there are complex numbers. 312 00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:16,140 And you just keep iterating the equation. 313 00:14:16,140 --> 00:14:19,280 So even though it could be simple to show what's 314 00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:21,960 happening in just a quick animation kind of plugging 315 00:14:21,960 --> 00:14:26,790 in numbers and see what happens, I 316 00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:30,790 cringe at the idea of simplifying it to that, 317 00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:34,840 because that is not necessarily the accurate representation. 318 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:39,900 So that's why originally I did not include the equation. 319 00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:42,870 I kind of wanted to, maybe, animate 320 00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:45,050 just the z equals z squared plus c 321 00:14:45,050 --> 00:14:46,980 at some point just to show what it looks like, 322 00:14:46,980 --> 00:14:49,750 but let the reader kind of explore that on their own 323 00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:51,560 if they wanted to. 324 00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:55,070 So I guess right now my biggest problem 325 00:14:55,070 --> 00:15:02,780 is can I and should I include more math in this or not? 326 00:15:02,780 --> 00:15:04,780 PROFESSOR: I mean I don't think it's necessarily 327 00:15:04,780 --> 00:15:05,870 about the math. 328 00:15:05,870 --> 00:15:11,160 I think that the script has a good specific example. 329 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,070 And it has a really great big picture. 330 00:15:13,070 --> 00:15:14,610 Like the pitch is awesome. 331 00:15:14,610 --> 00:15:18,710 I think that's a really great point to work from. 332 00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:21,610 It's just that the connecting piece seems a little bit-- 333 00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:23,880 like there's not as much connective tissue there. 334 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,320 So when I'm reading through this, 335 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:29,080 and I saw Nathan kind of had a similar comment, too, 336 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:33,190 I don't quite get how all the specific examples actually 337 00:15:33,190 --> 00:15:35,080 relate to that big picture. 338 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:39,860 And for me, personally, it was understanding what exactly-- I 339 00:15:39,860 --> 00:15:42,030 don't fully understand what a fractal is yet, 340 00:15:42,030 --> 00:15:44,140 so I can't make that jump with you 341 00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:46,820 to all the applications of fractals. 342 00:15:46,820 --> 00:15:49,450 So I understand what you're saying how the math itself 343 00:15:49,450 --> 00:15:52,500 is maybe a little complicated to explain, 344 00:15:52,500 --> 00:16:00,230 but I don't understand how a fractal is math, I guess. 345 00:16:00,230 --> 00:16:02,120 Does that make sense to other people? 346 00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,180 I don't know if anyone else felt that same confusion But it 347 00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:08,180 was like, I get the turtle thing, 348 00:16:08,180 --> 00:16:11,660 and I get it's a repeating thing, 349 00:16:11,660 --> 00:16:15,499 but I don't understand how math describes that. 350 00:16:15,499 --> 00:16:18,040 AUDIENCE: OK, I guess that's an easy fix because you can just 351 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:21,320 say there's an equation that goes along 352 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:24,250 with all of these fractals that we can program. 353 00:16:24,250 --> 00:16:26,320 AUDIENCE: I had a similar-- like to me, 354 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:28,770 that's the big piece that's missing with this. 355 00:16:28,770 --> 00:16:31,620 That being said, let's pause and take a moment, 356 00:16:31,620 --> 00:16:33,740 and like you're big idea at the very beginning 357 00:16:33,740 --> 00:16:35,670 was to talk about how math isn't real, right? 358 00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:38,849 And this is so amazing that you've come so far. 359 00:16:38,849 --> 00:16:40,640 And these stories-- that I just commented-- 360 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:43,026 that they make it real in this way 361 00:16:43,026 --> 00:16:44,400 that when we were first sketching 362 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:46,860 on the board that first day, you were really struggling 363 00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:48,609 to figure out what were those anchors that 364 00:16:48,609 --> 00:16:52,810 were going to help you talk about that abstract idea. 365 00:16:52,810 --> 00:16:55,640 And I feel like you really are doing a fantastic 366 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:59,710 job at grounding this big idea in these stories. 367 00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:03,185 That being said, this is when being an expert 368 00:17:03,185 --> 00:17:06,140 or thinking deeply about a topic is so hard, 369 00:17:06,140 --> 00:17:08,810 being able to separate and to figure out 370 00:17:08,810 --> 00:17:10,810 what the rest of the world does or doesn't 371 00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:12,530 know about this thing, right? 372 00:17:12,530 --> 00:17:14,780 To you, what is probably very obvious, 373 00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:16,490 and I'm going to be very honest that I'm 374 00:17:16,490 --> 00:17:18,470 not quantitative person, right? 375 00:17:18,470 --> 00:17:21,010 So I'm probably at a sixth grade math 376 00:17:21,010 --> 00:17:25,848 level for this kind of a video. 377 00:17:25,848 --> 00:17:28,280 And I completely had a gap for me being like, 378 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,125 I faintly recall having studied fractals 379 00:17:30,125 --> 00:17:32,570 in my early middle school years. 380 00:17:32,570 --> 00:17:34,750 I remembered that it's a pattern and I remember 381 00:17:34,750 --> 00:17:36,590 kind of what it looks like. 382 00:17:36,590 --> 00:17:40,080 I have no idea how a mathematician goes 383 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:45,330 from seeing a tree to being able to break that into an equation, 384 00:17:45,330 --> 00:17:47,560 and what that would even look like, 385 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:50,450 or how it would-- that to me-- and how 386 00:17:50,450 --> 00:17:54,060 that becomes into a fractal. 387 00:17:54,060 --> 00:17:56,330 And to me, that's a big mystery to me, 388 00:17:56,330 --> 00:17:59,180 that I don't want you to explain everything 389 00:17:59,180 --> 00:18:02,123 because that would probably be really boring, honestly. 390 00:18:02,123 --> 00:18:03,310 PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE] 391 00:18:03,310 --> 00:18:04,140 AUDIENCE: Totally. 392 00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:06,250 But if there's some way, on a high level, 393 00:18:06,250 --> 00:18:12,490 explain what a mathematician is doing in there, 394 00:18:12,490 --> 00:18:14,090 why would I study that? 395 00:18:14,090 --> 00:18:15,640 Like, the big questions for me are 396 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:18,210 like, why would I want to study that tree? 397 00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:21,470 How would I go about doing it in such a way that would bring me 398 00:18:21,470 --> 00:18:26,050 to some sort of mathematical-- the why and the 399 00:18:26,050 --> 00:18:30,092 how is very interesting to me in terms of what 400 00:18:30,092 --> 00:18:32,550 the mathematician's actually doing and why they would do it 401 00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:35,280 and then how you would apply that to other things. 402 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,180 So I don't need you to go into the whole equation, 403 00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:42,473 but I need to understand the process that a mathematician 404 00:18:42,473 --> 00:18:43,181 would go through. 405 00:18:43,181 --> 00:18:44,882 I don't know if you guys feel similarly. 406 00:18:44,882 --> 00:18:46,340 AUDIENCE: I was thinking with that, 407 00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,050 what I was thinking the whole time, 408 00:18:49,050 --> 00:18:52,220 I know it's not fractal geometry or anything like that, 409 00:18:52,220 --> 00:18:54,470 but if you were to take-- you mentioned mountains, 410 00:18:54,470 --> 00:18:57,429 and just to describe how they're doing this-- 411 00:18:57,429 --> 00:18:59,970 because they know y equals mx plus b in sixth, seventh grade. 412 00:18:59,970 --> 00:19:01,761 I think that's when they start to learn it. 413 00:19:01,761 --> 00:19:05,567 So you could just put like a slope of this line. 414 00:19:05,567 --> 00:19:06,900 It's described by this equation. 415 00:19:06,900 --> 00:19:09,070 And it described this slope of a mountain. 416 00:19:09,070 --> 00:19:12,374 And that's kind of what it does, just to a lot higher degree. 417 00:19:12,374 --> 00:19:13,790 I think that's something that they 418 00:19:13,790 --> 00:19:16,215 would understand what they already 419 00:19:16,215 --> 00:19:17,520 know with the math behind that. 420 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,339 And it's just a little bit more complex. 421 00:19:20,339 --> 00:19:22,630 And one part where I thought that you could put that in 422 00:19:22,630 --> 00:19:25,580 is in scene three. 423 00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:29,040 So you just described fractals as never-ending patterns. 424 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:30,640 So I think there's room there where 425 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,128 you could kind of go into-- there's not even much 426 00:19:33,128 --> 00:19:34,253 rearranging you have to do. 427 00:19:34,253 --> 00:19:36,660 You could probably just insert something right there. 428 00:19:36,660 --> 00:19:37,494 AUDIENCE: OK. 429 00:19:37,494 --> 00:19:39,452 Good to hear. 430 00:19:39,452 --> 00:19:40,952 AUDIENCE: I thought there was really 431 00:19:40,952 --> 00:19:44,146 good examples that describe-- I thought it was pretty good. 432 00:19:44,146 --> 00:19:45,645 PROFESSOR: Nathan brought up a point 433 00:19:45,645 --> 00:19:48,856 that I also had when I read this script for the first time 434 00:19:48,856 --> 00:19:51,326 about having so many examples. 435 00:19:51,326 --> 00:19:53,737 Do you want to explain that further? 436 00:19:53,737 --> 00:19:55,278 AUDIENCE: Well, just at the beginning 437 00:19:55,278 --> 00:20:01,370 I thought that there are a lot of different examples in a row 438 00:20:01,370 --> 00:20:04,210 that were really cool examples. 439 00:20:04,210 --> 00:20:06,497 But all of them, I was like, each one I 440 00:20:06,497 --> 00:20:09,689 tried to stop and think, well how is that a thing? 441 00:20:09,689 --> 00:20:10,671 How does that work. 442 00:20:10,671 --> 00:20:12,117 But then there's another example. 443 00:20:12,117 --> 00:20:13,617 I just kind of got a bit overloaded. 444 00:20:13,617 --> 00:20:15,590 AUDIENCE: OK. 445 00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:17,460 I think the animation might help with that 446 00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:20,000 because where I talk about rivers, blood 447 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:22,700 vessels, and lightning bolts, and honey, 448 00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:26,780 if you look at them from above, like if you have pictures, 449 00:20:26,780 --> 00:20:28,610 they look very, very similar. 450 00:20:28,610 --> 00:20:34,150 So the idea is kind of to show the similarity. 451 00:20:34,150 --> 00:20:41,656 I guess somebody mentioned that the brain-shaped forest was 452 00:20:41,656 --> 00:20:42,780 kind of overkill with that. 453 00:20:42,780 --> 00:20:47,160 So I can definitely understand that. 454 00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:49,470 PROFESSOR: I think that they're good examples. 455 00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:52,530 But what might be an issue here is 456 00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:56,620 that it's taking too long to get to the bulk of the video. 457 00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:58,260 And this is something that George and I 458 00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:01,690 were talking about, too, that you have really three themes 459 00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:08,910 in this video, cancer cells, nature, and cellphone lines. 460 00:21:08,910 --> 00:21:12,190 And I like how you open it with what do all these things have 461 00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:12,830 in common. 462 00:21:12,830 --> 00:21:16,200 But there's honestly so much to explore in each facet, 463 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,250 that I'm wondering if you should just really focus on one, 464 00:21:19,250 --> 00:21:22,150 like you had said earlier. 465 00:21:22,150 --> 00:21:25,190 Just because the thing that I kept thinking about-- which 466 00:21:25,190 --> 00:21:27,050 is along the lines of Nathan's thinking, 467 00:21:27,050 --> 00:21:29,090 and I mentioned it in the comments, 468 00:21:29,090 --> 00:21:32,880 too-- but it really reads like a BuzzFeed article almost 469 00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:35,040 at the beginning, with all these examples. 470 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:38,430 And I keep thinking about how awesome of an article 471 00:21:38,430 --> 00:21:40,060 it would be with like GIFs showing 472 00:21:40,060 --> 00:21:41,490 all these different things. 473 00:21:41,490 --> 00:21:43,870 But there's not enough of a compelling reason 474 00:21:43,870 --> 00:21:45,510 to make a video out of it, right? 475 00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:49,460 The whole story line of what's his name, Nathan Cohen, 476 00:21:49,460 --> 00:21:51,840 is actually, I thought that was really interesting. 477 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:54,130 I don't know what example you guys 478 00:21:54,130 --> 00:21:58,490 thought was the most compelling to listen to or read. 479 00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:02,561 What did you guys feel about the cancer cells or-- 480 00:22:02,561 --> 00:22:05,120 AUDIENCE: From a biologist's standpoint, 481 00:22:05,120 --> 00:22:09,655 exactly what your concerns are with reducing the equations 482 00:22:09,655 --> 00:22:15,060 and math, that's what I felt you did unintentionally with cancer 483 00:22:15,060 --> 00:22:18,822 cells, in that you have to this really punchy statement, 484 00:22:18,822 --> 00:22:20,280 like this way of discovering cancer 485 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:22,085 can be about 10 times more effective than 486 00:22:22,085 --> 00:22:23,080 the current methods. 487 00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:26,100 But coming from a biology background, 488 00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:28,180 you cut out so much in explaining 489 00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:32,690 how cancer is detected, what are the current methods 490 00:22:32,690 --> 00:22:36,700 and comparing it to the fact that the edges of the blubbing 491 00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,350 cells look like fractals in the first place. 492 00:22:39,350 --> 00:22:42,350 And so for me this was your weakest example. 493 00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:45,600 And I enjoyed reading your script. 494 00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:47,297 And the other examples, I feel like just 495 00:22:47,297 --> 00:22:49,630 because you spent more time explaining them and fleshing 496 00:22:49,630 --> 00:22:53,175 them out, and you have, I think from your background, a better 497 00:22:53,175 --> 00:22:56,425 understanding of the Nathan Cohen story. 498 00:22:56,425 --> 00:22:58,980 They just sounded like stronger examples. 499 00:22:58,980 --> 00:23:02,700 So in my opinion, cut out the cancer even though it's cool 500 00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:05,050 and cancer is a very hot topic right 501 00:23:05,050 --> 00:23:08,260 now in all fields of study. 502 00:23:08,260 --> 00:23:11,700 I think people will get more out of your video and more focused 503 00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:15,345 point if you choose fewer stories to tell. 504 00:23:15,345 --> 00:23:16,970 AUDIENCE: And by doing so, you actually 505 00:23:16,970 --> 00:23:20,210 allow yourself to be able to allude to the cancer topic 506 00:23:20,210 --> 00:23:22,210 without diving into it. 507 00:23:22,210 --> 00:23:24,530 If you pick the Nathan story, for instance, 508 00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:29,280 and you go more deeply into explaining more of the meat 509 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,050 that we're talking about, it doesn't 510 00:23:32,050 --> 00:23:36,172 mean that you don't get to mention how fractals could have 511 00:23:36,172 --> 00:23:38,130 an impact on cancer, right? 512 00:23:38,130 --> 00:23:40,042 It doesn't give you the same depth, 513 00:23:40,042 --> 00:23:43,090 but it's easier to apply the concept 514 00:23:43,090 --> 00:23:46,160 when you understand something deeply in that way. 515 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:47,092 If that makes sense. 516 00:23:47,092 --> 00:23:49,336 AUDIENCE: Yeah, it does make sense. 517 00:23:49,336 --> 00:23:51,210 PROFESSOR: I think in general, and again this 518 00:23:51,210 --> 00:23:53,740 is sort of something that I saw with a lot of scripts, 519 00:23:53,740 --> 00:23:56,880 it's a lot of breadth and not enough depth. 520 00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:00,110 So lots of examples, but sort of shallowly 521 00:24:00,110 --> 00:24:01,997 sitting on top of them. 522 00:24:01,997 --> 00:24:04,080 I think this is an opportunity to really challenge 523 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:06,540 your audience and teach them something really substantive 524 00:24:06,540 --> 00:24:08,210 that they're not going to get in school. 525 00:24:08,210 --> 00:24:10,030 And you can do that through the example. 526 00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:11,990 And I think there's a lot that you can cut out. 527 00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:14,770 And again, we've noted them on the annotation 528 00:24:14,770 --> 00:24:16,770 so you can see exactly what we're talking about. 529 00:24:16,770 --> 00:24:19,630 But if you really rely on showing not telling, 530 00:24:19,630 --> 00:24:22,300 for example scene nine where you're describing rivers 531 00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:24,030 of the planet, the brain-shape forest, 532 00:24:24,030 --> 00:24:26,840 like you don't even have to say any of those things 533 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,260 if you have the images pop up. 534 00:24:28,260 --> 00:24:32,350 Like there are lots of pattern fractal patterns in nature, 535 00:24:32,350 --> 00:24:39,050 like in rivers, anatomy, the sky, honey, right? 536 00:24:39,050 --> 00:24:41,260 Like you've reduced an entire scene down 537 00:24:41,260 --> 00:24:43,870 to basically five words there. 538 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,340 The other thing I wanted to mentioned, 539 00:24:49,340 --> 00:24:51,987 because this is sort of a tool that anyone can use, 540 00:24:51,987 --> 00:24:53,570 we talk a lot about the reveal, right? 541 00:24:53,570 --> 00:24:55,778 So Chris was talking about how you can use the camera 542 00:24:55,778 --> 00:24:56,750 to make a reveal. 543 00:24:56,750 --> 00:24:58,620 You have a really good set up for a reveal 544 00:24:58,620 --> 00:24:59,690 in the first scene. 545 00:24:59,690 --> 00:25:01,400 What do x, y, z have in common. 546 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,554 That's pretty much exactly how the plants video was set up. 547 00:25:04,554 --> 00:25:06,720 What do all these chemical compounds have in common? 548 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:08,450 They all come from plants. 549 00:25:08,450 --> 00:25:13,390 And the reveal is that all these unfamiliar things 550 00:25:13,390 --> 00:25:15,680 come from a familiar thing. 551 00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,610 Here you've got sort of the reverse set up. 552 00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:20,210 You have all of these familiar things 553 00:25:20,210 --> 00:25:22,880 come from an unfamiliar thing. 554 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:26,200 And I don't think a reveal works as well, necessarily, 555 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,220 when you've got that set up, because people 556 00:25:29,220 --> 00:25:32,360 don't know what a fractal is. 557 00:25:32,360 --> 00:25:35,150 And so if you maybe switch scenes three and two, 558 00:25:35,150 --> 00:25:37,280 or maybe get rid of scene two, and just go straight 559 00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:39,840 to seem three, the answer are never 560 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:46,080 ending patterns seen in nature and math called fractals. 561 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:50,260 That's like a subtle nuance, but a reveal set up 562 00:25:50,260 --> 00:25:53,510 to where you lead with a set of familiar, 563 00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:57,840 and then you reveal what the punchline of an unfamiliar. 564 00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:00,820 It doesn't work as well, necessarily, 565 00:26:00,820 --> 00:26:03,630 because the response is going to be "what" 566 00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:05,641 instead of oh, whoa, plants. 567 00:26:05,641 --> 00:26:06,140 You know? 568 00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:12,410 AUDIENCE: Can I add one thing? 569 00:26:12,410 --> 00:26:14,700 PROFESSOR: Yeah, of course. 570 00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:20,870 We talked about how the math stuff was really complicated. 571 00:26:20,870 --> 00:26:23,280 I feel like this-- maybe I'm way out 572 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,780 in left field with this one-- but I feel like as soon as you 573 00:26:25,780 --> 00:26:28,600 feel like you're in that zone of being like, 574 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,295 oh, I know a lot about this and it would be really hard for me 575 00:26:31,295 --> 00:26:33,630 to figure out how to share this with my audience, then 576 00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:36,370 to me, that's our negative truth is with these videos, 577 00:26:36,370 --> 00:26:39,600 is figuring out how to share those complicated ideas 578 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,097 with the lay-audience. 579 00:26:41,097 --> 00:26:42,930 As soon as you're in that uncomfortable zone 580 00:26:42,930 --> 00:26:44,580 and being like, I know a lot about this 581 00:26:44,580 --> 00:26:49,380 and it's complicated, that's where the truth is. 582 00:26:49,380 --> 00:26:49,930 That's it. 583 00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:51,846 That's our gift that we're offering the world, 584 00:26:51,846 --> 00:26:54,050 is how can you simplify a complicated idea 585 00:26:54,050 --> 00:26:55,410 for the public. 586 00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:57,809 So if you're in that discomfort place, 587 00:26:57,809 --> 00:26:59,350 I fell like we need to live in there. 588 00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:01,240 That's our zone. 589 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:02,448 That's just the way I see it. 590 00:27:05,346 --> 00:27:06,720 AUDIENCE: Would it help if like-- 591 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:08,964 because I feel like I'm very curious of all 592 00:27:08,964 --> 00:27:10,900 the fractals [INAUDIBLE], would it 593 00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:13,850 help if [INAUDIBLE] explained it. 594 00:27:13,850 --> 00:27:16,429 When she said [INAUDIBLE], I just 595 00:27:16,429 --> 00:27:18,549 couldn't stop thinking about it. 596 00:27:18,549 --> 00:27:21,375 [INAUDIBLE] 597 00:27:21,375 --> 00:27:24,280 AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's up to Julia to figure out 598 00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:27,687 what style helps her the best, whether talking it 599 00:27:27,687 --> 00:27:31,560 out or writing it out or what is your tool that's 600 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:35,810 going to help you to get that complicated idea shared. 