1 00:00:00,070 --> 00:00:02,430 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,430 --> 00:00:03,820 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,820 --> 00:00:06,060 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,060 --> 00:00:10,160 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,690 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:12,690 --> 00:00:16,600 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:17,262 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:21,310 --> 00:00:24,040 PROFESSOR: All right, today's the last official day 9 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:25,970 of lecture. 10 00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:30,180 We'll finish up Joshua and Kenneth [? Reids ?], 11 00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,750 and then we'll jump right into post production. 12 00:00:33,750 --> 00:00:35,810 Whenever you're ready. 13 00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:36,745 Laptops down. 14 00:00:42,290 --> 00:00:43,910 JOSHUA: The science of search. 15 00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:46,510 Have you ever found it difficult to find a particular item 16 00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:47,660 in your house? 17 00:00:47,660 --> 00:00:49,630 Let's say you have lost a pair of gloves. 18 00:00:49,630 --> 00:00:52,710 And you spend an entire afternoon looking for it, 19 00:00:52,710 --> 00:00:54,570 but you just can't find it. 20 00:00:54,570 --> 00:00:56,630 You have encountered the same problem 21 00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:58,960 that companies like Google or Yahoo 22 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,960 try to solve every single day, the problem of search. 23 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:06,440 Just like a house, which stores about 1,000 different items, 24 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:10,240 Google stores 45 billion different index pages 25 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:11,570 of information. 26 00:01:11,570 --> 00:01:14,340 If each page of information was a sheet of paper 27 00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:17,520 and we stack them high altogether, 28 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,380 we would create a tower 610 times 29 00:01:20,380 --> 00:01:23,000 taller than Mount Everest. 30 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:24,990 How can a search engine like Google 31 00:01:24,990 --> 00:01:27,400 find your results so quickly, when 32 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:30,990 we find it so difficult to find a pair of gloves? 33 00:01:30,990 --> 00:01:33,610 Well, it turns out, that searching on the internet 34 00:01:33,610 --> 00:01:37,230 is kind of like looking for a person in a hotel room. 35 00:01:37,230 --> 00:01:40,390 Let's suppose we're looking for a guest called James. 36 00:01:40,390 --> 00:01:43,760 To find James, the simplest way would 37 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:48,180 be to run to every room nearest to you until you find him. 38 00:01:48,180 --> 00:01:50,480 But that would take very long. 39 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:53,480 There's a better way known as binary search. 40 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:56,110 Let's say the people were arranged in alphabetical order 41 00:01:56,110 --> 00:02:00,730 in increasing numbers of the hotel rooms. 42 00:02:00,730 --> 00:02:02,440 We could run to the room in the middle 43 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:05,000 and check if the name of the person is James. 44 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,370 If the person's name starts with the letter before J, 45 00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:09,650 we head to the right. 46 00:02:09,650 --> 00:02:11,730 If not, we would go to the left. 47 00:02:11,730 --> 00:02:14,490 We then head off to the middle room of the newly sectioned 48 00:02:14,490 --> 00:02:17,400 area, and we rinse and repeat. 49 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:20,300 Eventually we'll find James, just like the first method. 50 00:02:20,300 --> 00:02:23,560 But we found him much faster than using the first method. 51 00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:25,250 How much faster would that be? 52 00:02:25,250 --> 00:02:27,670 Well that depends on the people staying in the hotel-- 53 00:02:27,670 --> 00:02:30,290 the number of people staying in the hotel. 54 00:02:30,290 --> 00:02:34,090 Let's say it takes ten seconds to knock on each hotel door, 55 00:02:34,090 --> 00:02:35,910 and that's 500 people. 56 00:02:35,910 --> 00:02:38,910 It will take about 80 minutes for the first method, 57 00:02:38,910 --> 00:02:42,770 and one and a half minutes for binary search. 