601 00:27:35,810 --> 00:27:37,930 And that's each of your challenges to figure out 602 00:27:37,930 --> 00:27:38,770 your own learning. 603 00:27:38,770 --> 00:27:41,180 To figure out how do you go into that 604 00:27:41,180 --> 00:27:43,682 challenging place and figure out how to simplify it. 605 00:27:43,682 --> 00:27:46,240 And if it's talking it out, then that's great. 606 00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:51,470 But maybe it's not for Julia, I don't know. 607 00:27:51,470 --> 00:27:54,310 PROFESSOR: I also wanted to use your script as an example 608 00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:58,520 to talk about a broader thing that everyone can use, 609 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:02,840 which is how you set up things with your intonation. 610 00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:09,580 So people generally associate emphasizing things 611 00:28:09,580 --> 00:28:13,940 with emphasizing your voice. 612 00:28:13,940 --> 00:28:16,770 At first-- this is scene 12-- at first the image didn't 613 00:28:16,770 --> 00:28:17,580 look too special. 614 00:28:17,580 --> 00:28:20,070 In fact, it kind of resembled a turtle with a giant head. 615 00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:22,195 But it wasn't until nighttime that he looked closer 616 00:28:22,195 --> 00:28:23,160 and he zoomed in. 617 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,287 And there was a smaller one and a smaller one. 618 00:28:25,287 --> 00:28:27,120 And he thought they were all the same shape. 619 00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:28,340 And he had a nightmare. 620 00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:32,020 Like that's sort of the default way 621 00:28:32,020 --> 00:28:35,570 that we try to bring focus onto a natural subject 622 00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:37,000 when we're hosting. 623 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:42,050 But you can play a lot with emphasizing with the smaller 624 00:28:42,050 --> 00:28:43,990 voice, if that makes sense. 625 00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:47,149 So instead of saying he zoomed in on a smaller one, 626 00:28:47,149 --> 00:28:48,690 and a smaller one, and a smaller one. 627 00:28:48,690 --> 00:28:50,430 And then he had a nightmare. 628 00:28:50,430 --> 00:28:53,232 You can emphasize the weirdness by pulling back 629 00:28:53,232 --> 00:28:54,190 at an unexpected point. 630 00:28:54,190 --> 00:28:57,230 He zoomed in and he saw a smaller one, and a smaller 631 00:28:57,230 --> 00:29:00,070 one, and then a smaller one. 632 00:29:00,070 --> 00:29:03,510 Those are two different types of deliveries that you can use. 633 00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:06,480 But you don't always have to rely 634 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:12,220 on using your volume and sort of the brashness of your voice 635 00:29:12,220 --> 00:29:13,930 to emphasize certain topics, because it 636 00:29:13,930 --> 00:29:16,020 gets a little repetitive over the course 637 00:29:16,020 --> 00:29:17,600 of the entire episode. 638 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,360 So you can do that for certain sentences, 639 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:23,490 but for others, really play up the power 640 00:29:23,490 --> 00:29:27,550 of actually a quiet volume and an unexpected pull back 641 00:29:27,550 --> 00:29:29,710 that also draws attention too. 642 00:29:29,710 --> 00:29:32,680 Does that makes sense to people? 643 00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:36,830 OK, does that give you enough to work with? 644 00:29:36,830 --> 00:29:37,610 AUDIENCE: Yes. 645 00:29:37,610 --> 00:29:39,443 PROFESSOR: I think it's a really good start. 646 00:29:39,443 --> 00:29:42,610 And again, let me know if you guys disagree, but I think 647 00:29:42,610 --> 00:29:44,530 that if you jump into the meat of your episode 648 00:29:44,530 --> 00:29:48,950 a little bit earlier, really dive into the Nathan Cohen 649 00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:52,930 story, you can use the anecdotes to actually explain 650 00:29:52,930 --> 00:29:55,180 some of the things instead of having 651 00:29:55,180 --> 00:29:59,030 to take whole scenes to go over concepts with an analogy 652 00:29:59,030 --> 00:30:01,321 that you don't need necessarily. 653 00:30:01,321 --> 00:30:02,945 AUDIENCE: Yeah, I definitely hear that. 654 00:30:02,945 --> 00:30:04,927 That makes a lot of sense. [INAUDIBLE]. 655 00:30:04,927 --> 00:30:06,760 PROFESSOR: And just so you know, I timed it. 656 00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,650 And took you five minutes to read through the script. 657 00:30:09,650 --> 00:30:12,040 And I would give yourselves about a minute buffer 658 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,810 room on top of however long it takes you to read the script 659 00:30:14,810 --> 00:30:16,800 and even describe the scenes. 660 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:21,190 Because with b-roll and with cuts, 661 00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:24,090 you're going to have a little more time that your video is 662 00:30:24,090 --> 00:30:26,190 going to last, in addition to the time it takes 663 00:30:26,190 --> 00:30:29,090 for you to read the script. 664 00:30:29,090 --> 00:30:31,620 All right, does anyone want to go next? 665 00:30:36,850 --> 00:30:41,970 How about, the top one on the list. 666 00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:46,750 Why do some people handle the cold better than others? 667 00:30:46,750 --> 00:30:48,107 So this is David. 668 00:30:48,107 --> 00:30:50,690 And did you change the script at all since last time I saw it? 669 00:30:56,810 --> 00:31:02,520 DAVID: So my idea was-- I added some more research, 670 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:06,125 to make it more [INAUDIBLE]. 671 00:31:06,125 --> 00:31:10,837 But I also think that maybe the wording in it is not ideal. 672 00:31:10,837 --> 00:31:12,920 PROFESSOR: Wording is definitely the easiest thing 673 00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:14,667 to address in editing. 674 00:31:14,667 --> 00:31:17,000 So why don't you just go ahead and read the script aloud 675 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:17,500 to us. 676 00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:19,409 And if everyone can pull their laptops down. 677 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:25,320 DAVID: So why do people handle cold-- 678 00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:28,020 why do some people handle cold better than others? 679 00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:30,870 Why do some people need to where lots of layers, where others 680 00:31:30,870 --> 00:31:32,350 feel fine in running shorts. 681 00:31:32,350 --> 00:31:35,040 What makes all the difference? 682 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:36,400 Imagine a giant furnace. 683 00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,330 To generate more heat, we need to burn more coal. 684 00:31:39,330 --> 00:31:41,860 Now imagine your body as this giant furnace. 685 00:31:41,860 --> 00:31:43,860 Our metabolism is the fire. 686 00:31:43,860 --> 00:31:46,550 And sugars, which are broken down carbohydrates [INAUDIBLE], 687 00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:48,050 are the coals. 688 00:31:48,050 --> 00:31:50,730 Inside your cells, the sugars are burned by mitochondria 689 00:31:50,730 --> 00:31:53,650 to produce heat and ATP, a molecule that 690 00:31:53,650 --> 00:31:56,470 starts and releases energy as required by the cell. 691 00:31:56,470 --> 00:31:59,750 To generate more heat for one, our bodies burn more sugars. 692 00:31:59,750 --> 00:32:01,670 This the first way we deal with cold. 693 00:32:01,670 --> 00:32:03,350 The second way we react to cold is 694 00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:07,645 that our blood is restricted by the other-- our blood is 695 00:32:07,645 --> 00:32:10,460 restricted through the other organs. 696 00:32:10,460 --> 00:32:13,270 The blood circulatory system exits highways 697 00:32:13,270 --> 00:32:14,510 to the different organs. 698 00:32:14,510 --> 00:32:16,770 Imagine [INAUDIBLE] trucks carrying oxygen and heat 699 00:32:16,770 --> 00:32:18,440 to the organs. 700 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,280 As the speed of the trucks is higher, 701 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:22,880 more heat falls out and is lost to the surroundings, 702 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:27,270 hence our body slows down the flow of blood 703 00:32:27,270 --> 00:32:29,000 by tightening the blood vessels. 704 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,450 It is the same way as squeezing a lane on the highway. 705 00:32:32,450 --> 00:32:35,670 The third way is during more extreme case of cold. 706 00:32:35,670 --> 00:32:38,360 Our body results to quick skeletal muscle contractions, 707 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,140 called shivering, in an intent to create warmth 708 00:32:41,140 --> 00:32:43,460 by expending energy. 709 00:32:43,460 --> 00:32:46,610 It turns out that our bodies aren't always equally created. 710 00:32:46,610 --> 00:32:48,930 A team of California geneticists, 711 00:32:48,930 --> 00:32:51,240 led by Doctor Douglas C. Wallace of the University 712 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:54,500 of California, has found that many of the world's people 713 00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,370 are genetically adapted to the cold 714 00:32:56,370 --> 00:32:58,600 because their ancestors lived in northern climates 715 00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:00,030 during the ice age. 716 00:33:00,030 --> 00:33:03,120 This is a very big chuck [INAUDIBLE]. 717 00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:06,366 The genetic change affects basic body metabolism. 718 00:33:06,366 --> 00:33:07,990 The genetic adaptation is still carried 719 00:33:07,990 --> 00:33:10,550 by many northern Europeans, East Asians, 720 00:33:10,550 --> 00:33:13,640 and American Indians, most of whose ancestors 721 00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:15,370 once lived Serbia. 722 00:33:15,370 --> 00:33:18,170 But is absent from people native to Africa. 723 00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:20,570 The genetic change affects the mitochondria, 724 00:33:20,570 --> 00:33:24,110 causing it to generate more heat and less chemical energy, 725 00:33:24,110 --> 00:33:26,200 which was very helpful to early ancestors trying 726 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,484 to survive the cold. 727 00:33:28,484 --> 00:33:30,150 Other than our genetic make up affecting 728 00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,270 how much we can withstand the cold, 729 00:33:32,270 --> 00:33:35,939 our physical makeup also plays a part in our resist to cold. 730 00:33:35,939 --> 00:33:38,480 We lose heat to the environment through convection of the air 731 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:40,019 surrounding our bodies. 732 00:33:40,019 --> 00:33:42,060 When there's a greater difference in temperature, 733 00:33:42,060 --> 00:33:46,620 or more surface area exposed, there's a greater heat loss. 734 00:33:46,620 --> 00:33:49,000 We can slow down this process by reducing the surface 735 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,400 area in contact with the cold surface 736 00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,630 or by increasing thermal resistance by insulation. 737 00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:58,549 In 1877, American biologist [INAUDIBLE] 738 00:33:58,549 --> 00:34:00,090 showed that the length of one's limbs 739 00:34:00,090 --> 00:34:02,700 affected the amount of heat lost to the environment. 740 00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:04,880 Bodies with stockier frames and shorter arms 741 00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,240 mean less surface area exposed to the cold. 742 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,280 This is so men with smaller bodies, 743 00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:12,659 which have more surface area to volume, lose heat more rapidly. 744 00:34:12,659 --> 00:34:15,080 Fat, which acts as an insulation, 745 00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:16,969 helps increase thermal resistance, 746 00:34:16,969 --> 00:34:19,199 making one lose heat at a slower rate. 747 00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,520 Thus more people with-- [INAUDIBLE] people 748 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,678 with a healthy [INAUDIBLE] will be able to withstand the cold. 749 00:34:25,678 --> 00:34:27,469 Other than our genetic and physical makeup, 750 00:34:27,469 --> 00:34:30,370 there's one more way to resist the cold, meditation. 751 00:34:30,370 --> 00:34:32,810 Introducing Wim Hof from the Netherlands. 752 00:34:32,810 --> 00:34:36,100 In 2009 he completed a full marathon in temperatures 753 00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:38,250 below minus 30 degrees Celsius, dressed 754 00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:40,070 in nothing but his shorts. 755 00:34:40,070 --> 00:34:43,219 Wim Hof is aptly named Iceman for his ability 756 00:34:43,219 --> 00:34:45,870 to withstand extreme cold conditions by turning up 757 00:34:45,870 --> 00:34:48,210 internal thermostat of his mind. 758 00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:50,830 Wim Hof practices geothermal meditation 759 00:34:50,830 --> 00:34:52,380 that allows his body to produce more 760 00:34:52,380 --> 00:34:53,880 heat than the average person. 761 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:58,610 Now this sounds wishy-washy and non-scientific, 762 00:34:58,610 --> 00:35:03,010 but a team of researchers, led by associate professor Maria 763 00:35:03,010 --> 00:35:07,450 [INAUDIBLE], from the department of psychology at NUS, 764 00:35:07,450 --> 00:35:09,215 faculty of arts and social science, 765 00:35:09,215 --> 00:35:10,590 showed for the first time that it 766 00:35:10,590 --> 00:35:12,860 is possible for the core body temperature 767 00:35:12,860 --> 00:35:14,340 to be controlled by the brain. 768 00:35:14,340 --> 00:35:16,740 The scientists found that core body temperature increases 769 00:35:16,740 --> 00:35:19,250 can be achieved using certain meditation techniques. 770 00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:22,720 A second study was conducted with Western participants who 771 00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:26,090 use a breathing technique of the geothermal meditative practice. 772 00:35:26,090 --> 00:35:28,050 They were able to increase their core body 773 00:35:28,050 --> 00:35:30,880 temperature within limits. 774 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,320 Now that we understand our genetic and physical makeup, 775 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:35,525 and how it affects resistance the cold, as well 776 00:35:35,525 --> 00:35:37,947 as how to combat the cold, maybe if the next Ice Age 777 00:35:37,947 --> 00:35:40,530 were to come, you will better be able to withstand and survive 778 00:35:40,530 --> 00:35:41,030 it. 779 00:35:46,370 --> 00:35:48,650 PROFESSOR: Now, so we'll all go look at his script 780 00:35:48,650 --> 00:35:53,710 and-- actually, maybe this time we 781 00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:56,960 can talk more of the feedback and you can take notes, 782 00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:00,190 because you took a little longer than I thought it would. 783 00:36:00,190 --> 00:36:03,250 So I just want to leave enough time for everyone. 784 00:36:03,250 --> 00:36:05,772 But a quick note, when you guys read your scripts 785 00:36:05,772 --> 00:36:07,230 during the table read, read it like 786 00:36:07,230 --> 00:36:08,890 you would actually host it. 787 00:36:08,890 --> 00:36:11,170 You clocked in at exactly five minutes, 788 00:36:11,170 --> 00:36:15,920 but you read a lot faster than you talk normally. 789 00:36:15,920 --> 00:36:20,310 And when people read, they often have the exact same intonation 790 00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:21,880 structure when they read a sentence. 791 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:25,370 Which is to go, this is how I'm reading this sentence. 792 00:36:25,370 --> 00:36:27,690 I'm reading it, and my tone goes down at the end. 793 00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:30,273 I'm reading the next sentence, and it's going down at the end. 794 00:36:30,273 --> 00:36:33,140 And so every single sentence sounds the same. 795 00:36:33,140 --> 00:36:35,940 Does that makes sense? 796 00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,070 And when you do that-- and I know that you're just 797 00:36:39,070 --> 00:36:40,970 reading off of the script, but it's a habit 798 00:36:40,970 --> 00:36:43,350 that everyone falls into. 799 00:36:43,350 --> 00:36:45,109 When you do that, it makes it very, 800 00:36:45,109 --> 00:36:47,150 very evident that you're working off of a script. 801 00:36:47,150 --> 00:36:49,566 When you talk in real life, you have different intonations 802 00:36:49,566 --> 00:36:50,520 in your voice. 803 00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:51,160 You go up. 804 00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,620 You take kind of pauses. 805 00:36:53,620 --> 00:36:55,900 Your voice goes down at the end of some sentences. 806 00:36:55,900 --> 00:37:00,460 Sometimes it goes up if you're asking a question. 807 00:37:00,460 --> 00:37:03,780 But when you're reading verbatim from text, 808 00:37:03,780 --> 00:37:07,340 your intonation tends to fall into the habit of having 809 00:37:07,340 --> 00:37:09,070 the same intonation structure. 810 00:37:09,070 --> 00:37:10,370 So just be mindful of that. 811 00:37:10,370 --> 00:37:11,930 And for people who are going next, 812 00:37:11,930 --> 00:37:13,690 really try to read your script as you 813 00:37:13,690 --> 00:37:15,880 would present in the video. 814 00:37:18,970 --> 00:37:20,220 So that was just a quick note. 815 00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:24,590 Now how about everyone just read through the script. 816 00:37:24,590 --> 00:37:26,510 Don't worry about commenting. 817 00:37:26,510 --> 00:37:29,410 And then we'll all just sort of do live comment feedback 818 00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:31,570 on this one. 819 00:37:31,570 --> 00:37:36,940 OK, so I think this script has similar strengths 820 00:37:36,940 --> 00:37:40,110 as Julia's in that you have a lot of very specific examples. 821 00:37:40,110 --> 00:37:44,550 But I think it also struggles with having 822 00:37:44,550 --> 00:37:47,410 a hodgepodge of anecdotes, and not necessarily 823 00:37:47,410 --> 00:37:52,440 a real, unifying, noticeable theme. 824 00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:54,840 My big question about this script 825 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:58,040 is, is your theme more about why some people feel 826 00:37:58,040 --> 00:38:00,510 more comfortable in the cold or why some people would 827 00:38:00,510 --> 00:38:01,755 survive better in the cold? 828 00:38:01,755 --> 00:38:03,130 Because that's a point that Jamie 829 00:38:03,130 --> 00:38:05,057 brought up in the last class. 830 00:38:05,057 --> 00:38:06,430 DAVID: The second. 831 00:38:06,430 --> 00:38:07,910 PROFESSOR: The second. 832 00:38:07,910 --> 00:38:12,480 Because what I don't understand is how these specific examples 833 00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:16,300 actually imply better survival in the cold, 834 00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:21,200 because they're all about you burn more energy 835 00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:22,870 to produce more heat. 836 00:38:22,870 --> 00:38:28,820 But are some people's genetic makeup actually-- 837 00:38:28,820 --> 00:38:31,560 does it make them more prone to surviving in the cold? 838 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,712 Or does it just make them more comfortable in the cold? 839 00:38:34,712 --> 00:38:36,170 DAVID: Some people's genetic makeup 840 00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:40,720 allows them to create more heat, and therefore 841 00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:41,921 better survive the cold. 842 00:38:41,921 --> 00:38:43,670 Which is what makes them more comfortable. 843 00:38:43,670 --> 00:38:45,950 [INAUDIBLE] 844 00:38:45,950 --> 00:38:49,520 PROFESSOR: But the way you open up the video, 845 00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:54,160 it kind of implies why do some people wear a lot of layers 846 00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:56,060 while other people can go running. 847 00:38:56,060 --> 00:38:59,430 Are you implying that the people who go running in shorts 848 00:38:59,430 --> 00:39:03,229 could survive being out in the cold longer? 849 00:39:03,229 --> 00:39:04,020 DAVID: [INAUDIBLE]. 850 00:39:04,020 --> 00:39:06,850 They are able to do that because-- maybe because 851 00:39:06,850 --> 00:39:09,500 of the reasons below, maybe they're 852 00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:13,820 genetic makeup is predisposed to better withstand the cold. 853 00:39:13,820 --> 00:39:16,110 Or maybe they have a physical makeup 854 00:39:16,110 --> 00:39:19,540 that is just there that helps them to do. 855 00:39:19,540 --> 00:39:21,980 PROFESSOR: But is that scientifically proven? 856 00:39:21,980 --> 00:39:23,940 DAVID: Yeah. 857 00:39:23,940 --> 00:39:29,230 Based on the-- I cited the documents, 858 00:39:29,230 --> 00:39:30,956 the scientific study. 859 00:39:30,956 --> 00:39:33,330 PROFESSOR: Because to me, I don't know how you guys feel, 860 00:39:33,330 --> 00:39:35,705 but to me, that's actually not established with the facts 861 00:39:35,705 --> 00:39:38,337 that you've given. 862 00:39:38,337 --> 00:39:40,420 Like if you took the person who was wearing shorts 863 00:39:40,420 --> 00:39:42,294 running and the person who was wearing a coat 864 00:39:42,294 --> 00:39:45,040 and you stuck them in Antarctica, would the person 865 00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:47,974 who was wearing shorts live longer? 866 00:39:47,974 --> 00:39:49,640 I mean the person who was wearing shorts 867 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:51,540 wouldn't complain as soon, right? 868 00:39:51,540 --> 00:39:54,450 The person who bundles up, they'd 869 00:39:54,450 --> 00:39:56,790 complain about being cold, but would they necessarily 870 00:39:56,790 --> 00:39:57,470 die first? 871 00:39:59,954 --> 00:40:02,120 AUDIENCE: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE] while you were talking I 872 00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:02,987 put on my jacket. 873 00:40:07,070 --> 00:40:08,850 AUDIENCE: Like I have seen stuff. 874 00:40:08,850 --> 00:40:11,747 I mean-- and I know whatever I've 875 00:40:11,747 --> 00:40:14,330 seen there's probably a million things out there to debate it, 876 00:40:14,330 --> 00:40:19,040 but if people are in hypothermic conditions-- and this kind 877 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:21,877 of alludes to the metaphysical, I 878 00:40:21,877 --> 00:40:24,460 guess, like that aspect of you talking about with the marathon 879 00:40:24,460 --> 00:40:30,030 runner-- some people are able to make their core temperature 880 00:40:30,030 --> 00:40:33,710 warmer than it would be in just like ambient temperature, 881 00:40:33,710 --> 00:40:36,090 if they're actually in a colder environment. 882 00:40:36,090 --> 00:40:37,690 I have seen stuff like that. 883 00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:40,340 What I thought would be cool with that piece, 884 00:40:40,340 --> 00:40:42,320 though, was if at the beginning you 885 00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:44,770 say why do some people handle the cold better than others, 886 00:40:44,770 --> 00:40:46,540 well, it's all these questions. 887 00:40:46,540 --> 00:40:49,890 But if you introduced with like, in 2009, 888 00:40:49,890 --> 00:40:52,560 whoever ran this marathon and he was wearing shorts. 889 00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:56,460 Like how was he able to do that. 890 00:40:56,460 --> 00:41:00,040 That way I think you're taking out that first chunk 891 00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,685 and you're replacing it with what you already have in there. 892 00:41:02,685 --> 00:41:04,280 So you're shortening it a little bit. 893 00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:08,581 And I think it's more of an interesting introduction. 894 00:41:08,581 --> 00:41:10,205 Because that's the stuff that I thought 895 00:41:10,205 --> 00:41:11,663 was really interesting, is like how 896 00:41:11,663 --> 00:41:14,820 are people able to do this and scientists study them 897 00:41:14,820 --> 00:41:19,200 and whatever your facts are. 898 00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:20,590 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I agree. 899 00:41:20,590 --> 00:41:22,550 I think it's a much more compelling opening 900 00:41:22,550 --> 00:41:26,950 than why do some people wear shorts outside. 901 00:41:26,950 --> 00:41:30,000 So basically moving scene 3C to the beginning. 902 00:41:36,170 --> 00:41:37,432 Go ahead, Julia. 903 00:41:37,432 --> 00:41:40,786 AUDIENCE: The way that the scene 3C is currently 904 00:41:40,786 --> 00:41:43,762 placed it almost seems like the odd one out because it 905 00:41:43,762 --> 00:41:45,746 talks about meditation. 906 00:41:45,746 --> 00:41:48,230 So if you did start with it, that would be really cool. 907 00:41:48,230 --> 00:41:52,656 But also maybe replacing the word meditation with you're 908 00:41:52,656 --> 00:41:54,644 controlling something with your brain, 909 00:41:54,644 --> 00:41:59,320 just so it seems more like a scientifically-related concept. 910 00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:03,865 And the also, another thing is you 911 00:42:03,865 --> 00:42:06,910 name a lot of scientists and dates. 912 00:42:06,910 --> 00:42:11,580 So maybe you could talk about those experiments but not, 913 00:42:11,580 --> 00:42:14,840 name, people or locations. 914 00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:16,798 That might make it easier because then you 915 00:42:16,798 --> 00:42:19,990 don't have to think about California and Northern Europe 916 00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:25,401 in the same sentence that mean different things. 917 00:42:25,401 --> 00:42:27,526 PROFESSOR: Nathan, were you going to say something? 918 00:42:27,526 --> 00:42:30,998 AUDIENCE: I actually think it's more of the second scene. 919 00:42:30,998 --> 00:42:32,810 I feel like the second scene is kind 920 00:42:32,810 --> 00:42:37,960 of explaining on a cellular level and anatomic level 921 00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:41,800 how we stay warm. 922 00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:45,778 And it doesn't really connect to well to either the intro 923 00:42:45,778 --> 00:42:47,272 or the third scene. 924 00:42:47,272 --> 00:42:49,264 I think it's actually really interesting, 925 00:42:49,264 --> 00:42:51,754 but right now it's kind of like-- it doesn't really 926 00:42:51,754 --> 00:42:53,414 talk about why some people do any 927 00:42:53,414 --> 00:42:55,240 of these better than others. 928 00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:58,726 And then there's only like one part in the third scene 929 00:42:58,726 --> 00:43:01,216 where mitochondria is mentioned. 930 00:43:01,216 --> 00:43:03,955 I think that just needs a little bit better connected 931 00:43:03,955 --> 00:43:05,740 to everything else. 932 00:43:05,740 --> 00:43:08,545 PROFESSOR: How vital is scene two? 933 00:43:08,545 --> 00:43:11,390 DAVID: Basically, my thought process 934 00:43:11,390 --> 00:43:13,870 of how this is going to go is introduction, 935 00:43:13,870 --> 00:43:15,700 and then how our body handles, and what is 936 00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:17,570 the difference between people. 937 00:43:17,570 --> 00:43:21,270 PROFESSOR: It's a very classic five paragraph essay form, 938 00:43:21,270 --> 00:43:21,910 right? 939 00:43:21,910 --> 00:43:29,510 Intro, background knowledge, question, example, right? 940 00:43:29,510 --> 00:43:33,190 Which is a very logical flow of ideas, 941 00:43:33,190 --> 00:43:36,680 which is why so many people write essays that way. 942 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:39,070 But I think it's also why it's reading a little bit 943 00:43:39,070 --> 00:43:42,120 like a news story right now. 944 00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:50,240 It's reading a little bit like a part of a textbook, almost. 945 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:55,150 And it really-- the stuff at the end 946 00:43:55,150 --> 00:43:57,800 is really the more interesting part, to me at least, 947 00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:01,500 the reason why maybe it should be a video over an article. 948 00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:06,600 And I think PJ's idea of moving the example 949 00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,250 from the guy from Iceland as your opening will 950 00:44:09,250 --> 00:44:11,870 help with that. 951 00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:15,650 And I also agree with Nathan that you may not even 952 00:44:15,650 --> 00:44:18,840 need most of scene two, right, because the point of the video 953 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:22,060 isn't to explain how we stay warm. 954 00:44:22,060 --> 00:44:24,840 The point of the video is to explain 955 00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:30,380 why some people are more predisposed to handling 956 00:44:30,380 --> 00:44:32,850 incredibly harsh environments than others. 957 00:44:32,850 --> 00:44:37,080 Like I think the concept of hypothermia is fascinating, 958 00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:40,170 but that word isn't mentioned that all in this video. 959 00:44:40,170 --> 00:44:41,830 And let me know if you guys disagree, 960 00:44:41,830 --> 00:44:44,130 because this is a totally personal taste thing, 961 00:44:44,130 --> 00:44:47,760 but I feel like that would be a much more compelling example 962 00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:52,264 to use than to say you stay warm by shivering. 963 00:44:52,264 --> 00:44:54,430 And you stay warm by your blood vessels contracting. 964 00:44:54,430 --> 00:44:57,700 Like those are all very true facts that don't take away, 965 00:44:57,700 --> 00:45:01,487 necessarily, from understanding how people are more 966 00:45:01,487 --> 00:45:03,820 predisposed, it's just that you spend such a long amount 967 00:45:03,820 --> 00:45:05,470 of time on that. 968 00:45:05,470 --> 00:45:07,660 And it takes a while to get the bulk of your body. 969 00:45:07,660 --> 00:45:11,830 It's like the same thing that was happening with Julia's. 970 00:45:11,830 --> 00:45:14,010 And it's very counter-intuitive because it's 971 00:45:14,010 --> 00:45:18,360 very different from typical science communication. 972 00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:20,480 That's not how you write a journal article. 973 00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:23,410 With a journal article, you span like five pages with an intro 974 00:45:23,410 --> 00:45:25,290 and set up. 975 00:45:25,290 --> 00:45:29,000 But with the video, I don't think 976 00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:30,650 you need the second thing. 977 00:45:30,650 --> 00:45:34,980 I think you need bits and pieces from it to explain the point, 978 00:45:34,980 --> 00:45:36,770 but what do you guys think? 979 00:45:39,590 --> 00:45:42,990 AUDIENCE: I think may be to just like identify second scene. 980 00:45:42,990 --> 00:45:44,880 So it's on a cellular level. 981 00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:46,850 And then we shiver. 982 00:45:46,850 --> 00:45:49,760 So skeletal. 983 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:52,480 Maybe just identifying it but not really expanding on it 984 00:45:52,480 --> 00:45:55,234 might be something to do. 985 00:45:55,234 --> 00:45:57,150 PROFESSOR: Jamie, were you going to something? 986 00:45:57,150 --> 00:46:00,410 AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm just processing. 987 00:46:00,410 --> 00:46:03,180 This is one by going deep it allows you to go shallow 988 00:46:03,180 --> 00:46:06,846 as well, like with the Julia with diving deeply [INAUDIBLE] 989 00:46:06,846 --> 00:46:09,630 to something else. 990 00:46:09,630 --> 00:46:15,495 I'm with you now, about if we start 991 00:46:15,495 --> 00:46:18,492 with the idea of this runner who was 992 00:46:18,492 --> 00:46:20,900 able to beat the cold with his him, 993 00:46:20,900 --> 00:46:23,150 through telling that story, you can actually 994 00:46:23,150 --> 00:46:26,620 tell me about what's happening on a cellular level 995 00:46:26,620 --> 00:46:28,990 and how he was able to beat it, right? 996 00:46:31,740 --> 00:46:35,220 So one thing that I think needs to be said somewhere in this 997 00:46:35,220 --> 00:46:38,180 is the idea that if you strip away 998 00:46:38,180 --> 00:46:40,700 some of the variables like what people ate 999 00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:45,267 or-- as someone who used to be a serious hiker, if someone has 1000 00:46:45,267 --> 00:46:47,392 to go to the bathroom versus doesn't, that actually 1001 00:46:47,392 --> 00:46:49,308 makes a really big difference on staying warm. 1002 00:46:49,308 --> 00:46:53,680 Because if you think about it, if you have all this liquid 1003 00:46:53,680 --> 00:46:55,190 and you need to go to the bathroom, 1004 00:46:55,190 --> 00:46:56,675 your body's warming all of that up. 1005 00:46:56,675 --> 00:46:58,175 And if you just went to the bathroom 1006 00:46:58,175 --> 00:46:59,690 you'd suddenly get a lot warmer. 1007 00:46:59,690 --> 00:47:02,250 So taking those variables out, I'd 1008 00:47:02,250 --> 00:47:06,790 say all things being the same, these two fundamental bodies, 1009 00:47:06,790 --> 00:47:08,830 what's going on in a cellular level? 1010 00:47:08,830 --> 00:47:12,340 That helps you understand the mind breaking, 1011 00:47:12,340 --> 00:47:17,300 the cool extreme example we have of this guy 1012 00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:19,120 beating the system somehow. 1013 00:47:19,120 --> 00:47:21,620 But in order to understand how cool it is that he's broken 1014 00:47:21,620 --> 00:47:24,464 and beat the system, we kind of need 1015 00:47:24,464 --> 00:47:27,790 to understand what the norm is for the system. 1016 00:47:27,790 --> 00:47:30,370 So by using him as your freak example, 1017 00:47:30,370 --> 00:47:32,300 it allows you to also tell the story of how 1018 00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:36,850 things should work in a normal-- do you see what I'm saying? 1019 00:47:36,850 --> 00:47:40,190 And then suddenly his story becomes your streamline, 1020 00:47:40,190 --> 00:47:45,010 that forward motion throughout your video. 1021 00:47:45,010 --> 00:47:49,200 And the backward telling of the story of the facts 1022 00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:54,154 about how a person breaks down glucose 1023 00:47:54,154 --> 00:47:57,230 or whatever, ends up being part of that forward motion 1024 00:47:57,230 --> 00:48:00,600 because you're trying to explain this cool, weird freak 1025 00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,800 thing of someone can actually use their mind 1026 00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:08,760 to change, or at least to appear to change their temperature. 1027 00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:11,570 So I really like this re-framing. 1028 00:48:11,570 --> 00:48:13,980 And I think it allows you to go deeper 1029 00:48:13,980 --> 00:48:17,344 and to make it more interesting by doing less. 1030 00:48:17,344 --> 00:48:20,010 PROFESSOR: I think you also need to bring the point of the video 1031 00:48:20,010 --> 00:48:25,900 earlier on, because right now it comes in scene four 1032 00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:28,430 at the very end. 1033 00:48:28,430 --> 00:48:30,250 Maybe if the Ice Age were to come, 1034 00:48:30,250 --> 00:48:32,740 we would better be able to withstand and survive it. 1035 00:48:32,740 --> 00:48:35,370 It's really random right now, because you haven't really 1036 00:48:35,370 --> 00:48:37,550 set that up as an argument. 1037 00:48:37,550 --> 00:48:39,980 So I would say put that at the beginning, too. 1038 00:48:39,980 --> 00:48:43,020 Like there was this guy a long time ago. 1039 00:48:43,020 --> 00:48:47,310 And he ran this marathon half naked. 1040 00:48:47,310 --> 00:48:49,980 Why didn't he die? 1041 00:48:49,980 --> 00:48:52,840 Is there something about him that 1042 00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:55,670 is genetically-- don't say genetically superior 1043 00:48:55,670 --> 00:48:57,730 because that's very un-PC. 1044 00:48:57,730 --> 00:49:00,670 But you know, are there genetic traits about him 1045 00:49:00,670 --> 00:49:05,550 that would equip him to not only withstand cold temperatures, 1046 00:49:05,550 --> 00:49:07,850 but maybe survive the next Ice Age. 1047 00:49:07,850 --> 00:49:11,420 Is there something about him, about humans like him, that are 1048 00:49:11,420 --> 00:49:13,509 different from other people. 1049 00:49:13,509 --> 00:49:15,050 That's what I'm saying about it needs 1050 00:49:15,050 --> 00:49:17,120 to get into the meat and the bulk of the video 1051 00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:21,240 sooner, because right now it's a lot of intro, intro, intro. 1052 00:49:21,240 --> 00:49:24,490 And the example doesn't even come 1053 00:49:24,490 --> 00:49:31,490 until scene 3C, which is over halfway through the video. 1054 00:49:31,490 --> 00:49:34,110 Does that makes sense to people, what Jamie just said, 1055 00:49:34,110 --> 00:49:37,170 about using a specific anecdote to describe 1056 00:49:37,170 --> 00:49:41,270 a lot of the core concepts instead of just describing 1057 00:49:41,270 --> 00:49:43,212 the core concept separately? 1058 00:49:43,212 --> 00:49:45,610 Does that make sense? 1059 00:49:45,610 --> 00:49:47,485 AUDIENCE: You can have a lot of fun with that 1060 00:49:47,485 --> 00:49:49,782 as it being your main story. 1061 00:49:49,782 --> 00:49:55,380 Like imagine you running half naked across the football field 1062 00:49:55,380 --> 00:49:57,060 with obvious snow out, right? 1063 00:49:57,060 --> 00:49:59,070 That's a really fun intro. 1064 00:49:59,070 --> 00:50:00,700 I mean, there are really fun things 1065 00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:03,234 you can do that also make it concrete. 1066 00:50:03,234 --> 00:50:05,226 Because you've done all the hard work already, 1067 00:50:05,226 --> 00:50:07,640 which was coming up with the science behind it. 1068 00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:09,870 You've already made it into a concrete story. 1069 00:50:09,870 --> 00:50:13,970 Here are three specific things that might be happening. 1070 00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:17,711 You just need a hook and a story line to help you tell that. 1071 00:50:17,711 --> 00:50:19,210 PROFESSOR: The application is what's 1072 00:50:19,210 --> 00:50:22,240 going to differentiate it from a textbook as well. 1073 00:50:22,240 --> 00:50:28,140 Because right now, scene two is a textbook moved to video. 1074 00:50:28,140 --> 00:50:31,050 And that's fine, but it's not going to be interesting, 1075 00:50:31,050 --> 00:50:33,950 I think, has all your anecdotes. 1076 00:50:33,950 --> 00:50:37,750 I mean I have the concern that this-- what's 1077 00:50:37,750 --> 00:50:41,760 his name-- coldman, Iceman. 1078 00:50:41,760 --> 00:50:44,640 I had a concern that is wasn't scientific enough or robust. 1079 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:49,800 But since you added the stuff about the research from NUS, 1080 00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:51,450 I do think that's interesting. 1081 00:50:51,450 --> 00:50:53,020 Expand on that more. 1082 00:50:53,020 --> 00:50:56,870 And cut out stuff from scene two to give you time to do that. 1083 00:50:56,870 --> 00:51:01,200 So I would say open with Iceman. 1084 00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,890 Open with the big picture question, 1085 00:51:04,890 --> 00:51:06,990 what are the fundamental qualities about him that 1086 00:51:06,990 --> 00:51:10,640 differentiate him from other humans like me. 1087 00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:14,310 Then you can talk about what exactly happens when people 1088 00:51:14,310 --> 00:51:16,260 die of the cold, essentially. 1089 00:51:16,260 --> 00:51:19,780 Like why is that happening, it's because your body can't keep up 1090 00:51:19,780 --> 00:51:22,052 with burning enough fuel. 1091 00:51:22,052 --> 00:51:23,760 So you're talking about the whole furnace 1092 00:51:23,760 --> 00:51:25,920 concept in that reason, but you're not 1093 00:51:25,920 --> 00:51:30,100 taking the time to separately explain it to people. 1094 00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:33,590 And then-- so you have the example. 1095 00:51:33,590 --> 00:51:35,220 You have the huge question. 1096 00:51:35,220 --> 00:51:38,880 You go into the details of explaining the core concepts. 1097 00:51:38,880 --> 00:51:41,810 Then go back out to the research question again. 1098 00:51:41,810 --> 00:51:44,147 Does that makes sense? 1099 00:51:44,147 --> 00:51:46,230 AUDIENCE: I think the really critical part of what 1100 00:51:46,230 --> 00:51:48,396 [INAUDIBLE] just said that's not in your video right 1101 00:51:48,396 --> 00:51:51,460 now is explaining what happens when people die of the cold. 1102 00:51:51,460 --> 00:51:54,920 Because that'll really drive home your big question, 1103 00:51:54,920 --> 00:51:57,285 how will we survive the next Ice Age. 1104 00:51:57,285 --> 00:51:59,380 How people died in the cold in the first place. 1105 00:51:59,380 --> 00:52:01,880 So what happens when these systems that generate heat 1106 00:52:01,880 --> 00:52:02,380 fail. 1107 00:52:02,380 --> 00:52:05,398 And what about them fails. 1108 00:52:05,398 --> 00:52:08,310 AUDIENCE: And this may be too much. 1109 00:52:08,310 --> 00:52:12,060 So as author, totally feel free to ignore this next idea, 1110 00:52:12,060 --> 00:52:15,068 but at the very beginning you talk 1111 00:52:15,068 --> 00:52:19,680 about putting clothes on as a way of combating that cycle. 1112 00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:22,582 What are the ways that we-- and I don't want you 1113 00:52:22,582 --> 00:52:24,310 to dive deeply into this, but it might be 1114 00:52:24,310 --> 00:52:26,900 a nice beginning of a wrap up. 1115 00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:30,230 What are the ways that we can fight the cold 1116 00:52:30,230 --> 00:52:32,140 given our current cellular structure. 1117 00:52:32,140 --> 00:52:33,980 So I'm born this way. 1118 00:52:33,980 --> 00:52:35,760 This is me in the world. 1119 00:52:35,760 --> 00:52:39,680 What can I do right now to fight the cold. 1120 00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:41,290 Obviously I can put on another jacket. 1121 00:52:41,290 --> 00:52:43,374 What's my jacket doing, fundamentally. 1122 00:52:43,374 --> 00:52:45,790 PROFESSOR: And you talk about that right now in scene two, 1123 00:52:45,790 --> 00:52:48,970 but do you see that makes much more sense in the context 1124 00:52:48,970 --> 00:52:50,310 of Jamie's example? 1125 00:52:50,310 --> 00:52:52,950 So you don't have to take the time to say, 1126 00:52:52,950 --> 00:52:54,320 let me define shivering. 1127 00:52:54,320 --> 00:52:55,980 Let me define blood constriction. 1128 00:52:55,980 --> 00:53:01,990 Let me define metabolises. 1129 00:53:01,990 --> 00:53:05,390 Don't take the time to define those things separately 1130 00:53:05,390 --> 00:53:06,430 from a context. 1131 00:53:06,430 --> 00:53:08,690 Just seamlessly integrate that into the examples 1132 00:53:08,690 --> 00:53:10,240 you're already talking about. 1133 00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:14,620 AUDIENCE: Or would eating a big spoon of peanut butter help me. 1134 00:53:14,620 --> 00:53:16,914 I would want to probably know some concrete things 1135 00:53:16,914 --> 00:53:19,874 at the end, just wrapping up, along with the scientific. 1136 00:53:19,874 --> 00:53:22,770 As someone who used to do some pretty extreme outdoor stuff, 1137 00:53:22,770 --> 00:53:25,286 I know that eating a spoonful of peanut butter 1138 00:53:25,286 --> 00:53:28,400 actually will help, but why? 1139 00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:30,900 And just bringing it back on that very concrete level 1140 00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:34,580 to your audience, to be like, because of carbohydrates here. 1141 00:53:34,580 --> 00:53:37,590 So next time you're about to stand out and watch a football 1142 00:53:37,590 --> 00:53:41,328 game in the cold, eat a huge bar of chocolate 1143 00:53:41,328 --> 00:53:45,760 or put on an extra layer, or something concrete. 1144 00:53:45,760 --> 00:53:47,677 And not a lot of time. 1145 00:53:47,677 --> 00:53:49,585 Don't waste a lot of time. 1146 00:53:49,585 --> 00:53:51,493 That might tie it back to the concrete 1147 00:53:51,493 --> 00:53:52,785 for your audience a little bit. 1148 00:53:52,785 --> 00:53:54,368 PROFESSOR: I wouldn't end it that way, 1149 00:53:54,368 --> 00:53:56,330 though, because that's a little too simplistic 1150 00:53:56,330 --> 00:53:58,140 for what you could do. 1151 00:53:58,140 --> 00:54:02,430 So end it by tying it back to the big question, for sure. 1152 00:54:02,430 --> 00:54:04,950 And that's what I meant when I said in your comments, 1153 00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:07,130 like what type of research is going on. 1154 00:54:07,130 --> 00:54:10,530 Because there must be people out there who are studying ways 1155 00:54:10,530 --> 00:54:13,740 to sort of trick our bodies against the way 1156 00:54:13,740 --> 00:54:18,120 we're naturally hardwired beyond just putting on another jacket. 1157 00:54:18,120 --> 00:54:19,720 So if you can talk about those things, 1158 00:54:19,720 --> 00:54:21,530 I mean that's another opportunity 1159 00:54:21,530 --> 00:54:24,970 to differentiate it from a traditional textbook content. 1160 00:54:24,970 --> 00:54:26,970 So right, now the way your script is structured, 1161 00:54:26,970 --> 00:54:32,290 is simple question, facts, background facts, 1162 00:54:32,290 --> 00:54:36,860 a bunch of research questions, and then really good question. 1163 00:54:36,860 --> 00:54:40,360 That's like a very standard five paragraph format. 1164 00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:43,560 I would say restructure it so that you open with one 1165 00:54:43,560 --> 00:54:45,470 of the anecdotes, Iceman. 1166 00:54:45,470 --> 00:54:48,320 Open with the big question. 1167 00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:52,500 Go into the details in the context of the example. 1168 00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:55,560 Then go back out to the research question. 1169 00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:58,770 Then you can do what Jamie says, which is like well, 1170 00:54:58,770 --> 00:55:01,870 if some people, like Iceman, just are better off, 1171 00:55:01,870 --> 00:55:04,220 like what about for the rest of us? 1172 00:55:04,220 --> 00:55:06,740 What are researchers doing or what can 1173 00:55:06,740 --> 00:55:12,110 we practically do to sort of trick nature. 1174 00:55:12,110 --> 00:55:15,345 And then point it back to the big question again. 1175 00:55:15,345 --> 00:55:16,220 Does that make sense? 