58 00:02:42,770 --> 00:02:45,370 But if there were 1,000 people in the hotel room, 59 00:02:45,370 --> 00:02:49,070 it would take 160 minutes for the first method, 60 00:02:49,070 --> 00:02:53,750 but only 1.6 minutes for binary search. 61 00:02:53,750 --> 00:02:56,360 Now that's a whole lot of difference. 62 00:02:56,360 --> 00:03:00,000 A name like James is just a word, but companies like Google 63 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,330 taking searches for long combination of words, 64 00:03:03,330 --> 00:03:06,230 making it a little bit more complicated. 65 00:03:06,230 --> 00:03:09,860 Just like identifying the word James from its first letter, 66 00:03:09,860 --> 00:03:12,060 Google identifies unique characteristics 67 00:03:12,060 --> 00:03:16,380 of search phrases using over 200 different factors. 68 00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:19,040 Also, notice how the better method depends on 69 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:22,160 prearrange the people in alphabetical order? 70 00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:24,240 Company scientists are always actively looking 71 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:29,020 for better methods to sort, manage, and eventually retrieve 72 00:03:29,020 --> 00:03:30,030 the data. 73 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:32,830 In the same way, simply by placing your home items 74 00:03:32,830 --> 00:03:34,920 in location where they have a natural relationship 75 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,930 to make it easier for us to find them. 76 00:03:37,930 --> 00:03:40,900 For example, the TV remote goes near the TV. 77 00:03:40,900 --> 00:03:43,060 The shoes goes near the shoe rack. 78 00:03:43,060 --> 00:03:45,990 The coats go near the cupboard, and the winter gloves 79 00:03:45,990 --> 00:03:47,960 goes in the winter jacket. 80 00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:49,970 Ah-ha, so that's where my gloves are. 81 00:03:49,970 --> 00:03:51,520 And that's the story of search. 82 00:03:56,932 --> 00:03:59,530 PROFESSOR: You're clocking in around three to four minutes, 83 00:03:59,530 --> 00:04:01,780 which is a really good place to be. 84 00:04:01,780 --> 00:04:06,050 All right, Joshua's script is up on annotation studio. 85 00:04:08,970 --> 00:04:09,964 Let me turn this on. 86 00:04:12,946 --> 00:04:14,437 AUDIENCE: Turn to this [INAUDIBLE]. 87 00:04:14,437 --> 00:04:16,425 PROFESSOR: Oh, sorry. 88 00:04:23,390 --> 00:04:27,520 Joshua, this script has come along a really, really far way. 89 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:29,960 This is really tight, very good. 90 00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:35,650 I think the flow of it is very natural. 91 00:04:35,650 --> 00:04:39,100 I also thought your delivery was very natural. 92 00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:41,320 I don't know if you've been practicing 93 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:44,130 or maybe you've just felt a little more at ease today, 94 00:04:44,130 --> 00:04:47,840 but I think the way you pause at certain words, 95 00:04:47,840 --> 00:04:51,580 and just sort of the natural feel of it is-- it's nice. 96 00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:53,880 It sounds like you're really just talking to us. 97 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:55,744 JOSHUA: I think I learned a lot of Andrea. 98 00:04:55,744 --> 00:04:56,994 PROFESSOR: From Andrea - yeah. 99 00:04:56,994 --> 00:04:58,280 JOSHUA: [INAUDIBLE] yesterday. 100 00:04:58,280 --> 00:05:00,400 PROFESSOR: When she said-- what was it 101 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:03,735 that you said during class? 102 00:05:03,735 --> 00:05:04,235 Remember-- 103 00:05:04,235 --> 00:05:05,859 JOSHUA: It was basically just observing 104 00:05:05,859 --> 00:05:09,935 how she presented that I learned how [INAUDIBLE]. 105 00:05:09,935 --> 00:05:14,670 PROFESSOR: Oh, you were sort of copying her style a little bit. 106 00:05:14,670 --> 00:05:20,870 Let's see, here we go. 107 00:05:23,854 --> 00:05:25,520 I think something that works really well 108 00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:27,740 for this script is that you build complexity. 109 00:05:27,740 --> 00:05:29,430 Which is a topic that we sort of talked 110 00:05:29,430 --> 00:05:31,740 about earlier in the class, but I 111 00:05:31,740 --> 00:05:33,980 think is hard to really understand unless you 112 00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:36,120 see a specific example of it. 113 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:38,700 But he starts off with a very simple example 114 00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,580 of losing your gloves, and then he clearly 115 00:05:41,580 --> 00:05:44,430 relates it to how Google searches 116 00:05:44,430 --> 00:05:47,710 for something that is far greater in number 117 00:05:47,710 --> 00:05:49,042 and complexity. 