1176 00:55:16,220 --> 00:55:19,710 AUDIENCE: It might be worth it to-- hibernation's 1177 00:55:19,710 --> 00:55:23,690 like a hot topic right now with all the space travel and stuff 1178 00:55:23,690 --> 00:55:25,610 that they're thinking of. 1179 00:55:25,610 --> 00:55:28,610 So that's like-- I mean that's addressing 1180 00:55:28,610 --> 00:55:31,170 eating a lot, low metabolic, it kind of, 1181 00:55:31,170 --> 00:55:33,240 I think, gets all of that. 1182 00:55:33,240 --> 00:55:36,060 [INAUDIBLE] 1183 00:55:36,060 --> 00:55:39,290 PROFESSOR: But also they're doing that for space research, 1184 00:55:39,290 --> 00:55:40,430 too, right? 1185 00:55:44,570 --> 00:55:46,710 There are a lot of resources at your disposal, 1186 00:55:46,710 --> 00:55:48,790 so you can talk about things that have never 1187 00:55:48,790 --> 00:55:50,720 been talked about before. 1188 00:55:50,720 --> 00:55:53,617 That's the whole point of these videos. 1189 00:55:53,617 --> 00:55:55,200 That's what I mean by don't leave them 1190 00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:57,390 as instructional tutorial videos, 1191 00:55:57,390 --> 00:56:02,250 because anyone can make those, but we have current research 1192 00:56:02,250 --> 00:56:03,134 at our disposal. 1193 00:56:03,134 --> 00:56:04,550 There's so many things that we can 1194 00:56:04,550 --> 00:56:07,260 talk about that just haven't been talked about yet, 1195 00:56:07,260 --> 00:56:11,230 so I really want you to spend most of the time of your videos 1196 00:56:11,230 --> 00:56:12,596 on that. 1197 00:56:12,596 --> 00:56:14,304 AUDIENCE: And you might be able to find-- 1198 00:56:14,304 --> 00:56:16,200 I mean I have no idea who does this on campus-- 1199 00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,616 but I bet we could probably do some research to figure out 1200 00:56:18,616 --> 00:56:20,470 is anyone in [INAUDIBLE]. 1201 00:56:20,470 --> 00:56:21,976 I don't know, someone. 1202 00:56:21,976 --> 00:56:23,940 There might be someone on campus that you 1203 00:56:23,940 --> 00:56:26,440 could talk to that's doing some research on this [INAUDIBLE] 1204 00:56:26,440 --> 00:56:26,940 thing. 1205 00:56:26,940 --> 00:56:29,416 If you could add a little of that it would be cool. 1206 00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:39,440 What's the pacing that you're planning for this? 1207 00:56:39,440 --> 00:56:41,174 PROFESSOR: Pacing for today? 1208 00:56:41,174 --> 00:56:43,340 AUDIENCE: Like how many people are we hoping to get? 1209 00:56:43,340 --> 00:56:46,006 PROFESSOR: I was going to try to get as many people as we could. 1210 00:56:46,006 --> 00:56:48,720 Tomorrow I'm going to do my last lecture to give you guys 1211 00:56:48,720 --> 00:56:51,345 more time to work on your video than we had originally planned. 1212 00:56:54,340 --> 00:56:56,589 Yeah, so just as many as we can get through today. 1213 00:56:56,589 --> 00:56:58,380 Whatever we don't finish we'll do tomorrow. 1214 00:57:00,674 --> 00:57:02,340 AUDIENCE: We should probably give people 1215 00:57:02,340 --> 00:57:03,330 a chance to break soon. 1216 00:57:03,330 --> 00:57:04,454 PROFESSOR: Yes, absolutely. 1217 00:57:04,454 --> 00:57:08,070 Let's do one more and then take a break. 1218 00:57:08,070 --> 00:57:10,610 David, do you have any questions about that? 1219 00:57:10,610 --> 00:57:12,767 About all of our feedback? 1220 00:57:12,767 --> 00:57:13,558 DAVID: [INAUDIBLE]. 1221 00:57:18,478 --> 00:57:21,670 AUDIENCE: So for example, one section 1222 00:57:21,670 --> 00:57:28,820 I think could be condensed to a single sentence, like 3A. 1223 00:57:28,820 --> 00:57:30,930 So you have this really big paragraph. 1224 00:57:30,930 --> 00:57:33,070 It's like a paragraph in your essay. 1225 00:57:33,070 --> 00:57:34,620 You have a citation and everything. 1226 00:57:34,620 --> 00:57:36,890 But that section can just be reduced 1227 00:57:36,890 --> 00:57:43,850 to some people have different mitochondria, which 1228 00:57:43,850 --> 00:57:47,080 generates more hear and less chemical energy. 1229 00:57:47,080 --> 00:57:48,317 Like that's it. 1230 00:57:48,317 --> 00:57:50,589 That was the essence of section 3A. 1231 00:57:50,589 --> 00:57:51,380 DAVID: [INAUDIBLE]. 1232 00:57:56,420 --> 00:58:00,604 AUDIENCE: You are-- you are a reliable narrator, inherently, 1233 00:58:00,604 --> 00:58:01,580 in your video. 1234 00:58:01,580 --> 00:58:04,240 So this is a citation to something, 1235 00:58:04,240 --> 00:58:06,740 as something you can include in the video description below. 1236 00:58:06,740 --> 00:58:09,092 And oftentimes a lot of educational channels do. 1237 00:58:09,092 --> 00:58:11,300 It's like, if you want to do further reading on this, 1238 00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:13,220 you can include it in the description. 1239 00:58:13,220 --> 00:58:20,550 But if you say a statement like that, that because of genetics, 1240 00:58:20,550 --> 00:58:23,900 because of the hard-wiring of our DNA, 1241 00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:27,756 some people's mitochondria is more efficient in this way, 1242 00:58:27,756 --> 00:58:29,950 less efficient in this way. 1243 00:58:29,950 --> 00:58:31,480 They're accepting this. 1244 00:58:31,480 --> 00:58:35,660 And I think because you're a scientist 1245 00:58:35,660 --> 00:58:37,450 and because you're making this at MIT, 1246 00:58:37,450 --> 00:58:39,750 that adds to your reliability. 1247 00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:43,280 And the fact that, for your more dubious claims, which 1248 00:58:43,280 --> 00:58:47,230 in my opinion are the mediation stuff, because psychology 1249 00:58:47,230 --> 00:58:49,710 is inherently a more dubious field, 1250 00:58:49,710 --> 00:58:51,685 like anything with people's brains, 1251 00:58:51,685 --> 00:58:55,160 we have a very, very loose understanding of brains. 1252 00:58:55,160 --> 00:58:59,301 Because that's where if any citations go on your video, 1253 00:58:59,301 --> 00:59:01,550 that's where you should start referencing researchers, 1254 00:59:01,550 --> 00:59:03,730 because that's where people are going to go, 1255 00:59:03,730 --> 00:59:06,687 hm, this kind of sounds like pseudo science. 1256 00:59:06,687 --> 00:59:08,270 But people have heard of mitochondria. 1257 00:59:08,270 --> 00:59:09,645 People know what mitochondria do. 1258 00:59:09,645 --> 00:59:12,890 So if you make a claim that some people's mitochondria, not 1259 00:59:12,890 --> 00:59:16,822 everyone's, acts differently, then that's an acceptable fact. 1260 00:59:16,822 --> 00:59:19,280 PROFESSOR: David, I know this is not what you want to hear, 1261 00:59:19,280 --> 00:59:21,130 but what I actually recommend you do 1262 00:59:21,130 --> 00:59:25,930 is write a script from scratch. 1263 00:59:25,930 --> 00:59:28,580 Write your next draft. 1264 00:59:28,580 --> 00:59:30,580 Because you have all this knowledge in your mind 1265 00:59:30,580 --> 00:59:31,996 already, so it's not like you need 1266 00:59:31,996 --> 00:59:33,630 to look at it to rewrite it. 1267 00:59:33,630 --> 00:59:36,830 But approach it from this completely fresh, 1268 00:59:36,830 --> 00:59:40,900 new structure, of opening with an anecdote, 1269 00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:43,590 connecting that to the big question. 1270 00:59:43,590 --> 00:59:44,980 Explain the anecdote. 1271 00:59:44,980 --> 00:59:46,910 And in the process of explaining it, 1272 00:59:46,910 --> 00:59:49,910 you can hit the definitions of why people-- 1273 00:59:49,910 --> 00:59:55,370 or how your body shivers, or how many Iceman, when he meditated, 1274 00:59:55,370 --> 00:59:57,020 maybe his blood vessels constricted. 1275 00:59:57,020 --> 00:59:58,144 I'm totally making this up. 1276 00:59:58,144 --> 01:00:01,430 You have to fact check all this. 1277 01:00:01,430 --> 01:00:05,300 Then go back out to how this could affect our survival 1278 01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:06,387 rate in the Ice Age. 1279 01:00:06,387 --> 01:00:07,970 If you approach it from-- because this 1280 01:00:07,970 --> 01:00:11,610 is going to take a completely different structuring. 1281 01:00:11,610 --> 01:00:13,250 So I almost don't want you to even look 1282 01:00:13,250 --> 01:00:15,750 at this when you try your next draft, because you're 1283 01:00:15,750 --> 01:00:17,366 going to have the habit of thinking 1284 01:00:17,366 --> 01:00:19,240 about it in the same five paragraph structure 1285 01:00:19,240 --> 01:00:20,073 that you did before. 1286 01:00:23,070 --> 01:00:24,300 Send the next draft that way. 1287 01:00:27,220 --> 01:00:30,920 I think in the process, you will end up not including things 1288 01:00:30,920 --> 01:00:33,570 just naturally. 1289 01:00:33,570 --> 01:00:35,969 But if you try to look at this draft and say what do 1290 01:00:35,969 --> 01:00:36,760 I need to take out. 1291 01:00:36,760 --> 01:00:37,801 What do I need to put in. 1292 01:00:37,801 --> 01:00:40,760 What do I need to move around. 1293 01:00:40,760 --> 01:00:43,507 I think it might be a little confusing to you, 1294 01:00:43,507 --> 01:00:44,501 does that make sense. 1295 01:00:49,480 --> 01:00:50,226 All right. 1296 01:00:50,226 --> 01:00:51,975 And I will stick around after class today, 1297 01:00:51,975 --> 01:00:53,760 if people want to talk more about their scripts. 1298 01:00:53,760 --> 01:00:55,343 But I wanted to give everyone a chance 1299 01:00:55,343 --> 01:00:56,820 to read it out loud to people. 1300 01:00:56,820 --> 01:00:59,780 Oh, when you are reading also, this is a tendency 1301 01:00:59,780 --> 01:01:00,880 that a lot of people have. 1302 01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:03,500 And I just noticed it because you read last. 1303 01:01:03,500 --> 01:01:05,696 But carry your words through. 1304 01:01:05,696 --> 01:01:08,070 You're going to want to talk a little bit slower than you 1305 01:01:08,070 --> 01:01:09,900 usually do naturally. 1306 01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:14,160 And you don't want to drop the ends of words off like this. 1307 01:01:14,160 --> 01:01:19,380 Because the effect that that has is you sound robotic on camera, 1308 01:01:19,380 --> 01:01:23,620 and it's really hard to understand the ends of words. 1309 01:01:26,310 --> 01:01:28,020 So that's it for everyone, just make sure 1310 01:01:28,020 --> 01:01:33,396 that you carry all of your words out to the end of the sentence. 1311 01:01:33,396 --> 01:01:35,520 All right, let's do one more and then take a break. 1312 01:01:35,520 --> 01:01:36,876 How's everyone-- 1313 01:01:36,876 --> 01:01:38,040 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 1314 01:01:38,040 --> 01:01:39,956 PROFESSOR: You want to take a break right now? 1315 01:01:39,956 --> 01:01:41,379 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 1316 01:01:41,379 --> 01:01:42,920 PROFESSOR: All right, let's do a five 1317 01:01:42,920 --> 01:01:44,650 minute break and come back. 1318 01:01:44,650 --> 01:01:45,494 AUDIENCE: And I need to make a quick phone call, 1319 01:01:45,494 --> 01:01:47,119 so I'm going to be late coming back in. 1320 01:01:49,610 --> 01:01:51,506 [INAUDIBLE] 1321 01:01:51,506 --> 01:01:52,380 PROFESSOR: Go for it. 1322 01:01:57,750 --> 01:01:59,770 All right, Nathan, take it away. 1323 01:02:04,840 --> 01:02:08,016 And remember, read it like you would actually try to host it. 1324 01:02:13,209 --> 01:02:15,500 AUDIENCE: What does food in your fridge start to smell, 1325 01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:18,162 and where does that icky black liquid come from? 1326 01:02:18,162 --> 01:02:19,870 Wouldn't life just be easier if we didn't 1327 01:02:19,870 --> 01:02:21,320 have to worry about that? 1328 01:02:21,320 --> 01:02:24,910 Well, to answer these questions, let's talk about decomposition. 1329 01:02:24,910 --> 01:02:26,730 Wikipedia says that decomposition 1330 01:02:26,730 --> 01:02:29,400 is the process by which organic substances are broken down 1331 01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:31,065 into much simpler form of matter. 1332 01:02:31,065 --> 01:02:32,970 Well, what does that mean? 1333 01:02:32,970 --> 01:02:35,472 Basically, in your fridge, on a forest floor, 1334 01:02:35,472 --> 01:02:37,430 almost everywhere, there are fungi and bacteria 1335 01:02:37,430 --> 01:02:39,680 that live entirely by eating dead things. 1336 01:02:39,680 --> 01:02:41,200 These dead things that make up food 1337 01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:43,730 can be more or less divided into three categories, 1338 01:02:43,730 --> 01:02:45,320 carbohydrates, which are like things 1339 01:02:45,320 --> 01:02:48,300 like sugars and starches, lipids, like fats, 1340 01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:49,691 and proteins, like meat. 1341 01:02:49,691 --> 01:02:51,690 All of these are chemically different compounds, 1342 01:02:51,690 --> 01:02:53,960 so they each get digested in a different way. 1343 01:02:53,960 --> 01:02:55,515 Enzymes like amylases, which yields 1344 01:02:55,515 --> 01:02:58,000 us starches, and cellulases, which 1345 01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:00,310 deal with cellulose, the main component of plants, 1346 01:03:00,310 --> 01:03:02,860 create sugar from complex carbohydrates, which cells 1347 01:03:02,860 --> 01:03:04,900 can easily get energy from. 1348 01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:08,090 Lipase has split lipids into two parts, 1349 01:03:08,090 --> 01:03:11,130 glycerone and fatty acids, both of which can produce energy. 1350 01:03:11,130 --> 01:03:13,980 Lastly, proteases break protein into the amino acids 1351 01:03:13,980 --> 01:03:16,900 that they're made of, which both releases energy and provides 1352 01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:20,670 a bacteria and fungi with crucial building blocks. 1353 01:03:20,670 --> 01:03:25,790 So how does a-- so how does a perfectly nice broccoli floret 1354 01:03:25,790 --> 01:03:28,200 start giving off this foul black liquid? 1355 01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:30,320 Well, fruits and vegetables are almost entirely 1356 01:03:30,320 --> 01:03:32,040 water, so one the most basic level, 1357 01:03:32,040 --> 01:03:34,670 you could say a plant cell is an extremely complex water 1358 01:03:34,670 --> 01:03:35,550 balloon. 1359 01:03:35,550 --> 01:03:37,700 The elastic outside is the cellulose cell wall, 1360 01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:40,980 and the [INAUDIBLE] inside is the intracellular fluid. 1361 01:03:40,980 --> 01:03:43,680 When a bacteria or fungi use a cellulases to break down 1362 01:03:43,680 --> 01:03:45,720 the exterior of a cell, it's like 1363 01:03:45,720 --> 01:03:47,194 if I were to pop the balloon. 1364 01:03:47,194 --> 01:03:48,860 But liquid and other materials that come 1365 01:03:48,860 --> 01:03:51,570 are what cause the muck you see in your fridge. 1366 01:03:51,570 --> 01:03:53,720 And so what about that smell? 1367 01:03:53,720 --> 01:03:55,490 It depends on the food type. 1368 01:03:55,490 --> 01:03:58,230 Basically, if a meat starts to get rancid and smell bad, 1369 01:03:58,230 --> 01:04:00,920 it's because when lipases break down the fat and the meat, 1370 01:04:00,920 --> 01:04:03,942 a lot of the fatty acids you end up with aren't too pleasant. 1371 01:04:03,942 --> 01:04:05,650 If it's a fruit or vegetable, [INAUDIBLE] 1372 01:04:05,650 --> 01:04:08,540 all the time, the smell happens after that icky liquid forms. 1373 01:04:08,540 --> 01:04:11,030 Other bacteria that weren't involved in initial breakdown, 1374 01:04:11,030 --> 01:04:13,762 move in and start to stink everything up. 1375 01:04:13,762 --> 01:04:15,220 So looking at this all, wouldn't it 1376 01:04:15,220 --> 01:04:17,560 be easy if we didn't have to deal with decomposition, 1377 01:04:17,560 --> 01:04:20,010 if things just lasted forever? 1378 01:04:20,010 --> 01:04:22,360 Well, maybe but probably not. 1379 01:04:22,360 --> 01:04:25,220 The USDS found that the average American household wastes 1380 01:04:25,220 --> 01:04:29,460 about 25% of its food, and a lot of restaurants are even worse. 1381 01:04:29,460 --> 01:04:32,430 Sure, that number could go down if there's no decomposition. 1382 01:04:32,430 --> 01:04:34,570 But other factors can affect how good 1383 01:04:34,570 --> 01:04:37,900 a food is, too, like moisture and exposure to air. 1384 01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:39,620 And if we didn't have decomposition, 1385 01:04:39,620 --> 01:04:42,290 what would happen to all that food we throw away? 1386 01:04:42,290 --> 01:04:44,930 Food items in landfills are dealt with by decomposes, 1387 01:04:44,930 --> 01:04:47,710 and allow the nutrients in food to return to the soil 1388 01:04:47,710 --> 01:04:49,900 and eventually other living things. 1389 01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:51,650 If things just sat idle in landfills, 1390 01:04:51,650 --> 01:04:54,900 we'd end up with a crisis on our hands, eventually. 1391 01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:57,300 Aside from just food, bacteria, fungi, and protists 1392 01:04:57,300 --> 01:04:59,680 are responsible for breaking down other dead things, 1393 01:04:59,680 --> 01:05:01,020 like trees. 1394 01:05:01,020 --> 01:05:03,780 In fact, they're more or less the only things that can do it. 1395 01:05:03,780 --> 01:05:05,280 So while your house would never have 1396 01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:07,029 to worry about termites, who rely protists 1397 01:05:07,029 --> 01:05:09,400 in their stomachs, the forest would pretty soon 1398 01:05:09,400 --> 01:05:11,570 be flooded with dead stuff. 1399 01:05:11,570 --> 01:05:16,010 So decomposition, while maybe annoying 1400 01:05:16,010 --> 01:05:18,410 when you can't eat that now fuzzy peach in your fridge, 1401 01:05:18,410 --> 01:05:21,547 is essential to the continuation of our world as you know it. 1402 01:05:21,547 --> 01:05:23,130 And it's pretty darn interesting, too. 1403 01:05:28,785 --> 01:05:30,160 PROFESSOR: Just so you know, that 1404 01:05:30,160 --> 01:05:34,610 was also exactly five minutes. 1405 01:05:34,610 --> 01:05:37,650 but keep in mind, the pacing of your reading 1406 01:05:37,650 --> 01:05:41,790 is a lot faster when you're reading off of a script. 1407 01:05:41,790 --> 01:05:43,879 And then you got to account for all the b-roll 1408 01:05:43,879 --> 01:05:45,295 that you're going to put in there. 1409 01:05:45,295 --> 01:05:49,880 So it's clocking in at a little bit over five minutes. 1410 01:05:49,880 --> 01:05:54,989 For this one, let's look at the script altogether. 1411 01:05:54,989 --> 01:05:57,030 And I'm going to go ahead and make my first point 1412 01:05:57,030 --> 01:06:01,340 in the interest of time, if I can find my cursor, which 1413 01:06:01,340 --> 01:06:07,700 is that this script has the same issue that I was talking 1414 01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:10,720 about with David, which is that I think 1415 01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:14,010 the coolest part about your episode 1416 01:06:14,010 --> 01:06:17,680 is this whole part right here, these two paragraphs. 1417 01:06:17,680 --> 01:06:20,790 What would happen if we didn't have decomposition, 1418 01:06:20,790 --> 01:06:23,650 and why it's actually super vital. 1419 01:06:23,650 --> 01:06:28,710 But it doesn't come until you've gone through all this stuff. 1420 01:06:28,710 --> 01:06:32,450 And I wonder how much of this stuff you actually need. 1421 01:06:32,450 --> 01:06:39,050 Like this whole sentence, and actually this one, 1422 01:06:39,050 --> 01:06:42,220 I think you could take out completely. 1423 01:06:42,220 --> 01:06:45,681 Go from why does the food in your fridge start to smell, 1424 01:06:45,681 --> 01:06:47,180 wouldn't life be easier if we didn't 1425 01:06:47,180 --> 01:06:48,310 have that to worry about. 1426 01:06:51,490 --> 01:06:55,950 You could just say, well, in your fridge, 1427 01:06:55,950 --> 01:07:00,310 or on a forest floor, there are fungi and bacteria that survive 1428 01:07:00,310 --> 01:07:03,190 entirely by eating dead things. 1429 01:07:03,190 --> 01:07:08,710 And they're responsible for turning your broccoli 1430 01:07:08,710 --> 01:07:10,595 into the black mold. 1431 01:07:15,860 --> 01:07:19,270 This stuff is informative. 1432 01:07:19,270 --> 01:07:22,370 I don't think anyone here suffers from the inability 1433 01:07:22,370 --> 01:07:24,360 to be informative. 1434 01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:28,640 This is all very factual. 1435 01:07:28,640 --> 01:07:31,520 But I personally don't care about it as much 1436 01:07:31,520 --> 01:07:33,320 as the stuff at the end. 1437 01:07:33,320 --> 01:07:36,790 How do you guys feel? 1438 01:07:36,790 --> 01:07:38,158 Yeah. 1439 01:07:38,158 --> 01:07:39,887 AUDIENCE: I was kind of zoning out 1440 01:07:39,887 --> 01:07:42,110 when there was the amylases. 1441 01:07:42,110 --> 01:07:44,600 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 1442 01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:46,890 It's OK to use technical terminology. 1443 01:07:46,890 --> 01:07:49,420 But I think this gets a little too jargony 1444 01:07:49,420 --> 01:07:52,620 to the point where people are going to have a hard time 1445 01:07:52,620 --> 01:07:56,090 understanding why they need to know what a protease is. 1446 01:07:56,090 --> 01:07:59,120 This is what I meant by David's structure. 1447 01:07:59,120 --> 01:08:01,050 We're so used to writing stuff in this 1448 01:08:01,050 --> 01:08:07,160 is form, where you have the question, 1449 01:08:07,160 --> 01:08:08,440 and you have the background. 1450 01:08:17,510 --> 01:08:20,260 Then you usually go into an example or an anecdote. 1451 01:08:25,130 --> 01:08:30,850 Add then you have some sort of conclusion where 1452 01:08:30,850 --> 01:08:42,590 you say-- your conclusion is, so that's 1453 01:08:42,590 --> 01:08:46,490 why decomposition is important. 1454 01:08:46,490 --> 01:08:50,630 In a video, this is your money shot, usually. 1455 01:08:50,630 --> 01:08:52,220 This is the thing that looks cool. 1456 01:08:52,220 --> 01:08:55,600 Have you guys ever seen that-- it's 1457 01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,310 a commercial for Sprint where they have the people cutting 1458 01:08:59,310 --> 01:09:00,399 their bills in half. 1459 01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:02,680 Have you guys ever seen that before? 1460 01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:05,340 I find that a very weird commercial, because it takes 1461 01:09:05,340 --> 01:09:07,520 them such a long time to get-- they 1462 01:09:07,520 --> 01:09:09,529 interview people about how much they're spending 1463 01:09:09,529 --> 01:09:11,609 on their monthly wireless bill. 1464 01:09:11,609 --> 01:09:13,600 It's not until halfway through the commercial 1465 01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:15,766 that you get the part where they're actually cutting 1466 01:09:15,766 --> 01:09:17,029 all their bills in half. 1467 01:09:17,029 --> 01:09:19,180 And I'm like, it they just opened the commercial 1468 01:09:19,180 --> 01:09:21,359 with those shots, then they could 1469 01:09:21,359 --> 01:09:23,700 go into the interview stuff. 1470 01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,160 But whoever produced that commercial was like, no, no. 1471 01:09:26,160 --> 01:09:29,220 We have to establish that people hate their current cellphone 1472 01:09:29,220 --> 01:09:30,010 plan. 1473 01:09:30,010 --> 01:09:32,290 And we have to get them to talk about who they are 1474 01:09:32,290 --> 01:09:33,779 before we can show that stuff. 1475 01:09:33,779 --> 01:09:34,950 That's not true of video. 1476 01:09:34,950 --> 01:09:36,580 You can start with the example. 1477 01:09:36,580 --> 01:09:39,090 You can start with the big question. 1478 01:09:39,090 --> 01:09:41,370 And instead of having a conclusion, 1479 01:09:41,370 --> 01:09:45,229 you can have a connecting-- instead of this conclusion, 1480 01:09:45,229 --> 01:09:48,979 oftentimes you revisit the question instead. 1481 01:09:48,979 --> 01:09:54,360 So I think you should move your example up. 1482 01:09:54,360 --> 01:09:56,980 You should move it up right after the question. 1483 01:09:56,980 --> 01:10:00,330 And in David's case, I think you should actually 1484 01:10:00,330 --> 01:10:03,080 do the example, and then the question. 1485 01:10:03,080 --> 01:10:05,640 You should talk about Iceman and then say 1486 01:10:05,640 --> 01:10:09,050 what is it about certain people that give them the advantage. 1487 01:10:09,050 --> 01:10:19,450 For you, I think you should say why does food 1488 01:10:19,450 --> 01:10:22,180 in your fridge start to smell? 1489 01:10:22,180 --> 01:10:24,880 Because it's like a nice, familiar intro into the topic. 1490 01:10:24,880 --> 01:10:28,820 But then I think you go into what 1491 01:10:28,820 --> 01:10:32,720 would happen if we didn't have decomposition. 1492 01:10:32,720 --> 01:10:35,480 And that's not exactly an example, 1493 01:10:35,480 --> 01:10:37,650 but do you see what I mean by just diving 1494 01:10:37,650 --> 01:10:40,104 straight into the meat in the bulk of your video? 1495 01:10:40,104 --> 01:10:41,770 Were you going to say something, Andrea? 1496 01:10:41,770 --> 01:10:44,280 AUDIENCE: Well I just remember when you did your one line 1497 01:10:44,280 --> 01:10:49,990 or two line summary, which was so amazingly awesome. 1498 01:10:49,990 --> 01:10:53,392 And I'd love to see that in the script, of well, 1499 01:10:53,392 --> 01:10:55,579 it turns out that there are lots of other things 1500 01:10:55,579 --> 01:10:56,937 that like to eat your food, too. 1501 01:10:56,937 --> 01:10:57,770 And that's the hook. 1502 01:10:57,770 --> 01:11:02,270 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think that is where the video exists. 1503 01:11:02,270 --> 01:11:06,230 I don't think you actually need most of this stuff, which again 1504 01:11:06,230 --> 01:11:08,330 I know is like super disheartening for people 1505 01:11:08,330 --> 01:11:11,100 to hear that the majority of what you wrote 1506 01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:12,970 isn't actually necessary. 1507 01:11:12,970 --> 01:11:14,940 But I think that in the act of writing this, 1508 01:11:14,940 --> 01:11:18,150 you've discovered what the really compelling part 1509 01:11:18,150 --> 01:11:23,450 of your script and your content it, which is this. 1510 01:11:23,450 --> 01:11:26,260 AUDIENCE: I'd said the big problem is that, for me, it's 1511 01:11:26,260 --> 01:11:29,670 accepting that in the end what I really wanted to make a video 1512 01:11:29,670 --> 01:11:31,270 about is how it happens. 1513 01:11:31,270 --> 01:11:33,540 Because that's the part that I look at 1514 01:11:33,540 --> 01:11:35,900 and when I want to figure it out on YouTube, 1515 01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:39,460 there's nothing that told me how it happens. 1516 01:11:39,460 --> 01:11:42,040 And I don't know, that's the problem for me. 1517 01:11:42,040 --> 01:11:46,570 Because that's more-- I guess that's the issue, 1518 01:11:46,570 --> 01:11:49,530 is that it's not as compelling what I want to make a video, 1519 01:11:49,530 --> 01:11:52,680 as what is probably a better video as what I'm not 1520 01:11:52,680 --> 01:11:54,470 as interested in as myself. 1521 01:11:54,470 --> 01:11:59,450 PROFESSOR: Then I think simply by moving these two paragraphs, 1522 01:11:59,450 --> 01:12:03,809 basically, to the beginning, prefacing all this stuff, 1523 01:12:03,809 --> 01:12:05,350 you can have the best of both worlds. 1524 01:12:05,350 --> 01:12:06,660 And I actually think that, you're right, 1525 01:12:06,660 --> 01:12:08,600 you do want to explain what's happening, 1526 01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,290 because that's like substantive science 1527 01:12:11,290 --> 01:12:13,570 that people can be learning about. 1528 01:12:13,570 --> 01:12:18,810 So this is a really compelling hook. 1529 01:12:18,810 --> 01:12:21,800 What if we just didn't have the thing that 1530 01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:23,900 seemingly inconveniences us. 1531 01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:26,610 What if things could just last indefinitely? 1532 01:12:29,150 --> 01:12:33,095 Is this crisis unrelated to all the stuff with the enzymes 1533 01:12:33,095 --> 01:12:35,220 that you were talking about earlier in your script? 1534 01:12:38,217 --> 01:12:40,050 AUDIENCE: I think the crisis is more the-- I 1535 01:12:40,050 --> 01:12:43,370 tried the very in a couple of like-- it's 1536 01:12:43,370 --> 01:12:46,220 like nutrient cycling and nitrogen are very complex 1537 01:12:46,220 --> 01:12:46,720 topics. 1538 01:12:46,720 --> 01:12:51,290 So basically I tried to very succinctly, 1539 01:12:51,290 --> 01:12:56,280 sum it up that basically you need to have things returning. 1540 01:12:56,280 --> 01:12:59,810 PROFESSOR: Then what if you just simply say 1541 01:12:59,810 --> 01:13:02,460 you need to have things returning to the soil 1542 01:13:02,460 --> 01:13:05,590 just like you have in this sentence. 1543 01:13:05,590 --> 01:13:11,170 And then you could say, so what averts this crisis, basically. 1544 01:13:11,170 --> 01:13:15,180 And then you can go into this stuff, 1545 01:13:15,180 --> 01:13:20,186 that you have bacteria that break 1546 01:13:20,186 --> 01:13:24,370 the outside walls of plants. 1547 01:13:24,370 --> 01:13:26,840 And all the liquid comes out. 1548 01:13:26,840 --> 01:13:28,250 And that's like the muck. 1549 01:13:28,250 --> 01:13:31,250 That's what rot is, basically. 1550 01:13:31,250 --> 01:13:37,190 But in doing so, drive home the point 1551 01:13:37,190 --> 01:13:42,240 that this stuff is important and desired. 1552 01:13:42,240 --> 01:13:46,510 So you set it up with well, what would happen if we 1553 01:13:46,510 --> 01:13:48,930 didn't have decomposition. 1554 01:13:48,930 --> 01:13:51,000 You wouldn't have stuff returning to the soil. 1555 01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,360 You'd have just endless material piling up on each other. 1556 01:13:54,360 --> 01:13:55,860 So what averts this crisis? 1557 01:13:55,860 --> 01:13:58,030 Well, bacteria do this. 1558 01:13:58,030 --> 01:14:00,840 And by allowing it to rot and allowing things 1559 01:14:00,840 --> 01:14:04,380 to go back to the soil, go back to the question 1560 01:14:04,380 --> 01:14:08,007 of that's why stuff rots in the first place. 1561 01:14:08,007 --> 01:14:10,090 So actually, maybe it just needs like a little bit 1562 01:14:10,090 --> 01:14:12,640 of restructuring more than anything. 1563 01:14:12,640 --> 01:14:13,909 What do you think you, Julia? 1564 01:14:13,909 --> 01:14:18,899 AUDIENCE: I really enjoy your informal language, 1565 01:14:18,899 --> 01:14:21,893 so saying things like pretty darn interesting. 1566 01:14:21,893 --> 01:14:25,386 So I think also if you can put the science-y jargon 1567 01:14:25,386 --> 01:14:32,871 into that informal language, that would make it more fun. 1568 01:14:32,871 --> 01:14:35,865 Because that's kind of how you talk, 1569 01:14:35,865 --> 01:14:38,859 and so if you can explain it that way, that would be great. 1570 01:14:38,859 --> 01:14:40,855 And also, you can add images. 1571 01:14:40,855 --> 01:14:42,851 So for example, for you saying how 1572 01:14:42,851 --> 01:14:46,344 does a perfectly nice broccoli florets start giving off 1573 01:14:46,344 --> 01:14:47,841 this foul black liquid, you could 1574 01:14:47,841 --> 01:14:51,900 show this black liquid instead of mentioning it or describing 1575 01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:55,267 it and just say, how does it end up like this. [INAUDIBLE]. 1576 01:14:55,267 --> 01:14:56,850 PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's a great point. 1577 01:14:56,850 --> 01:15:00,560 It'll save you a lot of time, too. 1578 01:15:00,560 --> 01:15:03,954 I actually don't think you need this sentence, personally, 1579 01:15:03,954 --> 01:15:05,370 because by then you've established 1580 01:15:05,370 --> 01:15:07,750 that it is interesting, and you sort of 1581 01:15:07,750 --> 01:15:10,790 highlight it through your tone. 1582 01:15:10,790 --> 01:15:13,440 And in general, again it's totally a personal taste thing, 1583 01:15:13,440 --> 01:15:19,050 but I try to avoid observations that a viewer could come to 1584 01:15:19,050 --> 01:15:25,110 on their own, or ones that I could say quickly in passing 1585 01:15:25,110 --> 01:15:27,360 in the context of a sentence. 1586 01:15:27,360 --> 01:15:28,855 I rarely try to have an observation 1587 01:15:28,855 --> 01:15:32,090 like that merit its own sentence or its own thought. 1588 01:15:35,060 --> 01:15:38,106 AUDIENCE: Do you want to touch the concept of recycling 1589 01:15:38,106 --> 01:15:47,070 at all, like the idea that some things that may seem like waste 1590 01:15:47,070 --> 01:15:51,228 or dead stuff is actually really useful to other things. 1591 01:15:55,390 --> 01:15:57,186 I don't want to complicate this. 1592 01:15:57,186 --> 01:15:59,435 AUDIENCE: I actually don't know what you mean by that. 1593 01:15:59,435 --> 01:16:05,080 AUDIENCE: Like for instance, mushrooms are decomposers. 1594 01:16:05,080 --> 01:16:09,130 Their job is to help speed up the cycle. 1595 01:16:09,130 --> 01:16:19,960 And there are other creatures and microorganisms out there 1596 01:16:19,960 --> 01:16:24,770 that have an important role in this part of the materials 1597 01:16:24,770 --> 01:16:27,920 cycle, that I'm not sure whether it's worth 1598 01:16:27,920 --> 01:16:30,431 mentioning that that ooze and that black stuff 1599 01:16:30,431 --> 01:16:32,340 is actually someone's delicacy. 1600 01:16:34,229 --> 01:16:35,770 PROFESSOR: I think that's what you're 1601 01:16:35,770 --> 01:16:39,490 trying to get at with the whole having the nitrates 1602 01:16:39,490 --> 01:16:41,465 and everything return to the soil. 1603 01:16:41,465 --> 01:16:44,090 And maybe that's something that you can hit in just a sentence. 1604 01:16:44,090 --> 01:16:51,420 Like it goes back-- it allows nutrients in food 1605 01:16:51,420 --> 01:16:56,000 to return to the soil that's vital to the organisms that 1606 01:16:56,000 --> 01:17:01,180 live in that environment, and eventually other living things. 1607 01:17:01,180 --> 01:17:02,750 AUDIENCE: And this is one where maybe 1608 01:17:02,750 --> 01:17:06,190 having a visual of the food chain cycle, 1609 01:17:06,190 --> 01:17:11,030 like that whole-- really hammers this down visually for people 1610 01:17:11,030 --> 01:17:11,910 while you're talking. 1611 01:17:11,910 --> 01:17:17,920 As the sun creates-- like just a visual map of just the food 1612 01:17:17,920 --> 01:17:20,970 chain cycle, starting from the sun and going back to you. 1613 01:17:20,970 --> 01:17:22,940 And maybe that's all you need with this 1614 01:17:22,940 --> 01:17:25,275 to hone that biological concept down 1615 01:17:25,275 --> 01:17:26,970 for people, that life cycle. 1616 01:17:30,428 --> 01:17:32,485 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 1617 01:17:32,485 --> 01:17:33,860 AUDIENCE: Going off of what Julia 1618 01:17:33,860 --> 01:17:39,520 was saying a little bit earlier, so right now, 1619 01:17:39,520 --> 01:17:41,150 the part where you discuss enzymes 1620 01:17:41,150 --> 01:17:45,420 sounds a lot like the videos I'm making right now for MITx. 1621 01:17:45,420 --> 01:17:49,070 It's super factual and really concise, 1622 01:17:49,070 --> 01:17:51,800 which is good for those kind of videos. 1623 01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:55,690 For these kind of videos, I feel like you 1624 01:17:55,690 --> 01:17:58,880 need to integrate this information in the greater 1625 01:17:58,880 --> 01:18:01,550 structure of the story like we were talking about. 1626 01:18:01,550 --> 01:18:12,090 So jumping off of what Andrea was saying earlier, 1627 01:18:12,090 --> 01:18:15,060 if you structure it as, we are not the only people 1628 01:18:15,060 --> 01:18:15,870 who eat our food. 1629 01:18:15,870 --> 01:18:20,640 Bacteria and protists and things like that also eat our food. 1630 01:18:20,640 --> 01:18:25,865 They use enzymes like proteases to break the protein 1631 01:18:25,865 --> 01:18:27,090 in our food to do this. 1632 01:18:27,090 --> 01:18:29,870 As opposed to introducing them as list, 1633 01:18:29,870 --> 01:18:31,570 like these are different enzymes. 1634 01:18:31,570 --> 01:18:36,510 If you can figure out a way where the outer story is, 1635 01:18:36,510 --> 01:18:39,620 they also are eating our food and breaking it down. 1636 01:18:39,620 --> 01:18:41,740 And then bringing up these enzymes when 1637 01:18:41,740 --> 01:18:44,870 it's necessary to define them instead of just giving blanket 1638 01:18:44,870 --> 01:18:46,930 definitions of all of them at the beginning, 1639 01:18:46,930 --> 01:18:49,220 it helps keep that viewer engaged, 1640 01:18:49,220 --> 01:18:51,970 because then they're still getting 1641 01:18:51,970 --> 01:18:54,220 the same amount of information overall, 1642 01:18:54,220 --> 01:18:55,990 but they're getting it in smaller doses, 1643 01:18:55,990 --> 01:18:57,830 and when that information is relevant. 1644 01:18:57,830 --> 01:18:59,660 So they're more likely to remember it 1645 01:18:59,660 --> 01:19:02,160 later on, because they'll see a picture of the meet. 1646 01:19:02,160 --> 01:19:05,010 And be like, oh, the bacteria uses 1647 01:19:05,010 --> 01:19:07,210 proteases to break the proteins down in the meat 1648 01:19:07,210 --> 01:19:09,920 because they use those as amino acids for themselves, 1649 01:19:09,920 --> 01:19:11,160 or something like that. 1650 01:19:11,160 --> 01:19:14,154 As opposed to giving this list of enzymes. 1651 01:19:14,154 --> 01:19:14,820 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 1652 01:19:14,820 --> 01:19:16,450 That's a really good tip for everyone. 1653 01:19:16,450 --> 01:19:18,050 I think you Julia, that's definitely 1654 01:19:18,050 --> 01:19:19,200 relevant in your script. 1655 01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,510 David, for sure. 1656 01:19:22,510 --> 01:19:25,640 Maybe a litmus test is if you find yourself 1657 01:19:25,640 --> 01:19:29,070 with an entire sentence or an entire paragraph that 1658 01:19:29,070 --> 01:19:32,940 is just a definition on its own, really rethink how 1659 01:19:32,940 --> 01:19:33,960 that's being done. 1660 01:19:36,910 --> 01:19:40,950 Enzymes like amylases, which deal with starches, 1661 01:19:40,950 --> 01:19:43,760 create sugar from complex carbohydrates, which cells 1662 01:19:43,760 --> 01:19:45,790 can easily get energy from. 1663 01:19:45,790 --> 01:19:48,560 Like that's a textbook definition of what 1664 01:19:48,560 --> 01:19:51,870 enzymes and amylases do. 1665 01:19:51,870 --> 01:19:55,220 And you can explain that stuff in your examples of well, 1666 01:19:55,220 --> 01:19:58,540 it turns out we're not the only things that eat our food. 1667 01:19:58,540 --> 01:20:02,260 Bacteria do that, too. 1668 01:20:02,260 --> 01:20:04,190 I don't think it's super accurate to say 1669 01:20:04,190 --> 01:20:05,360 that enzymes eat our food. 1670 01:20:05,360 --> 01:20:09,560 But you know what I mean, never leave an island of a definition 1671 01:20:09,560 --> 01:20:10,240 out on its own. 1672 01:20:10,240 --> 01:20:11,070 I guess. 1673 01:20:11,070 --> 01:20:17,325 Like don't have this random-- don't 1674 01:20:17,325 --> 01:20:20,520 leave random islands of facts just hanging out 1675 01:20:20,520 --> 01:20:25,490 in the middle of your script, for the purposes of this video. 1676 01:20:25,490 --> 01:20:28,700 I think this is an important idea. 1677 01:20:28,700 --> 01:20:31,490 I think you can integrate in the context of an example, though. 1678 01:20:31,490 --> 01:20:34,189 Does that make sense? 1679 01:20:34,189 --> 01:20:35,730 Is that making sense to other people? 1680 01:20:35,730 --> 01:20:37,678 Yeah, what were you going to say, Joshua? 1681 01:20:37,678 --> 01:20:44,384 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I had the question in my mind 1682 01:20:44,384 --> 01:20:47,740 that the topic of smell wasn't addressed. 1683 01:20:47,740 --> 01:20:50,455 PROFESSOR: Oh, right about here. 1684 01:20:53,160 --> 01:20:56,270 Yeah, right now you set up sight and smell 1685 01:20:56,270 --> 01:20:58,600 as two unrelated things. 1686 01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:01,390 But I think you don't have to separate the smell out. 1687 01:21:01,390 --> 01:21:05,370 You can say, when the bacteria break down 1688 01:21:05,370 --> 01:21:11,210 the exterior of the cell, and the crap oozes out of it, 1689 01:21:11,210 --> 01:21:19,130 it also is leaking out chemicals that cause rancid smells. 1690 01:21:19,130 --> 01:21:22,072 So you don't necessarily have to differentiate 1691 01:21:22,072 --> 01:21:23,238 that it is a separate topic. 1692 01:21:30,730 --> 01:21:32,800 One more thing, again this is a personal thing, 1693 01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,300 but I just think the word rot is a lot more visceral and a lot 1694 01:21:36,300 --> 01:21:39,130 more the familiar to people. 1695 01:21:39,130 --> 01:21:41,400 So I know that you talk a lot about decomposition, 1696 01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:43,290 but maybe if you open it with why do 1697 01:21:43,290 --> 01:21:45,560 things rot in the first place. 1698 01:21:45,560 --> 01:21:48,450 What would happen if things didn't. 1699 01:21:48,450 --> 01:21:54,180 That might be a little bit more welcoming to viewers. 1700 01:21:54,180 --> 01:21:58,020 Any final thoughts about this one? 1701 01:21:58,020 --> 01:22:00,260 Again, I think in general people are 1702 01:22:00,260 --> 01:22:03,200 in really good shape with their ideas, and the concepts, 1703 01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:04,630 and the topics of their scripts. 1704 01:22:04,630 --> 01:22:07,850 It's really a matter of restructuring it, escaping away 1705 01:22:07,850 --> 01:22:10,480 from the traditional five paragraph structure 1706 01:22:10,480 --> 01:22:12,850 and really hitting into money shots right away. 1707 01:22:12,850 --> 01:22:14,600 That's going to help your videos the most. 1708 01:22:20,370 --> 01:22:21,915 Andrea, would you mind reading next? 1709 01:22:27,168 --> 01:22:28,668 AUDIENCE: Can you pass the mic over? 1710 01:22:34,620 --> 01:22:38,060 Everyone gets to hear my nice bronchitis voice. 1711 01:22:48,027 --> 01:22:49,860 I'm going to mime through most of this, too. 1712 01:22:53,110 --> 01:22:55,140 Mmm, delicious. 1713 01:22:55,140 --> 01:22:58,070 Eating foods is one of the great pleasures of life. 1714 01:22:58,070 --> 01:23:01,060 And to enjoy foods from apples to candy bars, 1715 01:23:01,060 --> 01:23:05,220 we rely on one part of our bodies, our teeth. 1716 01:23:05,220 --> 01:23:07,420 Teeth are the hardest substances in 1717 01:23:07,420 --> 01:23:10,460 our bodies-- little animation holding 1718 01:23:10,460 --> 01:23:13,420 a tooth-- harder than our bones and even harder 1719 01:23:13,420 --> 01:23:15,560 than iron or steel. 1720 01:23:15,560 --> 01:23:19,040 While we chew, our teeth actually experience forces up 1721 01:23:19,040 --> 01:23:22,180 to 225 pounds. 1722 01:23:22,180 --> 01:23:24,800 That's like having a mountain goat jump up and down 1723 01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:28,300 on our teeth hundreds of times each day-- 1724 01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:31,730 little animation of a mountain goat. 1725 01:23:31,730 --> 01:23:33,570 So why doesn't our jar just crumble 1726 01:23:33,570 --> 01:23:38,900 under all of those forces-- explanation graphic. 1727 01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:39,790 Between your tooth-- 1728 01:23:39,790 --> 01:23:42,081 PROFESSOR: Are you guys following along on your script? 1729 01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:49,570 AUDIENCE: Between your tooth and your jawbone 1730 01:23:49,570 --> 01:23:51,980 there's a specialized piece of tissue 1731 01:23:51,980 --> 01:23:56,770 called the periodontal ligament, or PDL for short. 1732 01:23:56,770 --> 01:24:00,070 The PDL can easily absorb the normal forces 1733 01:24:00,070 --> 01:24:02,140 that a tooth experiences while we 1734 01:24:02,140 --> 01:24:05,440 chew, say, an apple, cushioning or protecting 1735 01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:08,340 our jaw bone from our teeth. 1736 01:24:08,340 --> 01:24:12,380 And inside the PDL there are all different kinds of cells. 1737 01:24:12,380 --> 01:24:15,450 One type, called mechanoreceptors, 1738 01:24:15,450 --> 01:24:19,920 sense forces of movement or pressure applied to the tooth. 1739 01:24:19,920 --> 01:24:23,190 If the force is large enough, such as biting into an apple 1740 01:24:23,190 --> 01:24:25,800 seed, these receptors tell your brain 1741 01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:30,780 to stop biting down-- graphic. 1742 01:24:30,780 --> 01:24:34,650 But what if we want to force teeth in a certain direction, 1743 01:24:34,650 --> 01:24:37,320 like with braces? 1744 01:24:37,320 --> 01:24:40,920 As the braces pull on the tooth, the PDL 1745 01:24:40,920 --> 01:24:44,050 is squeezed in one direction and stretched in the other, 1746 01:24:44,050 --> 01:24:46,190 kind of like a rubber band. 1747 01:24:46,190 --> 01:24:48,280 And here's where it gets really interesting. 1748 01:24:48,280 --> 01:24:51,240 To make room for the PDL, cells called 1749 01:24:51,240 --> 01:24:54,380 osteoclasts come in and dissolve a little bit 1750 01:24:54,380 --> 01:24:56,780 of the bone in your jaw. 1751 01:24:56,780 --> 01:25:00,530 Another type of cell called an osteoblast comes in and then 1752 01:25:00,530 --> 01:25:03,990 builds up the jaw bone so the PDL cushion can get back 1753 01:25:03,990 --> 01:25:08,770 to its proper shape holding the tooth in its new position. 1754 01:25:08,770 --> 01:25:12,220 Cut to image of the entire body with the skeleton highlighted. 1755 01:25:12,220 --> 01:25:14,260 Your jaw isn't the only place where 1756 01:25:14,260 --> 01:25:16,760 these osteoclasts and osteoblasts 1757 01:25:16,760 --> 01:25:18,530 alter your bone structure. 1758 01:25:18,530 --> 01:25:21,390 In fact, this bony remodeling process 1759 01:25:21,390 --> 01:25:24,840 is happening throughout your body all the time. 1760 01:25:24,840 --> 01:25:29,020 When braces-- where braces use osteoblasts to physically move 1761 01:25:29,020 --> 01:25:31,950 things around that are already in our bodies, 1762 01:25:31,950 --> 01:25:35,290 what if we try to use them to replace things in our bodies, 1763 01:25:35,290 --> 01:25:37,320 like implants? 1764 01:25:37,320 --> 01:25:41,040 Implants are kind of like spare parts for our bodies. 1765 01:25:41,040 --> 01:25:43,820 And MIT engineers are using the properties 1766 01:25:43,820 --> 01:25:48,240 of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that are already in our bodies 1767 01:25:48,240 --> 01:25:51,860 to create a chemical coating for these implants. 1768 01:25:51,860 --> 01:25:54,230 Just like in a mouth with braces, 1769 01:25:54,230 --> 01:25:57,740 this osteoblast coating will create natural bone 1770 01:25:57,740 --> 01:26:01,050 to help lock the implant in place. 1771 01:26:01,050 --> 01:26:04,540 And this is a new section. 1772 01:26:04,540 --> 01:26:06,760 Right now, implants are designed to have 1773 01:26:06,760 --> 01:26:10,800 the same functionality as the body parts they are replacing. 1774 01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:13,880 But in the future, scientists could make implants 1775 01:26:13,880 --> 01:26:16,630 that work better than the original body parts, 1776 01:26:16,630 --> 01:26:21,890 using bone remodeling to make us lighter, stronger, and faster. 1777 01:26:21,890 --> 01:26:24,690 And then, at a certain point, like at the end, 1778 01:26:24,690 --> 01:26:28,680 I'm actually wearing this weird cyber thing over my eye. 1779 01:26:28,680 --> 01:26:31,030 That's the end. 1780 01:26:31,030 --> 01:26:34,479 [APPLAUSE] 1781 01:26:34,479 --> 01:26:37,020 PROFESSOR: So you're clocking in at about four minutes, which 1782 01:26:37,020 --> 01:26:40,180 is good. 1783 01:26:40,180 --> 01:26:43,550 And I thought the delivery was also a really nice, too. 1784 01:26:46,538 --> 01:26:49,028 AUDIENCE: I got so much more out of it than reading it, 1785 01:26:49,028 --> 01:26:51,020 which is funny because I don't usually 1786 01:26:51,020 --> 01:26:54,030 process things that way. 1787 01:26:54,030 --> 01:26:58,720 Yeah, but the way that you did it was so slow and dramatic, 1788 01:26:58,720 --> 01:27:00,430 like the way that you emphasized, 1789 01:27:00,430 --> 01:27:02,260 it was helping me process it. 1790 01:27:02,260 --> 01:27:03,610 It was really good. 1791 01:27:03,610 --> 01:27:07,320 PROFESSOR: I like the way that you emphasize the word same. 1792 01:27:07,320 --> 01:27:10,400 Lot of people would do the same thing. 1793 01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:13,180 They would just sort of accent the word the same. 1794 01:27:13,180 --> 01:27:16,580 But you sort of linger on in it, it's same thing. 1795 01:27:16,580 --> 01:27:18,390 And I actually really like that. 1796 01:27:18,390 --> 01:27:21,300 I think it's a delivery that is not necessarily 1797 01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,280 intuitive to a lot of people, but it works really nicely 1798 01:27:24,280 --> 01:27:25,150 in that context. 