118 00:05:49,042 --> 00:05:51,500 But he connects it very clearly to the glove analogy, which 119 00:05:51,500 --> 00:05:54,890 is why I think it works. 120 00:05:54,890 --> 00:05:57,320 I think this explanation of binary search 121 00:05:57,320 --> 00:05:59,280 is very clear, because you're relating it 122 00:05:59,280 --> 00:06:03,690 to the context of the hotel analogy. 123 00:06:03,690 --> 00:06:06,330 I know in earlier iterations of your script, 124 00:06:06,330 --> 00:06:08,620 you were just describing binary search 125 00:06:08,620 --> 00:06:12,100 as a concept where people take a set of data, 126 00:06:12,100 --> 00:06:14,690 and then they split in half and then they search the data, 127 00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:16,747 and then they split in half again. 128 00:06:16,747 --> 00:06:18,580 I think that's the tendency that a lot of us 129 00:06:18,580 --> 00:06:21,940 would have in defining concepts and topics. 130 00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:24,910 But for me, personally, I think that this definition 131 00:06:24,910 --> 00:06:29,240 works really well in the context of this video. 132 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:31,620 Did anyone have any thoughts about the script 133 00:06:31,620 --> 00:06:33,750 up until this point, up until right here? 134 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:43,750 PAUL: This is purely cosmetic. 135 00:06:43,750 --> 00:06:46,470 I thought the script-- I definitely 136 00:06:46,470 --> 00:06:50,624 understand the basics of binary search after listening to you, 137 00:06:50,624 --> 00:06:51,790 not even reading the script. 138 00:06:51,790 --> 00:06:53,140 I think that's really good. 139 00:06:53,140 --> 00:06:55,980 Just something I do, and this is-- you could take it 140 00:06:55,980 --> 00:07:01,520 or you can leave it, but whenever I do 610-- 141 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:04,420 I don't know, sometimes if I did hundreds of times 142 00:07:04,420 --> 00:07:08,240 of the Mount Everest, that kind of-- it could be 100 143 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:12,280 or can be up to 1,000 so it scales it a little better, 144 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:16,180 but that's very nick-picky I think. 145 00:07:16,180 --> 00:07:20,270 And the other one was over a 1,000 different items, maybe 146 00:07:20,270 --> 00:07:23,371 just thousands of items in your house or something. 147 00:07:23,371 --> 00:07:24,570 That was it, though. 148 00:07:24,570 --> 00:07:26,810 I thought the rest was really good. 149 00:07:26,810 --> 00:07:29,790 FEMALE SPEAKER: I thought it was really beautifully written. 150 00:07:29,790 --> 00:07:32,750 Those layers of complexity, the way that they-- 151 00:07:32,750 --> 00:07:35,120 I'm not someone who processes particularly well just 152 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:36,570 by hearing something. 153 00:07:36,570 --> 00:07:40,890 But the way that you brought me from a simple concept, 154 00:07:40,890 --> 00:07:43,870 to making it more complicated and more complicated, 155 00:07:43,870 --> 00:07:45,820 and then bringing it back to the simple. 156 00:07:45,820 --> 00:07:48,520 It was a beautifully designed piece, really well. 157 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:50,750 PROFESSOR: But keep in mind this has happened 158 00:07:50,750 --> 00:07:52,350 over several iterations. 159 00:07:52,350 --> 00:07:58,300 And I wouldn't feel discouraged if maybe you 160 00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:01,220 feel like your script isn't in as tight as a place. 161 00:08:01,220 --> 00:08:03,550 Because if you look at your earlier iterations, 162 00:08:03,550 --> 00:08:05,300 I mean it was a very, very different idea, 163 00:08:05,300 --> 00:08:06,610 a very different script. 164 00:08:06,610 --> 00:08:09,580 And we talked a lot after class. 165 00:08:09,580 --> 00:08:12,560 Pretty much every day last week. 166 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:17,377 But I think-- do you feel happy with how it is right now? 167 00:08:17,377 --> 00:08:18,460 JOSHUA: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE]. 168 00:08:18,460 --> 00:08:19,543 PROFESSOR: You feel happy. 169 00:08:19,543 --> 00:08:21,460 I think the challenge is going to be 170 00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:24,430 in realizing this visually. 