1799 01:27:30,110 --> 01:27:33,070 All right, so this has changed quite a bit 1800 01:27:33,070 --> 01:27:36,360 from your original idea, which was 1801 01:27:36,360 --> 01:27:42,480 the first on how braces work to more about bone remodeling 1802 01:27:42,480 --> 01:27:44,370 and rebuilding. 1803 01:27:44,370 --> 01:27:47,200 Does anyone have comments off the bat about the script? 1804 01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:48,888 Yeah, Julia. 1805 01:27:48,888 --> 01:27:53,352 AUDIENCE: I really enjoyed it, especially at the beginning 1806 01:27:53,352 --> 01:27:58,755 when you're talking about our teeth are stronger than steel. 1807 01:27:58,755 --> 01:28:00,296 And you kind of demand the attention. 1808 01:28:00,296 --> 01:28:03,272 And also when you mentioned this is where it gets interesting, 1809 01:28:03,272 --> 01:28:08,728 so I kind of, oh, I should listen to this is the reaction. 1810 01:28:08,728 --> 01:28:11,730 The only thing I kind of wanted to learn more about 1811 01:28:11,730 --> 01:28:18,546 was how can you withstand the mountain goat on your teeth. 1812 01:28:18,546 --> 01:28:25,665 That was something very-- it had a large wow factor. 1813 01:28:25,665 --> 01:28:28,820 And to me that was like, oh, how does that actually happen. 1814 01:28:28,820 --> 01:28:31,300 That's the only thing I wanted to know more about. 1815 01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:33,800 But other than that I enjoyed the information. 1816 01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:35,787 And it made a lot of sense because it 1817 01:28:35,787 --> 01:28:41,320 wasn't very scientific, as in didn't have a lot of jargon. 1818 01:28:41,320 --> 01:28:43,775 AUDIENCE: I did get great feedback from Elizabeth, 1819 01:28:43,775 --> 01:28:47,170 and [INAUDIBLE], and Jamie, and George. 1820 01:28:47,170 --> 01:28:51,450 I think the crumbling job was Elizabeth. 1821 01:28:51,450 --> 01:28:54,070 PROFESSOR: I agree that you did a really nice job. 1822 01:28:54,070 --> 01:28:57,790 You don't start with a money shot, necessarily. 1823 01:28:57,790 --> 01:29:00,010 Like you don't start with the big picture question, 1824 01:29:00,010 --> 01:29:01,560 but I think it works in the script 1825 01:29:01,560 --> 01:29:04,460 because she has so many shareable facts 1826 01:29:04,460 --> 01:29:06,150 off the beginning. 1827 01:29:06,150 --> 01:29:09,510 And it's not a traditional five paragraph set up 1828 01:29:09,510 --> 01:29:12,680 where she talks a lot about defining what the PDL was, 1829 01:29:12,680 --> 01:29:15,315 which is kind of what your earlier iteration of the script 1830 01:29:15,315 --> 01:29:17,500 did. 1831 01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:21,060 But I think this is a great example of not necessarily 1832 01:29:21,060 --> 01:29:23,230 defining every single fact that you 1833 01:29:23,230 --> 01:29:27,110 need to know about dentistry to get the point. 1834 01:29:27,110 --> 01:29:29,560 I want you to follow along because you're 1835 01:29:29,560 --> 01:29:34,360 setting up sort of-- it's sort of establishing characters. 1836 01:29:34,360 --> 01:29:36,680 Like the PDL is a character in the story. 1837 01:29:36,680 --> 01:29:40,560 And what all of these shareable facts do 1838 01:29:40,560 --> 01:29:42,800 is that it creates the persona of the PDL 1839 01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:44,990 as being something really strong, 1840 01:29:44,990 --> 01:29:48,110 and something really robust. 1841 01:29:48,110 --> 01:29:50,500 And the fact that we're now, as humans, 1842 01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:53,950 going to try to manipulate that, it establishes 1843 01:29:53,950 --> 01:29:55,530 the challenge in that, which I think 1844 01:29:55,530 --> 01:29:57,030 is a really nice thing that it does. 1845 01:30:05,760 --> 01:30:09,040 This section is not as related to it, 1846 01:30:09,040 --> 01:30:11,104 but I think the video is short enough 1847 01:30:11,104 --> 01:30:13,020 to where you can include it, because it's just 1848 01:30:13,020 --> 01:30:14,850 kind of a cool fact. 1849 01:30:14,850 --> 01:30:18,235 Do you guys find that distracting? 1850 01:30:18,235 --> 01:30:19,985 Or do you think it's OK to leave in there? 1851 01:30:19,985 --> 01:30:20,901 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 1852 01:30:30,430 --> 01:30:34,858 AUDIENCE: I have a different question to go with that. 1853 01:30:34,858 --> 01:30:38,958 So there's something that's kind of missing at the end, which 1854 01:30:38,958 --> 01:30:40,270 is the four minute question. 1855 01:30:40,270 --> 01:30:42,478 I don't know that this is actually a four minute one, 1856 01:30:42,478 --> 01:30:44,206 because if you add on my comment, 1857 01:30:44,206 --> 01:30:47,650 it might add some [SOUND] to the end. 1858 01:30:47,650 --> 01:30:52,600 I feel like the end ends kind of abruptly for me. 1859 01:30:52,600 --> 01:30:54,990 And so I think we get back to your question 1860 01:30:54,990 --> 01:30:56,810 once we know where we're ending. 1861 01:30:56,810 --> 01:31:00,430 But part of me wants-- you asked some really good questions 1862 01:31:00,430 --> 01:31:04,570 at the very end about what if we manipulate 1863 01:31:04,570 --> 01:31:08,450 the body to be better, stronger, lighter, all of those things. 1864 01:31:08,450 --> 01:31:12,100 Then it asks all these moral questions, of like, is that OK. 1865 01:31:15,140 --> 01:31:17,112 I mean, what about the Olympics. 1866 01:31:17,112 --> 01:31:20,070 What does that do for people who have replacement arms and now 1867 01:31:20,070 --> 01:31:21,570 they can throw faster. 1868 01:31:21,570 --> 01:31:24,540 There's all this world of questions that have nothing 1869 01:31:24,540 --> 01:31:28,310 to do with the actual physicality of pulling it off, 1870 01:31:28,310 --> 01:31:33,280 but it makes you wonder about this super human race that 1871 01:31:33,280 --> 01:31:36,685 could be created by replacing a lot of our functional parts 1872 01:31:36,685 --> 01:31:39,110 with things that are better, faster, stronger. 1873 01:31:39,110 --> 01:31:40,580 All of the above. 1874 01:31:40,580 --> 01:31:43,956 But aside from even going there, I 1875 01:31:43,956 --> 01:31:45,414 feel like I want you to tie it back 1876 01:31:45,414 --> 01:31:48,910 to the apple at the beginning somehow, and teeth. 1877 01:31:48,910 --> 01:31:50,930 So I don't know if it's possible to allude 1878 01:31:50,930 --> 01:31:54,370 to all of the moral questions that this might bring up 1879 01:31:54,370 --> 01:31:57,170 without having to go deeply into it, 1880 01:31:57,170 --> 01:31:59,440 because we don't have to answer that. 1881 01:31:59,440 --> 01:32:02,360 We just have to get people thinking. 1882 01:32:02,360 --> 01:32:06,471 And maybe tying it, somehow, back to the teeth, 1883 01:32:06,471 --> 01:32:09,333 somehow, because that's what we started with. 1884 01:32:09,333 --> 01:32:12,195 I'm not sure what that direct [INAUDIBLE] is yet. 1885 01:32:15,070 --> 01:32:17,690 But that, to me, would feel-- so you start with-- 1886 01:32:17,690 --> 01:32:20,760 and the apple is very central and the teeth are a very 1887 01:32:20,760 --> 01:32:22,433 central part of the story. 1888 01:32:22,433 --> 01:32:24,130 And then we sort of go forward. 1889 01:32:24,130 --> 01:32:26,903 But forget why we started there at the end. 1890 01:32:26,903 --> 01:32:30,065 And I'm wondering maybe you guys have a clever way 1891 01:32:30,065 --> 01:32:32,460 to tie it back to that concept. 1892 01:32:32,460 --> 01:32:35,160 But I feel a little unsatisfied leaving that apple at the front 1893 01:32:35,160 --> 01:32:38,604 and not coming back at all. 1894 01:32:38,604 --> 01:32:42,048 AUDIENCE: Maybe if you added [INAUDIBLE], 1895 01:32:42,048 --> 01:32:44,508 not just in the future can scientists do that. 1896 01:32:44,508 --> 01:32:46,968 But they're already kind of doing that with braces. 1897 01:32:46,968 --> 01:32:48,936 And then it goes back to the teeth. 1898 01:32:48,936 --> 01:32:49,930 AUDIENCE: There you go. 1899 01:32:49,930 --> 01:32:50,430 Right. 1900 01:32:50,430 --> 01:32:51,860 And just bring it back to the idea 1901 01:32:51,860 --> 01:32:54,730 that they're doing all these crazy things. 1902 01:32:54,730 --> 01:32:56,820 Think about your arms, your legs, your nose, 1903 01:32:56,820 --> 01:32:59,010 or whatever piece of your body that you might 1904 01:32:59,010 --> 01:33:02,590 want to trade out and upgrade. 1905 01:33:02,590 --> 01:33:06,630 But every day people around you are doing that with their teeth 1906 01:33:06,630 --> 01:33:07,820 and we take it for granted. 1907 01:33:07,820 --> 01:33:11,524 Just something that-- just a quick tie back to that. 1908 01:33:11,524 --> 01:33:17,002 AUDIENCE: Also, and that kind of goes along with the goat thing. 1909 01:33:17,002 --> 01:33:20,986 The fact that these implants work better make people 1910 01:33:20,986 --> 01:33:25,966 want to replace the bones in their body. 1911 01:33:25,966 --> 01:33:30,946 Just I want stronger arm bones, or something like that. 1912 01:33:30,946 --> 01:33:34,432 So I think, for me, that's another question that I had, 1913 01:33:34,432 --> 01:33:39,940 what are the implications of these implants for our society? 1914 01:33:39,940 --> 01:33:42,213 AUDIENCE: Are they, right now, are they 1915 01:33:42,213 --> 01:33:43,213 prohibitively expensive. 1916 01:33:43,213 --> 01:33:48,659 Are they-- you don't have to go totally out there. 1917 01:33:48,659 --> 01:33:49,700 But I think you're right. 1918 01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,600 And as an audience member you're wondering, oh, I love running. 1919 01:33:53,600 --> 01:33:55,630 Maybe I could run faster if I just traded 1920 01:33:55,630 --> 01:33:57,990 my legs for different ones. 1921 01:33:57,990 --> 01:33:59,800 Like why couldn't I do that? 1922 01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:02,080 Are we ten years away from that? 1923 01:34:02,080 --> 01:34:05,354 Ten thousand years away from being able to do that? 1924 01:34:05,354 --> 01:34:07,020 PROFESSOR: The only thing is I'm worried 1925 01:34:07,020 --> 01:34:09,450 that this is opening up a huge can of warms 1926 01:34:09,450 --> 01:34:11,020 at the end of your video. 1927 01:34:11,020 --> 01:34:13,370 So maybe a quick way to sort of gloss over it, and maybe 1928 01:34:13,370 --> 01:34:16,860 this is a little cheap, but what I would 1929 01:34:16,860 --> 01:34:19,680 do if I were trying to fix or rework 1930 01:34:19,680 --> 01:34:22,510 some of the ending-- and endings are so hard to write. 1931 01:34:22,510 --> 01:34:25,060 I don't know if you guys have experienced this before, 1932 01:34:25,060 --> 01:34:27,810 but I've always found the ending to be the hardest 1933 01:34:27,810 --> 01:34:29,610 part to write in the script. 1934 01:34:29,610 --> 01:34:32,856 But what if you went, your jaw isn't the only place 1935 01:34:32,856 --> 01:34:34,480 where these osteoclasts and osteoblasts 1936 01:34:34,480 --> 01:34:35,760 alter your bone structure. 1937 01:34:35,760 --> 01:34:38,000 In fact, this bony remodeling processes happening 1938 01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:39,930 throughout the entire body. 1939 01:34:39,930 --> 01:34:43,310 And where braces use osteoblasts to physically move things that 1940 01:34:43,310 --> 01:34:47,400 are already in our bodies, Engineer 1941 01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:50,260 use the properties of these cells 1942 01:34:50,260 --> 01:34:54,350 to replace things in our bodies. 1943 01:34:54,350 --> 01:34:59,370 Now the idea of building ourselves as bionicle people 1944 01:34:59,370 --> 01:35:01,577 and replacing our bones with stronger ones 1945 01:35:01,577 --> 01:35:03,785 may sound like something out of science fiction book. 1946 01:35:03,785 --> 01:35:05,430 But when you think about it, that's 1947 01:35:05,430 --> 01:35:09,800 what the things that most teenagers have to use 1948 01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:12,880 do as well. 1949 01:35:12,880 --> 01:35:15,020 Then add an ending sentence that I 1950 01:35:15,020 --> 01:35:18,430 can't think of right now, crunch, into your apple. 1951 01:35:18,430 --> 01:35:20,721 So that way you've kind of reduced-- 1952 01:35:20,721 --> 01:35:22,220 AUDIENCE: Yeah, that's what we need. 1953 01:35:22,220 --> 01:35:26,212 It doesn't need to be long, but it needs to tie those concepts. 1954 01:35:26,212 --> 01:35:27,325 Yeah, I like that a lot. 1955 01:35:27,325 --> 01:35:29,700 PROFESSOR: And I can talk to you more about it afterwards 1956 01:35:29,700 --> 01:35:33,690 because I can't ad lib a great script impromptu. 1957 01:35:33,690 --> 01:35:37,040 But that way you're sort of condensing all this down, 1958 01:35:37,040 --> 01:35:40,800 because I really love the example of the implants. 1959 01:35:40,800 --> 01:35:42,320 But I want your focus of the video 1960 01:35:42,320 --> 01:35:45,990 to be on braces, basically, so that way you're 1961 01:35:45,990 --> 01:35:47,740 just sort of hinting at it and then 1962 01:35:47,740 --> 01:35:50,720 tying it back to the beginning with the apple. 1963 01:35:50,720 --> 01:35:55,771 AUDIENCE: Do you-- people know that if your braces come off 1964 01:35:55,771 --> 01:35:58,830 and you don't wear your retainers they go right back. 1965 01:35:58,830 --> 01:36:02,630 Which I just wonder if someone who's listening to this 1966 01:36:02,630 --> 01:36:05,970 is like, well, if you follows Andrea logic, 1967 01:36:05,970 --> 01:36:10,500 my teeth have permanently rebuilt 1968 01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:12,710 their cellular structure in this new space. 1969 01:36:12,710 --> 01:36:15,970 Why would I need to do that? 1970 01:36:15,970 --> 01:36:18,270 PROFESSOR: That's a good point. 1971 01:36:18,270 --> 01:36:20,950 AUDIENCE: Like if understand what you're 1972 01:36:20,950 --> 01:36:25,736 sharing in this from a cellular level is actually going on, 1973 01:36:25,736 --> 01:36:28,180 I shouldn't have to wear a retainer, 1974 01:36:28,180 --> 01:36:32,814 because my cells have-- things have ground together. 1975 01:36:32,814 --> 01:36:35,174 And a change has actually happened in my mouth. 1976 01:36:35,174 --> 01:36:37,350 It's not just the movement, but it's physically 1977 01:36:37,350 --> 01:36:39,410 changing my mouth, right? 1978 01:36:39,410 --> 01:36:42,660 So why should I have to wear a retainer 1979 01:36:42,660 --> 01:36:45,949 if my mouth is actually changed because of my braces? 1980 01:36:45,949 --> 01:36:47,740 PROFESSOR: Can you just add a line in there 1981 01:36:47,740 --> 01:36:54,720 after you say that the PDL cushion gets back 1982 01:36:54,720 --> 01:36:56,290 into its proper shape. 1983 01:36:56,290 --> 01:36:59,750 And then having a retainer make-- 1984 01:36:59,750 --> 01:37:02,770 because bone remodeling and rebuilding happens constantly. 1985 01:37:02,770 --> 01:37:04,860 I think that's the one fact that isn't 1986 01:37:04,860 --> 01:37:08,640 in there that might be the crucial point here, 1987 01:37:08,640 --> 01:37:10,700 that even after you get braces your osteoclasts 1988 01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:14,240 and osteoblasts are continually remodeling your jaw. 1989 01:37:14,240 --> 01:37:18,350 That a retainer make sure that the osteoblasts and clasts 1990 01:37:18,350 --> 01:37:21,486 reformation is happening in the right place. 1991 01:37:21,486 --> 01:37:23,360 You can just throw in a quick sentence there, 1992 01:37:23,360 --> 01:37:25,770 or a quick afterthought to that sentence. 1993 01:37:25,770 --> 01:37:27,220 And I think that clarifies that. 1994 01:37:36,040 --> 01:37:38,245 AUDIENCE: I think another thing to point out 1995 01:37:38,245 --> 01:37:44,370 is that your descriptions of the science that goes behind it 1996 01:37:44,370 --> 01:37:46,330 don't seem very heavy. 1997 01:37:46,330 --> 01:37:50,270 So if you wanted to add more science, 1998 01:37:50,270 --> 01:37:54,230 maybe, I think that would be OK in this video. 1999 01:37:54,230 --> 01:37:57,210 I wasn't distracted by the science that was there. 2000 01:37:57,210 --> 01:38:02,412 So if necessary, to add more about the PDL, 2001 01:38:02,412 --> 01:38:05,540 that could be done. 2002 01:38:05,540 --> 01:38:07,915 AUDIENCE: Well, I originally had a lot more about the PDL 2003 01:38:07,915 --> 01:38:10,290 and I ended up cutting it out. 2004 01:38:10,290 --> 01:38:15,750 PROFESSOR: I mean the reason why I suggested that you take some 2005 01:38:15,750 --> 01:38:19,180 of the stuff about the PDL out is because the video was really 2006 01:38:19,180 --> 01:38:22,140 starting to seem more about the PDL 2007 01:38:22,140 --> 01:38:24,810 and less about bone remodeling. 2008 01:38:24,810 --> 01:38:27,230 So I agree that the way you've worded things, 2009 01:38:27,230 --> 01:38:30,610 it's not too jargony. 2010 01:38:30,610 --> 01:38:33,790 So if you wanted to add more about remodeling 2011 01:38:33,790 --> 01:38:36,130 and rebuilding, and more about the osteoblasts 2012 01:38:36,130 --> 01:38:41,700 and osteoclasts, maybe how that bone remodeling happens 2013 01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:47,170 to you in your leg bones all the time when you grow. 2014 01:38:47,170 --> 01:38:52,100 I think that's a perfectly nice place for that addition. 2015 01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:57,780 If you want to make room for it, I do think that-- what is it-- 2016 01:38:57,780 --> 01:38:59,150 the mechanoreceptors part. 2017 01:38:59,150 --> 01:39:02,069 It's a neat thing that I'm OK with having in there. 2018 01:39:02,069 --> 01:39:03,610 But if you need to make room for more 2019 01:39:03,610 --> 01:39:05,750 science about the osteoblasts and osteoclasts, 2020 01:39:05,750 --> 01:39:07,790 I think it's OK to take out, too. 2021 01:39:07,790 --> 01:39:10,404 But I would hesitate to talk more about the PDL, 2022 01:39:10,404 --> 01:39:11,820 because then you're really getting 2023 01:39:11,820 --> 01:39:13,440 into a different type of video. 2024 01:39:13,440 --> 01:39:18,640 Which if that's what you want to pursue, that's totally fine. 2025 01:39:18,640 --> 01:39:22,560 But I think to me the video is really more 2026 01:39:22,560 --> 01:39:27,070 about bone remodeling than it is about the periodontal ligament. 2027 01:39:27,070 --> 01:39:29,344 So that's my only hesitation with adding more facts 2028 01:39:29,344 --> 01:39:30,338 about the PDL. 2029 01:39:39,284 --> 01:39:41,290 Does that sound good? 2030 01:39:41,290 --> 01:39:43,430 All right, any last thoughts Andrea's? 2031 01:39:46,680 --> 01:39:49,070 No. 2032 01:39:49,070 --> 01:39:51,400 All right, Paul, do you want to go next. 2033 01:39:51,400 --> 01:39:52,310 Or PJ. 2034 01:39:52,310 --> 01:39:55,410 Paul is actually a PJ, as discovered last week 2035 01:39:55,410 --> 01:39:56,952 at the end of class. 2036 01:39:56,952 --> 01:39:58,916 AUDIENCE: My parents told me the other day 2037 01:39:58,916 --> 01:40:01,249 that I didn't have a first name for the first three days 2038 01:40:01,249 --> 01:40:01,870 I was born. 2039 01:40:01,870 --> 01:40:03,300 AUDIENCE: Wait, so you're formally PJ? 2040 01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:04,633 AUDIENCE: No, I'm formally Paul. 2041 01:40:04,633 --> 01:40:06,831 But it took them three days to [INAUDIBLE]. 2042 01:40:06,831 --> 01:40:08,330 AUDIENCE: But everyone calls you PJ? 2043 01:40:08,330 --> 01:40:11,823 AUDIENCE: Uh, it's 50-50. 2044 01:40:11,823 --> 01:40:13,198 AUDIENCE: OK, because I was like, 2045 01:40:13,198 --> 01:40:14,739 gosh, why didn't we know this sooner. 2046 01:40:14,739 --> 01:40:16,992 PROFESSOR: Yeah, this was my reaction last week, too, 2047 01:40:16,992 --> 01:40:18,474 at the end of class. 2048 01:40:25,400 --> 01:40:27,270 Oh yeah, the doc is gone. 2049 01:40:31,220 --> 01:40:33,235 Siri's updating it-- or Sari. 2050 01:40:33,235 --> 01:40:35,608 Sorry, I don't know why I keep doing that. 2051 01:40:39,070 --> 01:40:41,530 Wait, so your parents knew that you were going to be a PJ, 2052 01:40:41,530 --> 01:40:42,292 they just didn't-- 2053 01:40:42,292 --> 01:40:43,440 AUDIENCE: No, no, they didn't know 2054 01:40:43,440 --> 01:40:44,648 what my name was going to be. 2055 01:40:44,648 --> 01:40:45,592 PROFESSOR: Oh, ok. 2056 01:40:45,592 --> 01:40:47,550 AUDIENCE: It's amazing how many people do that. 2057 01:40:47,550 --> 01:40:49,530 Did they know you were going to be a boy? 2058 01:40:49,530 --> 01:40:52,005 AUDIENCE: No. 2059 01:40:52,005 --> 01:40:53,985 They did it old school. 2060 01:40:53,985 --> 01:41:09,825 [INAUDIBLE] No, I don't. 2061 01:41:09,825 --> 01:41:11,999 I'm the youngest [INAUDIBLE]. 2062 01:41:11,999 --> 01:41:13,290 AUDIENCE: You run out of names. 2063 01:41:16,076 --> 01:41:17,076 PROFESSOR: Is it up now? 2064 01:41:20,480 --> 01:41:20,980 Refresh. 2065 01:41:30,192 --> 01:41:31,900 Yeah, it's still showing up blank for me. 2066 01:41:35,386 --> 01:41:37,520 Do you mind reading it from your Google doc 2067 01:41:37,520 --> 01:41:41,544 while Sari figures that out? 2068 01:41:41,544 --> 01:41:43,492 AUDIENCE: All right. 2069 01:41:43,492 --> 01:41:44,953 PROFESSOR: All right, laptops down. 2070 01:41:49,830 --> 01:41:51,710 And remember, read it like you would host it. 2071 01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:00,190 AUDIENCE: Let's take the small foam box, Orca One, 2072 01:42:00,190 --> 01:42:02,160 and cut a hole in it. 2073 01:42:02,160 --> 01:42:06,330 Now, let's put this box in water and see what happens. 2074 01:42:06,330 --> 01:42:08,100 As you can see, the box unfortunately 2075 01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:11,290 sinks due to the weight of the added water. 2076 01:42:11,290 --> 01:42:15,400 Now what if that box contained cargo, or oil, or even people. 2077 01:42:15,400 --> 01:42:19,010 That would make for a very bad. 2078 01:42:19,010 --> 01:42:22,710 Now let's take Orca Two and do the same thing. 2079 01:42:22,710 --> 01:42:24,876 You can see that Orca Two do not sink, all though it 2080 01:42:24,876 --> 01:42:26,660 is sitting at an angle. 2081 01:42:26,660 --> 01:42:29,910 So why did Orca Two not sink? 2082 01:42:29,910 --> 01:42:32,130 As easy as it sounds, this simple demonstration 2083 01:42:32,130 --> 01:42:35,447 is essential to the design of huge, complex ships, ships 2084 01:42:35,447 --> 01:42:37,280 that are responsible for safely transporting 2085 01:42:37,280 --> 01:42:40,510 90% of all our stuff. 2086 01:42:40,510 --> 01:42:42,090 As naval architects, how do we design 2087 01:42:42,090 --> 01:42:45,040 ships carrying our stuff to make it into port safely and not 2088 01:42:45,040 --> 01:42:45,989 sink? 2089 01:42:45,989 --> 01:42:47,280 Well, let's take a look inside. 2090 01:42:50,020 --> 01:42:52,870 Here we have Orca One and Orca To from before. 2091 01:42:52,870 --> 01:42:55,980 Even though these boxes do not engage in international trade, 2092 01:42:55,980 --> 01:42:59,940 they behave just as 1,000 foot steel cargo ship would. 2093 01:42:59,940 --> 01:43:02,910 If we remove the top the boxes and take a look inside, 2094 01:43:02,910 --> 01:43:05,130 we see that Orca Two is divided into compartments 2095 01:43:05,130 --> 01:43:07,410 by these walls, called transverse bulkheads, 2096 01:43:07,410 --> 01:43:10,740 while Orca One is not. 2097 01:43:10,740 --> 01:43:12,800 These compartments are water tight, 2098 01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:15,250 meaning even if damage-- [INAUDIBLE]. 2099 01:43:15,250 --> 01:43:17,270 So these compartments are water tight. 2100 01:43:17,270 --> 01:43:19,280 Even if damage occurs in this part of the ship, 2101 01:43:19,280 --> 01:43:21,840 water rushing in won't go into other compartments 2102 01:43:21,840 --> 01:43:24,240 because the damage is isolated. 2103 01:43:24,240 --> 01:43:28,240 We refer to Orca Two as being subdivided. 2104 01:43:28,240 --> 01:43:29,870 It is unclear when subdivision started 2105 01:43:29,870 --> 01:43:32,980 being used in boat building, but accounts of Chinese trade ships 2106 01:43:32,980 --> 01:43:35,190 as far back as the fifth century indicate 2107 01:43:35,190 --> 01:43:37,840 that water would enter ships without sinking. 2108 01:43:37,840 --> 01:43:40,760 So how exactly does this work? 2109 01:43:40,760 --> 01:43:43,492 Well, when we divide the ship into water compartments, 2110 01:43:43,492 --> 01:43:44,950 we are limiting the amount of water 2111 01:43:44,950 --> 01:43:46,700 that can enter the vessel. 2112 01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:51,150 If we divide a ship into 10 equal watertight compartments, 2113 01:43:51,150 --> 01:43:53,650 and one compartment sprung a leak, 2114 01:43:53,650 --> 01:43:56,130 only that compartment would take on water. 2115 01:43:56,130 --> 01:43:59,910 This would likely cause the ship to heel and trim, 2116 01:43:59,910 --> 01:44:01,520 but it would not cause a complete loss 2117 01:44:01,520 --> 01:44:02,810 of shipping cargo. 2118 01:44:02,810 --> 01:44:05,210 And the ship would be able to hobble back into port 2119 01:44:05,210 --> 01:44:06,395 and get repairs. 2120 01:44:06,395 --> 01:44:09,320 But why is it so important, you might be asking. 2121 01:44:09,320 --> 01:44:12,690 Because ships are huge and they carry a ton of stuff. 2122 01:44:12,690 --> 01:44:15,250 A ship the size of more the four football fields can 2123 01:44:15,250 --> 01:44:18,860 carry 715 million bananas, that is about one 2124 01:44:18,860 --> 01:44:20,600 for every European. 2125 01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:23,730 Also, US takes in almost $2 trillion 2126 01:44:23,730 --> 01:44:26,230 worth of goods every year through ships. 2127 01:44:26,230 --> 01:44:28,070 So by subdividing ships, we're ensuring 2128 01:44:28,070 --> 01:44:30,590 the safe delivery of our stuff and the health 2129 01:44:30,590 --> 01:44:32,850 of international World Trade. 2130 01:44:32,850 --> 01:44:36,580 But sadly, even with subdivision vessels still can sink. 2131 01:44:36,580 --> 01:44:39,080 It is both expensive and impractical 2132 01:44:39,080 --> 01:44:41,900 to design a ship that can withstand any amount of damage, 2133 01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:44,400 so Naval architects consider the likelihood of damage 2134 01:44:44,400 --> 01:44:47,320 in writing ship design regulations. 2135 01:44:47,320 --> 01:44:49,560 Also, the use of computers in naval architecture 2136 01:44:49,560 --> 01:44:52,320 allows us to simulate a likely damage scenarios, 2137 01:44:52,320 --> 01:44:54,930 so we can better prevent them from happening. 2138 01:44:54,930 --> 01:44:57,584 So the next time you use your cellphone or eat a banana, 2139 01:44:57,584 --> 01:44:59,000 remember the amount of engineering 2140 01:44:59,000 --> 01:45:00,840 that went into safely delivering it to you. 2141 01:45:09,220 --> 01:45:10,560 PROFESSOR: You are good on time. 2142 01:45:10,560 --> 01:45:11,660 It was about four minutes. 2143 01:45:14,570 --> 01:45:15,300 It's up now? 2144 01:45:15,300 --> 01:45:20,554 So you guys should be able to access the script now. 2145 01:45:20,554 --> 01:45:22,595 Does anyone have thoughts about this off the bat? 2146 01:45:28,295 --> 01:45:32,720 AUDIENCE: PJ slash Paul, there have been moments in class 2147 01:45:32,720 --> 01:45:34,650 when I feel like your personality has come out 2148 01:45:34,650 --> 01:45:37,890 and I've your eyes sparkle and your voice-- 2149 01:45:37,890 --> 01:45:39,890 I feel like there's two versions of you. 2150 01:45:39,890 --> 01:45:41,970 There's probably serious coastguard man. 2151 01:45:41,970 --> 01:45:45,386 And there's like [INAUDIBLE]. 2152 01:45:45,386 --> 01:45:48,434 And I think the thing that we need to make sure we tap into 2153 01:45:48,434 --> 01:45:51,640 is not super serious coast guard man, 2154 01:45:51,640 --> 01:45:54,943 because when you read that just now, I was like, 2155 01:45:54,943 --> 01:45:57,200 he's talking like this and I'm kind of board. 2156 01:45:57,200 --> 01:45:58,575 AUDIENCE: That was me inflecting. 2157 01:45:59,652 --> 01:46:01,610 PROFESSOR: Remember that you have to exaggerate 2158 01:46:01,610 --> 01:46:02,780 in front of the camera. 2159 01:46:02,780 --> 01:46:03,821 AUDIENCE: You're smiling. 2160 01:46:03,821 --> 01:46:04,578 You're dynamic. 2161 01:46:04,578 --> 01:46:06,720 Your voice is alive. 2162 01:46:06,720 --> 01:46:08,910 I know it's in there because I've seen it. 2163 01:46:08,910 --> 01:46:11,490 And when we talked about giving fifth graders pornography, 2164 01:46:11,490 --> 01:46:14,134 it was definitely there. 2165 01:46:14,134 --> 01:46:15,050 PROFESSOR: Wait, what? 2166 01:46:20,180 --> 01:46:23,330 AUDIENCE: Teaching faux pas that I had back in the day. 2167 01:46:23,330 --> 01:46:25,835 So I know that that personality in you 2168 01:46:25,835 --> 01:46:29,250 is totally there, regardless of the content. 2169 01:46:29,250 --> 01:46:31,605 I feel like you need to find a zen 2170 01:46:31,605 --> 01:46:35,890 way to channel that part of you, being whatever video content 2171 01:46:35,890 --> 01:46:39,245 you do, because there's something innately very 2172 01:46:39,245 --> 01:46:41,845 fascinating about this. 2173 01:46:41,845 --> 01:46:42,970 Like content's really cool. 2174 01:46:42,970 --> 01:46:46,280 The fact that you have this is really awesome experience 2175 01:46:46,280 --> 01:46:50,400 that none of us have and I totally think is amazing. 2176 01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,380 But if you gave it the way that you gave it right now, 2177 01:46:53,380 --> 01:46:55,450 you would kill us. 2178 01:46:55,450 --> 01:46:57,730 So we've got to figure out how to get 2179 01:46:57,730 --> 01:47:01,752 that energy in your being. 2180 01:47:01,752 --> 01:47:04,650 AUDIENCE: I agree with you. 2181 01:47:04,650 --> 01:47:09,970 AUDIENCE: What was your two line summary of the whole. 2182 01:47:09,970 --> 01:47:13,470 AUDIENCE: So my initial one was wasn't that great. 2183 01:47:13,470 --> 01:47:17,460 But like it's pretty much taking something simple that people 2184 01:47:17,460 --> 01:47:20,320 know how to do, like floating and sinking, 2185 01:47:20,320 --> 01:47:24,190 and how there's a lot of complex things 2186 01:47:24,190 --> 01:47:27,140 that are designed and built to carry a lot of really 2187 01:47:27,140 --> 01:47:29,280 important things that we depend, based 2188 01:47:29,280 --> 01:47:36,340 off very elementary principles. 2189 01:47:36,340 --> 01:47:39,724 PROFESSOR: I will show you your two sentence pitch. 2190 01:47:39,724 --> 01:47:40,390 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 2191 01:47:40,390 --> 01:47:41,380 -Yes. 2192 01:47:41,380 --> 01:47:43,330 -It feels a lot like a document. 2193 01:47:43,330 --> 01:47:44,980 -What do you mean by that? 2194 01:47:44,980 --> 01:47:47,977 -Kind of like the image I get like kind 2195 01:47:47,977 --> 01:47:50,555 of walking through a museum. 2196 01:47:50,555 --> 01:47:51,729 [INAUDIBLE] 2197 01:47:51,729 --> 01:47:53,685 -Tell us what it is. 2198 01:47:53,685 --> 01:47:57,110 -So it's about subdivisions, subdivision in ships. 2199 01:47:57,110 --> 01:48:01,050 So if you take something that floats, like a shoe box, 2200 01:48:01,050 --> 01:48:03,890 and you put a hole it in, it'll sink. 2201 01:48:03,890 --> 01:48:07,590 But if you divide that shoe box into watertight sections, 2202 01:48:07,590 --> 01:48:11,574 this one compartment might not cause it to sink. 2203 01:48:11,574 --> 01:48:17,110 And how we've advanced to a time where a ship can be extensively 2204 01:48:17,110 --> 01:48:19,330 damaged and still stay afloat. 2205 01:48:19,330 --> 01:48:20,860 And people won't die. 2206 01:48:23,830 --> 01:48:24,690 [END PLAYBACK] 2207 01:48:24,690 --> 01:48:27,115 AUDIENCE: Sort of like the first little section 2208 01:48:27,115 --> 01:48:29,530 that you gave about it, it's almost 2209 01:48:29,530 --> 01:48:31,530 like I'd like you to say that and then 2210 01:48:31,530 --> 01:48:36,880 say hey, we can just do this experiment live right now. 2211 01:48:36,880 --> 01:48:39,210 Why don't we just do this, right now. 2212 01:48:39,210 --> 01:48:42,160 Let's take this-- and here's a small foam box, that I've 2213 01:48:42,160 --> 01:48:43,740 decided to call Orca One. 2214 01:48:43,740 --> 01:48:44,630 AUDIENCE: Right. 2215 01:48:44,630 --> 01:48:46,210 OK. 2216 01:48:46,210 --> 01:48:48,710 PROFESSOR: And I think again, I mean the showing not telling 2217 01:48:48,710 --> 01:48:51,740 is really hard to script when you haven't actually worked 2218 01:48:51,740 --> 01:48:53,930 with the video stuff that much. 2219 01:48:53,930 --> 01:48:56,340 And maybe as you shoot, you'll realize, oh, 2220 01:48:56,340 --> 01:48:58,930 I don't actually need to say, as you can see. 2221 01:48:58,930 --> 01:49:01,880 I can just say the box sinks. 2222 01:49:01,880 --> 01:49:05,210 And you don't need to say-- you don't 2223 01:49:05,210 --> 01:49:06,960 put any contractions in your script, which 2224 01:49:06,960 --> 01:49:09,240 I think is interesting. 2225 01:49:09,240 --> 01:49:12,380 And when you deliver the lines, you're not going to say do not. 2226 01:49:12,380 --> 01:49:14,220 You're just going to say it doesn't sink. 2227 01:49:14,220 --> 01:49:16,671 AUDIENCE: I say let's right there. 2228 01:49:16,671 --> 01:49:17,420 PROFESSOR: Oh, OK. 2229 01:49:17,420 --> 01:49:19,509 One apostrophe. 2230 01:49:19,509 --> 01:49:21,050 AUDIENCE: Doing this, you're probably 2231 01:49:21,050 --> 01:49:23,190 going to ad lib based on what happens, 2232 01:49:23,190 --> 01:49:26,282 just like the crazy Russian hacker 2233 01:49:26,282 --> 01:49:28,530 guy who's like, OK, that didn't [INAUDIBLE]. 2234 01:49:28,530 --> 01:49:31,690 And that's what gives it, kind of, your personality 2235 01:49:31,690 --> 01:49:34,440 will come out as this is happening. 2236 01:49:34,440 --> 01:49:39,350 AUDIENCE: So with the introduction I was-- Elizabeth 2237 01:49:39,350 --> 01:49:43,040 and Sari's comments kind of allude to there's 2238 01:49:43,040 --> 01:49:45,605 got to be some sort of like-- just 2239 01:49:45,605 --> 01:49:46,980 to know what we're talking about. 2240 01:49:46,980 --> 01:49:47,860 So I did that. 2241 01:49:47,860 --> 01:49:49,912 And then that turned out to be bad. 2242 01:49:49,912 --> 01:49:50,995 It was a bad introduction. 2243 01:49:53,610 --> 01:49:56,600 So the George said, just get right into. 2244 01:49:56,600 --> 01:49:59,660 Just get right into the box and how this-- 2245 01:49:59,660 --> 01:50:02,682 so I'm kind of confused, though, what-- 2246 01:50:02,682 --> 01:50:04,390 AUDIENCE: What you just said was perfect. 2247 01:50:04,390 --> 01:50:05,732 AUDIENCE: With? 2248 01:50:05,732 --> 01:50:08,190 AUDIENCE: We all know that some things sink and some things 2249 01:50:08,190 --> 01:50:08,950 float. 2250 01:50:08,950 --> 01:50:11,680 But it's actually not that simple. 2251 01:50:11,680 --> 01:50:14,300 And this fairly rudimentary concept 2252 01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:18,180 is something that naval architects use every day. 2253 01:50:18,180 --> 01:50:21,580 PROFESSOR: Wait, but that was the original-- 2254 01:50:21,580 --> 01:50:24,780 do you mind if I pull up the Google doc that you sent me 2255 01:50:24,780 --> 01:50:25,280 before? 2256 01:50:32,140 --> 01:50:35,570 AUDIENCE: I just felt like it started really abruptly. 2257 01:50:35,570 --> 01:50:38,510 And you needed just a little, little, little bit. 2258 01:50:38,510 --> 01:50:39,655 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 2259 01:50:39,655 --> 01:50:42,270 Even just having a mock Navy ship smashed 2260 01:50:42,270 --> 01:50:45,055 and then watching it sink or float. 2261 01:50:45,055 --> 01:50:47,530 Because like, what you're talking about is the grey zone 2262 01:50:47,530 --> 01:50:50,910 in between sinking and floating. 2263 01:50:50,910 --> 01:50:54,410 And you want us to get in that grey zone quickly with you. 2264 01:50:54,410 --> 01:50:57,130 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I like that you're starting a right away. 2265 01:50:57,130 --> 01:50:59,755 Like I know that we had talked about-- Josh 2266 01:50:59,755 --> 01:51:01,800 had mentioned that during his workshop, 2267 01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:04,480 like to start in the action. 2268 01:51:04,480 --> 01:51:07,260 But I think that your intro itself 2269 01:51:07,260 --> 01:51:11,930 is visually interesting enough and topically foreign enough 2270 01:51:11,930 --> 01:51:18,470 to most people, to where that in itself is a bit of a hook, too. 2271 01:51:18,470 --> 01:51:21,660 And by setup, we don't mean like an entire paragraph. 2272 01:51:21,660 --> 01:51:26,150 I think like that one sentences is fine, actually. 2273 01:51:26,150 --> 01:51:29,086 And when you guys shoot, I really 2274 01:51:29,086 --> 01:51:30,960 challenge you guys not to use a script, which 2275 01:51:30,960 --> 01:51:32,300 sounds terrifying. 2276 01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,305 And often times that'll just mean, what line do I 2277 01:51:35,305 --> 01:51:36,045 have to say here. 2278 01:51:36,045 --> 01:51:37,170 I'm going to say this line. 2279 01:51:37,170 --> 01:51:38,378 And you put down your script. 2280 01:51:38,378 --> 01:51:39,600 And you deliver it ad lib. 2281 01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:42,710 But it's going to come out so much more natural that way. 2282 01:51:42,710 --> 01:51:48,090 When you talk in real life, you turn your head a lot, 2283 01:51:48,090 --> 01:51:54,190 that's what makes you seem like a human, versus a humanoid. 2284 01:51:54,190 --> 01:51:56,240 Not saying that the delivery was this time. 2285 01:51:56,240 --> 01:51:59,660 But there are a lot of things that people do naturally 2286 01:51:59,660 --> 01:52:00,867 that they don't realize. 2287 01:52:00,867 --> 01:52:02,950 And so I think it's fun to point it out to people, 2288 01:52:02,950 --> 01:52:06,220 because when you're shooting in front of a camera, 2289 01:52:06,220 --> 01:52:09,374 it's very hard to remember those things. 2290 01:52:09,374 --> 01:52:11,540 It's really hard to be natural in front of a camera, 2291 01:52:11,540 --> 01:52:13,140 basically. 2292 01:52:13,140 --> 01:52:15,380 But like all of you guys were saying-- or some 2293 01:52:15,380 --> 01:52:16,480 of you guys were saying, like I'm not 2294 01:52:16,480 --> 01:52:17,646 good in front of the camera. 2295 01:52:17,646 --> 01:52:19,760 And I watched some of the raw footage from class. 2296 01:52:19,760 --> 01:52:21,040 And you guys are all great. 2297 01:52:21,040 --> 01:52:25,230 And it's technically in front of a camera, right? 2298 01:52:25,230 --> 01:52:27,630 So you're just not looking and not aware of it. 2299 01:52:27,630 --> 01:52:31,030 So it's somehow being able to extrapolate 2300 01:52:31,030 --> 01:52:34,160 how you are in this classroom and carrying 2301 01:52:34,160 --> 01:52:36,660 that over to when there's a camera 2302 01:52:36,660 --> 01:52:38,350 right in front of your face. 2303 01:52:38,350 --> 01:52:41,000 And I do think that it's the little things, like sometimes 2304 01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:41,920 you tilt your head. 2305 01:52:41,920 --> 01:52:43,710 Sometimes you look off and not directly 2306 01:52:43,710 --> 01:52:45,480 in front of the camera. 2307 01:52:45,480 --> 01:52:46,850 Blinking is a big thing. 2308 01:52:46,850 --> 01:52:49,930 I don't know if I mentioned that in earlier classes. 2309 01:52:49,930 --> 01:52:54,090 But if you look at your footage and you're like I seem off 2310 01:52:54,090 --> 01:52:55,580 and I don't know why. 2311 01:52:55,580 --> 01:52:57,080 I feel like my voice is fine. 2312 01:52:57,080 --> 01:53:00,110 I feel like my pacing is fine. 2313 01:53:00,110 --> 01:53:01,950 Try to notice how many times you blink. 2314 01:53:01,950 --> 01:53:04,500 A lot of times people will keep their eyes 2315 01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:06,410 for a really long period of time. 2316 01:53:06,410 --> 01:53:09,620 And they don't blink where it makes sense in their speech. 2317 01:53:09,620 --> 01:53:11,376 And so they're just talking like this. 2318 01:53:11,376 --> 01:53:12,348 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] who does this. 2319 01:53:12,348 --> 01:53:14,125 When he gives presentations it's totally creepy. 2320 01:53:14,125 --> 01:53:14,820 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 2321 01:53:14,820 --> 01:53:15,370 Yeah so-- 2322 01:53:15,370 --> 01:53:18,120 AUDIENCE: I'm like, dude, you have to blink. 2323 01:53:18,120 --> 01:53:21,950 PROFESSOR: Blinking, head tilts, looking off to the side 2324 01:53:21,950 --> 01:53:25,200 like you would normally, those are little techniques 2325 01:53:25,200 --> 01:53:27,360 that you can think about when you're hosting. 2326 01:53:27,360 --> 01:53:30,170 And it's sort of counter intuitive to force 2327 01:53:30,170 --> 01:53:31,940 yourself to be natural, but sometimes 2328 01:53:31,940 --> 01:53:33,787 that's what you have to do. 2329 01:53:33,787 --> 01:53:36,120 AUDIENCE: I really recommend, if you haven't already-- I 2330 01:53:36,120 --> 01:53:37,700 think most of you have already. 2331 01:53:37,700 --> 01:53:41,100 But for your reflections, think about doing a vlog, 2332 01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:45,250 because vlogging is like the basest form of video creation 2333 01:53:45,250 --> 01:53:48,950 in that you like literally stare at your computer. 2334 01:53:48,950 --> 01:53:50,870 And if you want to get comfortable 2335 01:53:50,870 --> 01:53:53,395 with the idea of a camera, you can set up your camera 2336 01:53:53,395 --> 01:53:55,040 as though you were recording yourself 2337 01:53:55,040 --> 01:53:57,470 for your video, or something like that. 2338 01:53:57,470 --> 01:53:59,840 And just talking to it. 2339 01:53:59,840 --> 01:54:04,120 Because we have no expectations for your daily reflections. 2340 01:54:04,120 --> 01:54:08,310 You can be like, I was really scared going into class today. 2341 01:54:08,310 --> 01:54:10,970 And then you can stop thinking. 2342 01:54:10,970 --> 01:54:12,370 And you can look off camera. 2343 01:54:12,370 --> 01:54:12,720 And you can say um. 2344 01:54:12,720 --> 01:54:13,970 And we won't judge you at all. 2345 01:54:13,970 --> 01:54:17,620 And it gives a good reference point for when 2346 01:54:17,620 --> 01:54:18,900 you do have a polished video. 2347 01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:21,270 It's like do I have even some of the quirks 2348 01:54:21,270 --> 01:54:23,230 that I showed my vlog. 2349 01:54:23,230 --> 01:54:24,950 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 2350 01:54:24,950 --> 01:54:27,085 AUDIENCE: And it just gets you more-- I don't know, 2351 01:54:27,085 --> 01:54:29,200 I was really uncomfortable in front of the camera. 2352 01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:30,158 And I still kind of am. 2353 01:54:30,158 --> 01:54:33,710 But vlogging and doing that process 2354 01:54:33,710 --> 01:54:37,050 and seeing how, oh, if I make a mistake, like forgetting what 2355 01:54:37,050 --> 01:54:40,122 I'm going to say, I can just cut that out and seal it together. 2356 01:54:40,122 --> 01:54:41,830 It really gets you a lot more comfortable 2357 01:54:41,830 --> 01:54:44,450 with just seeing your face on the screen, which is a really 2358 01:54:44,450 --> 01:54:46,625 foreign experience for people. 2359 01:54:46,625 --> 01:54:48,750 PROFESSOR: I think the overall format of the script 2360 01:54:48,750 --> 01:54:50,492 is pretty strong. 2361 01:54:50,492 --> 01:54:52,700 I don't think you need to change a whole lot in terms 2362 01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,280 of the format. 2363 01:54:55,280 --> 01:54:59,890 Adding a little bit of context at the beginning would help. 2364 01:54:59,890 --> 01:55:03,004 Stuff like this sentence, though, I 2365 01:55:03,004 --> 01:55:04,670 don't think you would ever say these two 2366 01:55:04,670 --> 01:55:07,277 sentences in real life, in your speech, right? 2367 01:55:07,277 --> 01:55:08,485 AUDIENCE: That's what I said. 2368 01:55:08,485 --> 01:55:10,860 I think while he's doing it, he's going to be ad libbing. 2369 01:55:12,680 --> 01:55:15,016 PROFESSOR: And again, you don't have to script it. 2370 01:55:15,016 --> 01:55:17,140 It's OK if you deviate from the script a little bit 2371 01:55:17,140 --> 01:55:20,030 when you actually deliver your lines. 2372 01:55:20,030 --> 01:55:22,080 But this sentence, that would make 2373 01:55:22,080 --> 01:55:25,260 for very bad day, or the one that at the end of your video, 2374 01:55:25,260 --> 01:55:30,340 you know, that's why we can't enjoy-- or decomposition 2375 01:55:30,340 --> 01:55:31,920 is awesome. 2376 01:55:31,920 --> 01:55:34,640 You don't necessarily have to say that out loud to people, 2377 01:55:34,640 --> 01:55:36,670 they're just going to kind of know already. 2378 01:55:39,260 --> 01:55:41,810 The one comment I wanted to make was 2379 01:55:41,810 --> 01:55:55,044 that the context-- I think introducing 2380 01:55:55,044 --> 01:55:56,710 a little bit of context at the beginning 2381 01:55:56,710 --> 01:55:59,820 will help with this issue, because right now without it 2382 01:55:59,820 --> 01:56:04,120 this jump seems really huge all of the sudden. 2383 01:56:04,120 --> 01:56:06,740 Talking about sinking and then talking 2384 01:56:06,740 --> 01:56:09,740 about economy and money, all of the sudden. 2385 01:56:09,740 --> 01:56:12,720 I don't know if any of you guys felt that way, too. 2386 01:56:12,720 --> 01:56:15,900 But it seems a little like, oh man, first we 2387 01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:18,315 were talking about cardboard boxes, 2388 01:56:18,315 --> 01:56:20,190 now we're talking about trillions of dollars. 2389 01:56:20,190 --> 01:56:21,920 And I think it's a good point to make. 2390 01:56:21,920 --> 01:56:23,270 Because you do want to take people out 2391 01:56:23,270 --> 01:56:24,186 to the bigger context. 2392 01:56:26,710 --> 01:56:28,100 Yeah, but it is a little abrupt. 2393 01:56:32,880 --> 01:56:36,410 And instead of saying, but sadly even with this subdivision, 2394 01:56:36,410 --> 01:56:38,880 I think you can set this up as a question. 2395 01:56:38,880 --> 01:56:41,590 So we have the subdivision, why do ships still sink? 2396 01:56:43,623 --> 01:56:45,956 AUDIENCE: And last comment, then I have to hit the road. 2397 01:56:45,956 --> 01:56:47,830 But if any of you didn't get feedback from me 2398 01:56:47,830 --> 01:56:51,790 and you want it, because I have to leave a little early. 2399 01:56:51,790 --> 01:56:54,265 Just email me. 2400 01:56:54,265 --> 01:56:56,368 My [INAUDIBLE] address is not the one 2401 01:56:56,368 --> 01:56:59,220 that grants me access to Google Docs. 2402 01:56:59,220 --> 01:57:01,312 So if you want, just email me and I'll 2403 01:57:01,312 --> 01:57:05,944 give you my gmail account so that I can actually read it. 2404 01:57:05,944 --> 01:57:10,970 The naval, ship is such a cool thread throughout this, 2405 01:57:10,970 --> 01:57:13,698 that I don't think you necessarily-- 2406 01:57:13,698 --> 01:57:18,162 like if you can use the cardboard box as Navy ships, 2407 01:57:18,162 --> 01:57:21,634 and not have them me be just abstract boxes. 2408 01:57:21,634 --> 01:57:23,618 And if the cargo ship carrying bananas 2409 01:57:23,618 --> 01:57:25,810 is carrying military personnel. 2410 01:57:25,810 --> 01:57:28,845 You don't have to go outside of that genre in order for this 2411 01:57:28,845 --> 01:57:30,372 to be a really cool video. 2412 01:57:30,372 --> 01:57:31,830 In fact, I think it's cooler if you 2413 01:57:31,830 --> 01:57:35,950 stick with the military theme, because that's something that's 2414 01:57:35,950 --> 01:57:39,170 actually-- especially to middle school boys who like blowing up 2415 01:57:39,170 --> 01:57:41,740 things-- that's even more authentically 2416 01:57:41,740 --> 01:57:44,340 cool than bananas. 2417 01:57:44,340 --> 01:57:47,260 And plus, if you can even make Orca, 2418 01:57:47,260 --> 01:57:50,226 the box, look a little bit like-- 2419 01:57:50,226 --> 01:57:51,476 AUDIENCE: I already made them. 2420 01:57:51,476 --> 01:57:52,910 AUDIENCE: You made them? 2421 01:57:52,910 --> 01:57:58,168 But even if you just [INAUDIBLE] and put some stars on them. 2422 01:57:58,168 --> 01:58:00,809 It doesn't have to be crazy fancy to still get the idea 2423 01:58:00,809 --> 01:58:04,073 that this is like a Navy ship, right? 2424 01:58:04,073 --> 01:58:06,550 But I think that if that Navy theme hums 2425 01:58:06,550 --> 01:58:09,580 throughout the whole thing, then it's 2426 01:58:09,580 --> 01:58:14,100 like that becomes a really cool theme. 2427 01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:15,810 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 2428 01:58:15,810 --> 01:58:16,782 AUDIENCE: I gotta run. 2429 01:58:16,782 --> 01:58:17,782 I'm gonna miss my train. 2430 01:58:17,782 --> 01:58:19,760 But you guys are awesome. [INAUDIBLE]. 2431 01:58:19,760 --> 01:58:21,870 PROFESSOR: Julia, do you want to say something? 2432 01:58:21,870 --> 01:58:23,373 Thanks, Jamie. 2433 01:58:23,373 --> 01:58:25,788 AUDIENCE: When the football fields and bananas 2434 01:58:25,788 --> 01:58:29,170 were introduced, that was kind of taking me out of the video 2435 01:58:29,170 --> 01:58:32,554 and making me think of monkeys. 2436 01:58:32,554 --> 01:58:35,458 And then at the end, also, you're 2437 01:58:35,458 --> 01:58:37,394 mentioning cell phones and bananas, 2438 01:58:37,394 --> 01:58:40,800 but you never mentioned cell phones before that. 2439 01:58:40,800 --> 01:58:43,835 So I do like the idea of kind of keeping 2440 01:58:43,835 --> 01:58:45,775 with the military theme. 