171 00:08:24,430 --> 00:08:27,460 Because the script itself is very tightly written, 172 00:08:27,460 --> 00:08:31,330 but executing the whole hotel analogy, I think, 173 00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:32,809 will be really key. 174 00:08:32,809 --> 00:08:36,220 And it's nice that you actually have access to a hotel 175 00:08:36,220 --> 00:08:39,970 since you're staying in the Hyatt right now. 176 00:08:39,970 --> 00:08:44,210 But scaling back far enough so that people understand, oh, 177 00:08:44,210 --> 00:08:47,830 the key to the reason why this works is that people are 178 00:08:47,830 --> 00:08:50,040 arranged alphabetically in ascending, 179 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:53,120 numerical hotel rooms is a really vital piece 180 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:56,541 of information that you can use the visuals to convey really 181 00:08:56,541 --> 00:08:57,040 well. 182 00:09:00,370 --> 00:09:03,600 Let's see, what about the second half of the script? 183 00:09:07,740 --> 00:09:09,930 I don't think you need this last thing right here. 184 00:09:09,930 --> 00:09:11,971 I mean that's what I was trying to say yesterday. 185 00:09:11,971 --> 00:09:14,440 That oftentimes we feel like we have 186 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:17,440 to continue the ending longer than it needs to be, 187 00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:19,180 like this is why this is awesome. 188 00:09:22,310 --> 00:09:25,650 And that's the story of search, and this is the definition 189 00:09:25,650 --> 00:09:29,240 of prime numbers. 190 00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,120 It reads a little-- at the end. 191 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:37,230 I personally just don't think it's as necessary. 192 00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:39,836 But I like how you tied it back to your opening. 193 00:09:39,836 --> 00:09:40,960 I think that's very strong. 194 00:09:48,150 --> 00:09:50,255 Does anyone have any comments about this at all? 195 00:09:54,146 --> 00:09:58,628 FEMALE SPEAKER: On the 80 minutes for the first method 196 00:09:58,628 --> 00:10:02,612 and then 1 1/2 minutes for binary search, 197 00:10:02,612 --> 00:10:05,600 you explain how you derive the 80? 198 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:11,110 Because it's 10 seconds and there are 500 people. 199 00:10:11,110 --> 00:10:14,660 But then how do you get the 1 and 1/2? 200 00:10:14,660 --> 00:10:17,910 And I guess my point is you might not 201 00:10:17,910 --> 00:10:22,240 need the let's say it takes 10 seconds to knock on each door. 202 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:24,570 PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's an interesting point, 203 00:10:24,570 --> 00:10:28,100 because you could explain the calculations you did to get 204 00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:29,660 to the binary search estimate. 205 00:10:29,660 --> 00:10:32,880 But, again, I don't think it's super necessary to the point 206 00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:33,578 of the video. 207 00:10:33,578 --> 00:10:36,036 FEMALE SPEAKER: You don't need the other calculation either 208 00:10:36,036 --> 00:10:38,480 and that'll make it a little cleaner. 209 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,700 Because I really think the 1 1/2 minutes is very dramatic 210 00:10:41,700 --> 00:10:42,590 in the comparison. 211 00:10:42,590 --> 00:10:45,242 And I started to picture little pods pop up. 212 00:10:45,242 --> 00:10:46,700 JOSHUA: Because I was also thinking 213 00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:50,960 about they could be instead of 500 to 1,000, 214 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:55,010 it could be 500 to 5,000, but I don't 215 00:10:55,010 --> 00:10:59,140 know how-- I'm not so sure whether how realistic that 216 00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:03,199 would picture be of 5,000 people in a hotel. 217 00:11:03,199 --> 00:11:05,490 PROFESSOR: But, I mean, I understand why you brought up 218 00:11:05,490 --> 00:11:06,990 the specific numbers, because you're 219 00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:08,610 trying to show sense of scale. 220 00:11:08,610 --> 00:11:10,690 That the difference between the two methods 221 00:11:10,690 --> 00:11:13,650 isn't as exaggerated when you're only looking 222 00:11:13,650 --> 00:11:15,120 through a few hundred items. 223 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:17,420 But when you up that to thousands, 224 00:11:17,420 --> 00:11:19,310 or even close to what Google searches, 225 00:11:19,310 --> 00:11:23,200 than the difference in the time becomes super, super dramatic. 226 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:26,140 In that sense, I mean, I personally 227 00:11:26,140 --> 00:11:28,950 am totally OK with having those numbers in there, 228 00:11:28,950 --> 00:11:32,080 because I think that the script is written naturally 229 00:11:32,080 --> 00:11:34,760 enough to where I'm not overwhelmed or distracted 230 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:35,780 too much by the numbers. 231 00:11:39,510 --> 00:11:41,062 FEMALE SPEAKER: I had one thought. 232 00:11:41,062 --> 00:11:43,200 And I know the hotel concept works, 233 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:46,040 because when I think of a hotel, I 234 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:50,480 think of a very simple box with a very linear line 235 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:54,180 through it and rooms going off in different directions, which 236 00:11:54,180 --> 00:11:55,480 is why it works. 237 00:11:55,480 --> 00:11:59,950 But I wondered if having instead of it being a hotel, 238 00:11:59,950 --> 00:12:03,550 it's looking for something at MIT. 239 00:12:03,550 --> 00:12:06,085 Because then instead of it being grounded at the hotel, 240 00:12:06,085 --> 00:12:09,460 it grounds the film on campus. 241 00:12:09,460 --> 00:12:12,720 JOSHUA: Yeah, it could work with-- but I'm not 242 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:14,210 so familiar of the campus. 243 00:12:14,210 --> 00:12:15,350 Is there a place where-- 244 00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:15,810 FEMALE SPEAKER: Totally. 245 00:12:15,810 --> 00:12:16,735 JOSHUA: --it's very uniform-- 246 00:12:16,735 --> 00:12:18,818 FEMALE SPEAKER: --very The infinite corridor, down 247 00:12:18,818 --> 00:12:24,540 the middle hallway, is a very, very standard place with doors. 248 00:12:24,540 --> 00:12:26,700 That was the only thing that fundamentally 249 00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:29,750 felt like if we could shift it, it would help ground this, 250 00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:32,850 instead of being at the Hyatt, to being here on campus. 251 00:12:32,850 --> 00:12:35,010 PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's a nice suggestion. 252 00:12:35,010 --> 00:12:37,200 And there are a couple fun ways that you could 253 00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:39,387 shoot that if you wanted to-- 254 00:12:39,387 --> 00:12:43,130 FEMALE SPEAKER: Getting 5,000 people at MIT is very easy. 255 00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:47,396 PROFESSOR: If you wanted to shoot centered like this 256 00:12:47,396 --> 00:12:51,860 and start-- whoever is filming you, start relatively close. 257 00:12:51,860 --> 00:12:56,505 And you have the classrooms branching off this way. 258 00:12:56,505 --> 00:12:58,130 Does this drawing make sense to people? 259 00:12:58,130 --> 00:12:59,005 FEMALE SPEAKER: Yeah. 260 00:12:59,005 --> 00:13:01,950 PROFESSOR: OK, instead-- you'd have 261 00:13:01,950 --> 00:13:04,610 to find some sort of dolly, maybe take a rolling chair. 262 00:13:04,610 --> 00:13:06,830 But then slowly pan back as he says, 263 00:13:06,830 --> 00:13:09,100 but if there were like 5,000 people, 264 00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:14,662 and then it's a nice reveal and it's an exaggerated angle too. 265 00:13:14,662 --> 00:13:17,110 MALE SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE] knocking on every single door. 266 00:13:17,110 --> 00:13:19,320 PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah, that'd be a nice B-roll to put there. 267 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:21,720 FEMALE SPEAKER: Or even all-- I mean having a little fun. 268 00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:23,640 It's not about [INAUDIBLE] looking for days 269 00:13:23,640 --> 00:13:25,560 and then all these funny buildings on campus. 270 00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:27,960 I mean not that it takes up all our time, 271 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,380 but it's a fun way to ground this really and being 272 00:13:31,380 --> 00:13:34,285 about an MIT experience. 273 00:13:34,285 --> 00:13:35,951 PROFESSOR: Do you want to say something? 274 00:13:35,951 --> 00:13:36,865 FEMALE SPEAKER: I think a really good place for that, 275 00:13:36,865 --> 00:13:39,705 and that's where I imagined, is Building 4 276 00:13:39,705 --> 00:13:42,826 if you go on the first floor. 277 00:13:42,826 --> 00:13:46,526 That it's just a standard hallway, and all of the rooms 278 00:13:46,526 --> 00:13:48,942 I'm pretty sure are classrooms so they're available if you 279 00:13:48,942 --> 00:13:50,093 want to enter them. 280 00:13:50,093 --> 00:13:53,544 And then also there's an exit to [? Killian ?] Court. 