2441 01:58:45,775 --> 01:58:48,522 Also some of the-- there was a part 2442 01:58:48,522 --> 01:58:51,584 where you had to questions-- a question 2443 01:58:51,584 --> 01:58:53,292 at the end of the paragraph, and that was 2444 01:58:53,292 --> 01:58:55,500 for two consecutive paragraphs. 2445 01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:57,467 PROFESSOR: Yeah, right here. 2446 01:58:57,467 --> 01:58:58,300 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 2447 01:59:01,235 --> 01:59:02,770 PROFESSOR: That's a good point. 2448 01:59:02,770 --> 01:59:05,006 AUDIENCE: Taking out of the video. 2449 01:59:05,006 --> 01:59:10,791 But other than that, I really enjoyed the content. 2450 01:59:10,791 --> 01:59:13,713 This is very different from the original draft, 2451 01:59:13,713 --> 01:59:17,609 but I would very much enjoy watching this video 2452 01:59:17,609 --> 01:59:18,272 at this point. 2453 01:59:18,272 --> 01:59:19,730 PROFESSOR: Yeah, originally you had 2454 01:59:19,730 --> 01:59:22,189 talked about Archimedes' principle and buoyancy, 2455 01:59:22,189 --> 01:59:24,230 but I think this is a lot stronger because you're 2456 01:59:24,230 --> 01:59:29,300 actually getting into why the compartments itself. 2457 01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:33,330 AUDIENCE: So just like pretty much fix those questions 2458 01:59:33,330 --> 01:59:39,184 and take out the whole merchant marine-type thing. 2459 01:59:39,184 --> 01:59:40,600 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think the point 2460 01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:44,130 that you're trying to make with those examples is basically 2461 01:59:44,130 --> 01:59:46,810 just the sheer importance of making 2462 01:59:46,810 --> 01:59:49,110 sure your ships stay afloat. 2463 01:59:49,110 --> 01:59:51,970 And I think you can do that with other examples that 2464 01:59:51,970 --> 01:59:56,480 are a little more unified to the theme. 2465 01:59:56,480 --> 01:59:59,160 I will say that this stuff at the end, 2466 01:59:59,160 --> 02:00:08,189 like this sentence right here, no, this portion right here. 2467 02:00:08,189 --> 02:00:09,980 If you want to expand on that a little bit, 2468 02:00:09,980 --> 02:00:11,950 I think it would be interesting, because it's 2469 02:00:11,950 --> 02:00:16,070 more of like a current event engineering problem. 2470 02:00:16,070 --> 02:00:18,990 And again, like that makes the video more 2471 02:00:18,990 --> 02:00:21,820 unique than a typical engineering textbook. 2472 02:00:21,820 --> 02:00:24,460 You're talking about what are the actual problems that I 2473 02:00:24,460 --> 02:00:28,470 myself as a naval architect am dealing with. 2474 02:00:28,470 --> 02:00:34,104 And you can talk about the-- I don't think you need an also 2475 02:00:34,104 --> 02:00:35,520 right here, because this is really 2476 02:00:35,520 --> 02:00:38,320 a continuation of this explanation. 2477 02:00:38,320 --> 02:00:42,140 Ships sink because they're expensive to design. 2478 02:00:42,140 --> 02:00:46,000 So you have trade offs in the engineering of it. 2479 02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,760 But we use computers to simulate the damage, 2480 02:00:48,760 --> 02:00:51,780 so we know exactly how to subdivide them 2481 02:00:51,780 --> 02:00:56,000 and what the best way to design those subdivisions are. 2482 02:00:56,000 --> 02:01:00,520 And then instead of this sentence, 2483 02:01:00,520 --> 02:01:03,320 I mean this point is a little bit different than the point 2484 02:01:03,320 --> 02:01:09,300 that you're intending, which is that very simple principles are 2485 02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:14,750 what allow huge, seemingly complicated machines to work. 2486 02:01:14,750 --> 02:01:17,020 So maybe you can somehow revisit that point 2487 02:01:17,020 --> 02:01:18,720 at the end instead of this sentence. 2488 02:01:18,720 --> 02:01:20,489 I think that would end it a lot stronger. 2489 02:01:23,447 --> 02:01:27,884 AUDIENCE: So was your advice generally to drop the cargo 2490 02:01:27,884 --> 02:01:28,705 ship. 2491 02:01:28,705 --> 02:01:30,205 AUDIENCE: That wasn't even in there. 2492 02:01:30,205 --> 02:01:31,980 I added all that. 2493 02:01:31,980 --> 02:01:38,740 It was more, I'd say, the equations and stuff like that. 2494 02:01:38,740 --> 02:01:43,186 PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE] the draft that he sent us, 2495 02:01:43,186 --> 02:01:47,091 and there was a big part about Archimedes principle 2496 02:01:47,091 --> 02:01:47,632 and buoyancy. 2497 02:01:47,632 --> 02:01:51,584 Which again, is super informative, very accurate. 2498 02:01:51,584 --> 02:01:53,507 It's the type of material that they're 2499 02:01:53,507 --> 02:01:54,548 going to learn in school. 2500 02:01:54,548 --> 02:01:57,030 But it isn't necessarily vital to-- this 2501 02:01:57,030 --> 02:01:59,488 is more of an engineering video than it is a physics video. 2502 02:01:59,488 --> 02:02:02,946 And I think that's very valuable because there's actually 2503 02:02:02,946 --> 02:02:04,922 not a lot of material on this out there. 2504 02:02:04,922 --> 02:02:08,380 So I think it's more unique [INAUDIBLE]. 2505 02:02:08,380 --> 02:02:10,850 I'm going to give him a chance to-- like 2506 02:02:10,850 --> 02:02:14,583 someone who's teaching Archimedes principle may find 2507 02:02:14,583 --> 02:02:17,541 this video really [INAUDIBLE] in class 2508 02:02:17,541 --> 02:02:20,006 because it gives them a different context. 2509 02:02:20,006 --> 02:02:22,342 So you took out this big chunk, but I 2510 02:02:22,342 --> 02:02:24,050 think that you replaced it with something 2511 02:02:24,050 --> 02:02:26,456 a lot better for the video. 2512 02:02:26,456 --> 02:02:31,770 AUDIENCE: I'm looking at simple demonstration 2513 02:02:31,770 --> 02:02:34,965 is essential to the design of huge, complex ships, ships that 2514 02:02:34,965 --> 02:02:36,590 are responsible for safely transporting 2515 02:02:36,590 --> 02:02:38,830 90% of all our stuff. 2516 02:02:38,830 --> 02:02:40,770 PROFESSOR: Wait, where is this? 2517 02:02:40,770 --> 02:02:42,690 AUDIENCE: It says new angle way up at the top. 2518 02:02:42,690 --> 02:02:43,315 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 2519 02:02:45,760 --> 02:02:47,670 AUDIENCE: I mean-- I kind of thought 2520 02:02:47,670 --> 02:02:51,220 the container ships are sort of a theme in the entire thing. 2521 02:02:51,220 --> 02:02:55,417 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I don't think cargo-- I'm not saying get rid 2522 02:02:55,417 --> 02:02:56,500 of the cargo stuff at all. 2523 02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:59,995 AUDIENCE: OK, because I mean, that's my bread 2524 02:02:59,995 --> 02:03:04,450 and butter is merchant ships and not-- because I'm not 2525 02:03:04,450 --> 02:03:06,619 really in the Navy or anything. 2526 02:03:06,619 --> 02:03:08,410 AUDIENCE: And then the tie-in with the cell 2527 02:03:08,410 --> 02:03:10,500 phone thing is that safely transporting 2528 02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:13,070 90% of all of our stuff. 2529 02:03:13,070 --> 02:03:16,070 If you take like a zoom in on a cell and flip it over 2530 02:03:16,070 --> 02:03:19,323 and it says "Made in China" that's sort of like how 2531 02:03:19,323 --> 02:03:21,726 did this get from China into my hand. 2532 02:03:24,530 --> 02:03:27,330 PROFESSOR: I don't think that you should get rid of the cargo 2533 02:03:27,330 --> 02:03:28,960 stuff completely. 2534 02:03:28,960 --> 02:03:32,440 Sorry if it sounds like we're having competing opinions. 2535 02:03:32,440 --> 02:03:34,310 I think the thing that throws us off 2536 02:03:34,310 --> 02:03:38,640 is the connections to the examples you make 2537 02:03:38,640 --> 02:03:39,990 aren't necessarily immediate. 2538 02:03:39,990 --> 02:03:45,040 So I hear four football fields can carry 750 million bananas. 2539 02:03:45,040 --> 02:03:47,530 Wait, why is he talking about bananas all of the sudden. 2540 02:03:47,530 --> 02:03:50,830 AUDIENCE: I was just trying to say like how-- yeah, I got it. 2541 02:03:50,830 --> 02:03:53,410 I'll try to revisit that. 2542 02:03:53,410 --> 02:03:55,330 PROFESSOR: And maybe it's as simple as adding 2543 02:03:55,330 --> 02:03:57,380 a single sentence right here, about they 2544 02:03:57,380 --> 02:04:00,700 carry a ton of stuff, a lot of products 2545 02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,930 that we have to import from other places. 2546 02:04:03,930 --> 02:04:05,670 Things like bananas. 2547 02:04:05,670 --> 02:04:10,722 And a ship the size of this can carry 750 million bananas. 2548 02:04:10,722 --> 02:04:12,721 So it just sets up the example a little bit more 2549 02:04:12,721 --> 02:04:14,412 clearly, if that makes sense. 2550 02:04:18,770 --> 02:04:21,365 Any other thoughts for PJ? 2551 02:04:24,530 --> 02:04:27,240 So I think that we're at a good stopping point here. 2552 02:04:27,240 --> 02:04:30,420 I don't want to hold you guys over today. 2553 02:04:30,420 --> 02:04:34,000 So we have Kenneth and Joshua left, right? 2554 02:04:34,000 --> 02:04:36,950 So tomorrow we will finish up the table 2555 02:04:36,950 --> 02:04:38,320 reads with their stuff. 2556 02:04:38,320 --> 02:04:42,540 And then I'm going to give my final talk on post production. 2557 02:04:42,540 --> 02:04:45,860 So this is everything from editing, to music, 2558 02:04:45,860 --> 02:04:48,440 to thinking about what you do with the footage that you take. 2559 02:04:48,440 --> 02:04:50,400 We'll also tell you tomorrow what 2560 02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:52,010 groups you're going to film in. 2561 02:04:52,010 --> 02:04:56,560 Was anyone planning on filming stuff tonight? 2562 02:04:56,560 --> 02:04:58,350 No? 2563 02:04:58,350 --> 02:04:58,850 That's fine. 2564 02:04:58,850 --> 02:05:02,480 Just use tonight to rework your scripts. 2565 02:05:02,480 --> 02:05:05,300 As far as deliverables and assignments, 2566 02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:10,140 I think really reworking your scripts tonight and tomorrow 2567 02:05:10,140 --> 02:05:11,320 should be the main focus. 2568 02:05:11,320 --> 02:05:13,592 So I'm not going to have anything particularly due. 2569 02:05:17,930 --> 02:05:23,060 How about all that footage that you shot last week, 2570 02:05:23,060 --> 02:05:25,470 I'll let you guys tinker around with the editing of that 2571 02:05:25,470 --> 02:05:26,895 after I give my editing lecture. 2572 02:05:26,895 --> 02:05:28,940 Does that makes sense to people? 2573 02:05:28,940 --> 02:05:31,830 So for tonight, rework your scripts. 2574 02:05:31,830 --> 02:05:34,830 And for people who haven't, I mean Kenneth and Joshua, 2575 02:05:34,830 --> 02:05:37,420 if you want to update stuff based off 2576 02:05:37,420 --> 02:05:39,500 of the things we talked about today, that's fine. 2577 02:05:39,500 --> 02:05:42,380 And you can just send Sari an update. 2578 02:05:42,380 --> 02:05:44,780 Make sure to do your daily blogs, though. 2579 02:05:44,780 --> 02:05:48,160 That'll be really helpful. 2580 02:05:48,160 --> 02:05:50,240 And then just come to class ready tomorrow 2581 02:05:50,240 --> 02:05:54,030 to finish up the two reads and then do some editing. 2582 02:05:54,030 --> 02:05:56,180 Does that sound good? 2583 02:05:56,180 --> 02:06:01,090 The first cut of your video is going to be due this Friday. 2584 02:06:01,090 --> 02:06:03,170 Do you think that is feasible and reasonable? 2585 02:06:07,670 --> 02:06:12,194 So this would be the first draft of your video, basically. 2586 02:06:12,194 --> 02:06:14,360 Like you'd have to film everything for it this week. 2587 02:06:17,220 --> 02:06:23,009 AUDIENCE: Is there a day where we're submitting the shots-- 2588 02:06:23,009 --> 02:06:24,050 PROFESSOR: The shot list? 2589 02:06:24,050 --> 02:06:25,810 Yeah. 2590 02:06:25,810 --> 02:06:32,120 I would like to see that by Wednesday, if possible. 2591 02:06:32,120 --> 02:06:36,900 But that's really more for your benefit over mine. 2592 02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:38,794 AUDIENCE: And Wednesday, Thursday and Friday 2593 02:06:38,794 --> 02:06:40,974 will be in class workdays. 2594 02:06:40,974 --> 02:06:42,390 PROFESSOR: Friday's the screening. 2595 02:06:42,390 --> 02:06:44,990 What I could do-- so this weekend is a three day weekend. 2596 02:06:44,990 --> 02:06:46,710 We don't have class next Monday. 2597 02:06:46,710 --> 02:06:49,690 If it would help people to use that weekend to film more, 2598 02:06:49,690 --> 02:06:51,246 I could have the rough cuts due-- 2599 02:06:51,246 --> 02:06:52,620 or we could screen the rough cuts 2600 02:06:52,620 --> 02:06:55,690 on Tuesday instead of Friday. 2601 02:06:55,690 --> 02:06:58,890 Would that help people? 2602 02:06:58,890 --> 02:07:01,460 AUDIENCE: My question is, I guess, 2603 02:07:01,460 --> 02:07:03,111 what are like the things you generally 2604 02:07:03,111 --> 02:07:07,260 would do between a rough cut and a final cut that would like-- 2605 02:07:07,260 --> 02:07:11,300 PROFESSOR: So, I will talk a little bit about that tomorrow. 2606 02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,670 I'll actually show you the rough cuts of our old videos. 2607 02:07:13,670 --> 02:07:16,500 But a rough cut takes all the footage 2608 02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:20,130 that you've shot and puts it together into a draft that 2609 02:07:20,130 --> 02:07:24,230 doesn't have music, and may be missing some scenes, 2610 02:07:24,230 --> 02:07:27,880 or may require reshooots of scenes. 2611 02:07:27,880 --> 02:07:31,110 So usually what happens between a rough cut and a final cut, 2612 02:07:31,110 --> 02:07:34,890 in addition to music and maybe better editing, 2613 02:07:34,890 --> 02:07:38,930 is you almost always end up reshooting something 2614 02:07:38,930 --> 02:07:41,780 because it doesn't look that good in the context of all 2615 02:07:41,780 --> 02:07:43,270 your other footage. 2616 02:07:43,270 --> 02:07:45,709 So the only reason why I had a rough cut due so early 2617 02:07:45,709 --> 02:07:47,250 is because I wanted to leave you guys 2618 02:07:47,250 --> 02:07:50,420 enough time to reshoot if you needed to. 2619 02:07:50,420 --> 02:07:52,270 But if it's going to be too much work 2620 02:07:52,270 --> 02:07:54,620 to get the rough in place in the first place, 2621 02:07:54,620 --> 02:07:57,975 I'd rather you really try to get as good of a rough cut 2622 02:07:57,975 --> 02:08:01,419 as you can than try to rush one together. 2623 02:08:01,419 --> 02:08:02,210 DAVID: [INAUDIBLE]. 2624 02:08:07,348 --> 02:08:08,472 PROFESSOR: Not necessarily. 2625 02:08:13,120 --> 02:08:15,430 So if it-- are we on consensus? 2626 02:08:15,430 --> 02:08:18,810 You guys want rough cut due on Tuesday instead of Friday? 2627 02:08:18,810 --> 02:08:20,810 Because that totally works for me. 2628 02:08:20,810 --> 02:08:24,740 Basically, after tomorrow, and aside from the screening 2629 02:08:24,740 --> 02:08:27,020 of the rough cut, every other day of class 2630 02:08:27,020 --> 02:08:30,806 is work time for the projects. 2631 02:08:30,806 --> 02:08:32,180 AUDIENCE: And that next week it's 2632 02:08:32,180 --> 02:08:34,952 Tuesday, Wednesday, or Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday? 2633 02:08:34,952 --> 02:08:38,060 Because doesn't the class end-- 2634 02:08:38,060 --> 02:08:43,340 PROFESSOR: The class ends-- so today is the 12th. 2635 02:08:43,340 --> 02:08:46,480 Yeah, so the class ends that Thursday. 2636 02:08:46,480 --> 02:08:50,050 It was sort of optimizing like leaving enough time to get 2637 02:08:50,050 --> 02:08:51,910 the rough cut, but also leaving enough time 2638 02:08:51,910 --> 02:08:55,570 to give you time for reshoots. 2639 02:08:55,570 --> 02:09:00,490 Our screening is the evening of the 22nd. 2640 02:09:00,490 --> 02:09:02,003 Yeah. 2641 02:09:02,003 --> 02:09:03,669 AUDIENCE: But then what happens, though, 2642 02:09:03,669 --> 02:09:04,920 the last week [INAUDIBLE]. 2643 02:09:04,920 --> 02:09:07,610 PROFESSOR: So the last week of IEP 2644 02:09:07,610 --> 02:09:12,740 we'll pick scripts to produce for season three of Science 2645 02:09:12,740 --> 02:09:13,710 Out Loud. 2646 02:09:13,710 --> 02:09:16,880 And if you guys are interested and if it 2647 02:09:16,880 --> 02:09:21,330 fits into the casting, then we would produce your video, 2648 02:09:21,330 --> 02:09:24,150 basically. 2649 02:09:24,150 --> 02:09:27,810 I'm I'm sorry to the SUTD guys, you have to go back. 2650 02:09:27,810 --> 02:09:28,450 Yeah. 2651 02:09:28,450 --> 02:09:30,850 You could stay another week. 2652 02:09:30,850 --> 02:09:32,600 So that's why we end so early, is 2653 02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:34,940 because you guys have to go back and then we're 2654 02:09:34,940 --> 02:09:36,790 producing season three in parallel. 2655 02:09:41,960 --> 02:09:43,020 So that's all I have. 2656 02:09:43,020 --> 02:09:45,620 I'll make the rough cut due Tuesday. 2657 02:09:45,620 --> 02:09:48,110 If you finish stuff before Tuesday 2658 02:09:48,110 --> 02:09:52,160 and want me to look over it, I'm happy to do so. 2659 02:09:52,160 --> 02:09:53,860 Because I know that the turnaround 2660 02:09:53,860 --> 02:09:56,720 is insanely quick for this. 2661 02:09:56,720 --> 02:09:58,820 And I know that we're cramming a ton of stuff 2662 02:09:58,820 --> 02:10:00,916 into these three weeks. 2663 02:10:00,916 --> 02:10:05,796 AUDIENCE: Do we need to meet up with our groups to film 2664 02:10:05,796 --> 02:10:08,240 over the weekend, then? 2665 02:10:08,240 --> 02:10:10,940 PROFESSOR: No, and tomorrow we were 2666 02:10:10,940 --> 02:10:14,610 going to hand out assignments for who your groups would be. 2667 02:10:14,610 --> 02:10:16,170 If you can shoot stuff on your own, 2668 02:10:16,170 --> 02:10:18,380 like b-roll, feel free to do that. 2669 02:10:18,380 --> 02:10:21,000 Like you don't have to just use class time to work. 2670 02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,120 If it's more convenient for you to just catch 2671 02:10:23,120 --> 02:10:26,920 some stuff on your own, do a tripod selfie type shot, 2672 02:10:26,920 --> 02:10:28,090 go ahead and do that. 2673 02:10:30,810 --> 02:10:33,750 But no, you don't have to just only work in class. 2674 02:10:33,750 --> 02:10:39,770 Everyone has their own camera and their own equipment, right? 2675 02:10:39,770 --> 02:10:42,180 OK, yeah. 2676 02:10:42,180 --> 02:10:46,400 So tomorrow we'll do editing, finish the table reads. 2677 02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:48,560 You'll have the rest of the week to work. 2678 02:10:48,560 --> 02:10:53,830 We will screen rough cuts on Tuesday the 20th, then. 2679 02:10:53,830 --> 02:10:57,050 But that means that you won't get feedback from your peers 2680 02:10:57,050 --> 02:10:58,450 until Tuesday the 20th. 2681 02:11:01,650 --> 02:11:02,860 That OK? 2682 02:11:02,860 --> 02:11:04,520 So basically your rough cuts are going 2683 02:11:04,520 --> 02:11:06,930 to be so good that you're not going 2684 02:11:06,930 --> 02:11:10,110 to have to reshoot anything. 2685 02:11:10,110 --> 02:11:11,392 No, I'm just kidding. 2686 02:11:11,392 --> 02:11:11,975 It'll be fine. 2687 02:11:15,370 --> 02:11:17,310 AUDIENCE: How good does our video need 2688 02:11:17,310 --> 02:11:21,190 to be in terms of the visuals. 2689 02:11:21,190 --> 02:11:24,880 PROFESSOR: I mean I totally understand that you have a week 2690 02:11:24,880 --> 02:11:26,380 to do this, basically. 2691 02:11:26,380 --> 02:11:31,630 So if you can't, you know, do a full-fledged animation, 2692 02:11:31,630 --> 02:11:33,780 you can't fully realize those things, 2693 02:11:33,780 --> 02:11:35,135 I completely understand that. 2694 02:11:38,340 --> 02:11:42,400 This is going to sound stupid, but just try your best. 2695 02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:44,890 Because that's why I have-- creating 2696 02:11:44,890 --> 02:11:47,130 the rubric for this class was really hard, actually, 2697 02:11:47,130 --> 02:11:49,860 because I knew that all these constraints were here. 2698 02:11:49,860 --> 02:11:54,000 And so I couldn't raw scale points, like 10 points 2699 02:11:54,000 --> 02:11:58,070 it's lit correctly, because that's just unreasonable. 2700 02:11:58,070 --> 02:12:00,490 But what I really want is the intent 2701 02:12:00,490 --> 02:12:04,600 to be there, the thoughtfulness, the understanding and self 2702 02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:06,480 awareness of maybe what's lacking, 2703 02:12:06,480 --> 02:12:08,740 what you'd like to develop further. 2704 02:12:08,740 --> 02:12:12,860 If you can't-- if a film location falls through 2705 02:12:12,860 --> 02:12:16,120 at the last minute and you can't film there, stuff happens. 2706 02:12:16,120 --> 02:12:17,900 I totally understand. 2707 02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,570 If you can just maybe write what you wanted to do instead, 2708 02:12:21,570 --> 02:12:23,300 that's totally fine. 2709 02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:25,388 But-- 2710 02:12:25,388 --> 02:12:27,320 AUDIENCE: Same thing with animations. 2711 02:12:27,320 --> 02:12:31,200 I'm sure some of you have very-- especially with the fractals. 2712 02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:34,180 Zooming in on fractals, that's a difficult animation 2713 02:12:34,180 --> 02:12:37,430 to accomplish, especially if you haven't done animation before. 2714 02:12:37,430 --> 02:12:40,480 Think of using still images, because it's really easy 2715 02:12:40,480 --> 02:12:42,610 to overlay a still image, or even something 2716 02:12:42,610 --> 02:12:44,280 you draw yourself. 2717 02:12:44,280 --> 02:12:47,461 And it would just kind of like-- what Science Out Loud videos 2718 02:12:47,461 --> 02:12:47,960 do. 2719 02:12:47,960 --> 02:12:50,430 As opposed to making this really complex, 2720 02:12:50,430 --> 02:12:51,720 like multiple moving pieces. 2721 02:12:51,720 --> 02:12:54,070 The more moving pieces you have, the harder 2722 02:12:54,070 --> 02:12:58,920 it's going to be to do faster. 2723 02:12:58,920 --> 02:13:02,120 PROFESSOR: We will be around during class every day. 2724 02:13:02,120 --> 02:13:05,110 So if people want specific help, like 2725 02:13:05,110 --> 02:13:07,934 Sari's done some animations herself, too. 2726 02:13:07,934 --> 02:13:09,350 So we can help you with that stuff 2727 02:13:09,350 --> 02:13:10,920 if you have specific questions. 2728 02:13:10,920 --> 02:13:12,592 But shoot for the best you can. 2729 02:13:12,592 --> 02:13:15,050 Definitely don't be like, well, I'm going to leave this out 2730 02:13:15,050 --> 02:13:17,216 because I'm just going to justify to Elizabeth later 2731 02:13:17,216 --> 02:13:19,490 that I couldn't get it. 2732 02:13:19,490 --> 02:13:21,037 Try to do the best you can. 2733 02:13:21,037 --> 02:13:22,870 But I understand the constraints that you're 2734 02:13:22,870 --> 02:13:25,710 working under for sure. 2735 02:13:25,710 --> 02:13:27,930 So don't stress out about that. 2736 02:13:27,930 --> 02:13:30,900 AUDIENCE: And feel free to email us, because some things like 2737 02:13:30,900 --> 02:13:33,060 after Elizabeth's editing lecture, 2738 02:13:33,060 --> 02:13:35,900 there might be something like, you're in the editing program, 2739 02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:37,730 and it might take you three or four 2740 02:13:37,730 --> 02:13:39,580 hours to figure out where this tool is 2741 02:13:39,580 --> 02:13:40,788 and how to do this one thing. 2742 02:13:40,788 --> 02:13:42,750 Like my audio disappeared, what? 2743 02:13:42,750 --> 02:13:44,390 But if you bring it to one of us, 2744 02:13:44,390 --> 02:13:46,640 chances are we've encountered it before it 2745 02:13:46,640 --> 02:13:49,642 and can fix it in a couple minutes, hopefully. 2746 02:13:49,642 --> 02:13:51,600 PROFESSOR: Sari's probably a lot better at that 2747 02:13:51,600 --> 02:13:52,808 than I am, just to be honest. 2748 02:13:55,940 --> 02:13:58,840 Does that sound OK to everyone? 2749 02:13:58,840 --> 02:14:01,350 I do apologize for the quick turnaround. 2750 02:14:01,350 --> 02:14:03,990 I know it's a lot to cram into three weeks. 2751 02:14:03,990 --> 02:14:10,046 So I understand the limitations that we're working with. 2752 02:14:10,046 --> 02:14:11,920 All right, well I'll stick around after class 2753 02:14:11,920 --> 02:14:13,960 if people want to talk about their scripts 2754 02:14:13,960 --> 02:14:15,840 more, or have other questions. 2755 02:14:15,840 --> 02:14:17,040 But you guys are free to go. 2756 02:14:17,040 --> 02:14:18,890 I'll see you tomorrow.