281 00:13:53,544 --> 00:13:56,502 That may be a nice location, because there's the dome 282 00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:57,981 and grass and all that. 283 00:14:00,990 --> 00:14:04,410 PROFESSOR: Any final thoughts about this script? 284 00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:07,660 Again, I think it's come a super long way. 285 00:14:07,660 --> 00:14:15,060 This is pretty much ready to film, I think. 286 00:14:15,060 --> 00:14:19,110 All right, Kenneth, you are next. 287 00:14:19,110 --> 00:14:22,496 Do you mind giving your mic to him? 288 00:14:22,496 --> 00:14:25,870 KENNETH: Do you want to just do some of this? 289 00:14:25,870 --> 00:14:26,816 Not the whole thing. 290 00:14:26,816 --> 00:14:27,316 Yeah-- 291 00:14:27,316 --> 00:14:29,250 FEMALE SPEAKER: It's exactly talking [INAUDIBLE]-- 292 00:14:29,250 --> 00:14:30,583 KENNETH: Yeah, but I don't know. 293 00:14:30,583 --> 00:14:32,514 I just sent-- I just checked the link 294 00:14:32,514 --> 00:14:34,930 it has the doc-- you know what, Google Doc has everything. 295 00:14:34,930 --> 00:14:36,820 There's still a few paragraphs below that. 296 00:14:36,820 --> 00:14:38,675 It's OK, I'll just read what I have. 297 00:14:38,675 --> 00:14:40,258 FEMALE SPEAKER: When we read together, 298 00:14:40,258 --> 00:14:41,720 I'll just pull up the Google Doc. 299 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:43,950 KENNETH: Yeah, sure. 300 00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:47,740 OK, how do you feel if you organize 301 00:14:47,740 --> 00:14:49,580 a party and no attends? 302 00:14:49,580 --> 00:14:51,350 Pretty much like this one right now. 303 00:14:51,350 --> 00:14:53,820 And then it'll show me at the head of the table with lots 304 00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:55,420 of food and no one. 305 00:14:55,420 --> 00:14:59,070 And I say, oh right, I forgot to send the invites out. 306 00:14:59,070 --> 00:15:01,751 And then they'll cut to a shot of me dropping the-- sticks 307 00:15:01,751 --> 00:15:03,000 the envelope into the mailbox. 308 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,789 And I say, hmm, wait a minute. 309 00:15:05,789 --> 00:15:08,330 I guess the only way that anyone could attend the party right 310 00:15:08,330 --> 00:15:11,300 now is if they actually travelled back in time. 311 00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:13,099 But if they had received my invite, 312 00:15:13,099 --> 00:15:14,640 they would have traveled back in time 313 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:17,810 and I would have seen them, and that 314 00:15:17,810 --> 00:15:21,220 means I may not send out this invitations. 315 00:15:21,220 --> 00:15:24,540 Oh, right. 316 00:15:24,540 --> 00:15:27,960 And then after that would be-- sorry. 317 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:30,250 This is actually what we call a time paradox, 318 00:15:30,250 --> 00:15:34,080 but let me just go in and talk about-- OK, never mind. 319 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:35,710 I'm ad-libbing right now. 320 00:15:35,710 --> 00:15:36,676 I'm sorry. 321 00:15:36,676 --> 00:15:37,642 PROFESSOR: That's OK. 322 00:15:37,642 --> 00:15:39,725 In your real thing, you'll probably be ad-libbing. 323 00:15:39,725 --> 00:15:42,962 KENNETH: Yeah, then somehow there's a transition. 324 00:15:42,962 --> 00:15:44,920 There will be a transition so just [INAUDIBLE]. 325 00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:47,790 But wait, could we actually travel through time? 326 00:15:47,790 --> 00:15:50,410 This was in fact an experiment conducted by Stephen Hawking 327 00:15:50,410 --> 00:15:54,070 in 2009 to show that time travel was probably improbable to be 328 00:15:54,070 --> 00:15:56,120 invented, even in the future. 329 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:58,619 But wouldn't being able to travel through time be cool? 330 00:15:58,619 --> 00:16:01,160 We could submit that homework that was due yesterday but only 331 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:03,840 completed today or head to the really cool party 332 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:05,630 that I just organized. 333 00:16:05,630 --> 00:16:09,880 But how could we time travel and is it actually possible? 334 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:12,110 A lot of what we know about time travel, all 335 00:16:12,110 --> 00:16:14,300 what we think we know, comes from Einstein's theory 336 00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:16,480 of special and general relativity. 337 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:18,660 Now this is all part of what we call modern physics 338 00:16:18,660 --> 00:16:21,274 and is still being explored and tested as we speak. 339 00:16:21,274 --> 00:16:22,940 It doesn't mean that all of if is wrong. 340 00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:26,290 It just means that we're so unfamiliar with much of it, 341 00:16:26,290 --> 00:16:28,620 as we are with the universe around us. 342 00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:30,080 Now back to time traveling. 343 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:32,580 When you think about it, we are all actually time traveling, 344 00:16:32,580 --> 00:16:35,770 but not in the manner sci-fi movies has often depicted them. 345 00:16:35,770 --> 00:16:39,300 We are traveling through time at a pace of one hour per hour. 346 00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,220 In other words, as our bodies experience an hour of time, 347 00:16:42,220 --> 00:16:44,800 the wall around us has also experienced an hour of time. 348 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:46,710 It sounds simple, but stay with me. 349 00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:48,670 This is where it gets interesting. 350 00:16:48,670 --> 00:16:50,922 Within Einstein's theory of special relativity, 351 00:16:50,922 --> 00:16:52,380 there is a phenomenon he describes, 352 00:16:52,380 --> 00:16:54,660 which is known as time dilation. 353 00:16:54,660 --> 00:16:58,780 And there will be a subtext that says, dilation means to expend. 354 00:16:58,780 --> 00:17:03,570 Now, the gist of this phenomenon states 355 00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:07,210 that the faster you travel, the slower time passes around us. 356 00:17:07,210 --> 00:17:08,819 In other words, at high speeds, we 357 00:17:08,819 --> 00:17:12,770 could be traveling at a higher than one hour per hour. 358 00:17:12,770 --> 00:17:15,520 This is, however, only noticeable traveling at really, 359 00:17:15,520 --> 00:17:18,670 really high speeds, near the speed of light itself. 360 00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:20,970 And then the c equals the 3.0 times 361 00:17:20,970 --> 00:17:23,770 10 above 8 meters per second will appear overhead. 362 00:17:23,770 --> 00:17:28,890 And say I invent a spaceship that could travel at 90% 363 00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:32,190 the speed of light and I have a pair of newborn twins. 364 00:17:32,190 --> 00:17:36,990 And I'll have two babies in my hands, cartoon babies. 365 00:17:36,990 --> 00:17:39,330 And one of them, I'll put into this spaceship, 366 00:17:39,330 --> 00:17:41,030 and he will be in a spaceship. 367 00:17:41,030 --> 00:17:44,230 And I'll send this spaceship off to space for a year. 368 00:17:44,230 --> 00:17:46,260 After the baby comes back for a year, 369 00:17:46,260 --> 00:17:48,076 the baby will have aged a full one year, 370 00:17:48,076 --> 00:17:49,700 while the one that remains on the earth 371 00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:51,899 will have aged approximately 2 and 1/2 years old. 372 00:17:51,899 --> 00:17:53,690 We can see that they have experienced times 373 00:17:53,690 --> 00:17:55,470 at different rates and the baby on earth 374 00:17:55,470 --> 00:17:59,440 had experienced times about a 2.3-- 375 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:04,090 has experienced time at a rate of now 2.3 years per year 376 00:18:04,090 --> 00:18:06,604 where we travel at [? .049 ?] c. 377 00:18:06,604 --> 00:18:08,270 If my spaceship was capable of traveling 378 00:18:08,270 --> 00:18:11,570 at even higher speeds, now I fling the baby's to one side. 379 00:18:11,570 --> 00:18:13,270 This rate would increase exponentially, 380 00:18:13,270 --> 00:18:15,130 as shown in this particular graph 381 00:18:15,130 --> 00:18:18,275 as you travel toward the speed of light, which is-- there 382 00:18:18,275 --> 00:18:19,632 will be a graph overlay. 383 00:18:19,632 --> 00:18:21,340 As you travel towards the speed of light, 384 00:18:21,340 --> 00:18:24,730 the magnitude of the time would change dramatically 385 00:18:24,730 --> 00:18:26,660 and exponentially. 386 00:18:26,660 --> 00:18:29,450 We could potentially travel forward in time, 387 00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:32,200 we just have to travel extremely high speeds to do so. 388 00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:34,440 But, I think the question on everyone's mind 389 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:37,140 is, how do we travel back in time? 390 00:18:37,140 --> 00:18:40,970 I mean surely isn't that a lot more interesting and a lot-- 391 00:18:40,970 --> 00:18:42,979 sorry, I need to scroll back. 392 00:18:42,979 --> 00:18:45,020 Isn't that a lot more interesting than travelling 393 00:18:45,020 --> 00:18:46,220 forward in time? 394 00:18:46,220 --> 00:18:49,039 Do we have run backwards really, really quickly? 395 00:18:49,039 --> 00:18:50,580 And then we'll show the flash running 396 00:18:50,580 --> 00:18:52,184 backwards across the screen. 397 00:18:52,184 --> 00:18:54,100 All this change is probably just the direction 398 00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:56,190 we're facing as we travel, unfortunately, 399 00:18:56,190 --> 00:18:59,100 and that doesn't seem to be helping our case. 400 00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:00,954 Now looking back at our previous graph, 401 00:19:00,954 --> 00:19:02,870 we can see that the amount of time that passes 402 00:19:02,870 --> 00:19:05,470 seems to be asymptote to the speed of light. 403 00:19:05,470 --> 00:19:09,740 What happens on the other side of the graph then? 404 00:19:09,740 --> 00:19:12,880 Scientists think that the idea to-- think that the secret 405 00:19:12,880 --> 00:19:14,880 to time traveling at negative rates, 406 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,780 and subtext negative 3 equals time travel backwards, 407 00:19:17,780 --> 00:19:19,580 lies on the other side. 408 00:19:19,580 --> 00:19:21,820 Rephrasing that, we would have to travel faster 409 00:19:21,820 --> 00:19:25,320 than the speed of light to maybe be able to travel back in time. 410 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:28,090 And this is where the dicey part comes in. 411 00:19:28,090 --> 00:19:31,590 In general relativity, Einstein describes another phenomenon 412 00:19:31,590 --> 00:19:33,156 known as relativistic mass. 413 00:19:33,156 --> 00:19:34,530 When you have an object traveling 414 00:19:34,530 --> 00:19:36,500 at high enough speeds, the mass of the object 415 00:19:36,500 --> 00:19:37,880 would increase severely. 416 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:40,740 To move an object with higher mass at the same velocity, 417 00:19:40,740 --> 00:19:43,870 one would also require a lot more energy. 418 00:19:43,870 --> 00:19:47,000 Einstein proposes that as we put more energy into an object, 419 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,420 both the speed and mass would increase. 420 00:19:49,420 --> 00:19:51,680 However, as we approach the speed of light, 421 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:53,150 it is more likely that the energy 422 00:19:53,150 --> 00:19:55,020 put in increases the mass of the object, 423 00:19:55,020 --> 00:19:56,740 rather than the speed of the object. 424 00:19:56,740 --> 00:19:58,610 And thus, to be able put in enough energy 425 00:19:58,610 --> 00:20:01,280 to push an object beyond the speed of light, that 426 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:04,430 will require possibly an infinite amount of energy, 427 00:20:04,430 --> 00:20:10,190 and thus rendering faster than light motion highly improbable. 428 00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:12,500 But why are we so obsessed with time travel? 429 00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:15,130 Time travel often come with it's own set of problems. 430 00:20:15,130 --> 00:20:17,780 Referring back to my initial problem, 431 00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,770 and say I do have friends in the future who 432 00:20:19,770 --> 00:20:21,754 are capable of traveling back in time. 433 00:20:21,754 --> 00:20:24,170 If they received invitations after the party and travelled 434 00:20:24,170 --> 00:20:26,870 back in time to attend it, I wouldn't have had an empty 435 00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:27,490 party. 436 00:20:27,490 --> 00:20:29,310 Since I don't have an empty party, 437 00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:31,760 I wouldn't have to send all my invitations after it, 438 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:34,302 and if I had not sent out my invitations, 439 00:20:34,302 --> 00:20:36,260 they may not have received it, and they may not 440 00:20:36,260 --> 00:20:37,950 have traveled back in time. 441 00:20:37,950 --> 00:20:40,420 And this is where the whole confusing part comes in, 442 00:20:40,420 --> 00:20:42,850 and this is what we call a paradox. 443 00:20:42,850 --> 00:20:44,370 In fact, this particular paradox is 444 00:20:44,370 --> 00:20:45,940 known as the grandfather paradox, 445 00:20:45,940 --> 00:20:48,670 in which two conflicting series of events 446 00:20:48,670 --> 00:20:51,300 occurs, based on whether I choose to time travel 447 00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:52,812 or not to time travel. 448 00:20:52,812 --> 00:20:55,020 This is just one of the three theories of time travel 449 00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:56,970 and more details can be seen at a link below, 450 00:20:56,970 --> 00:21:01,270 and then they'll be a link to a YouTube description bar. 451 00:21:01,270 --> 00:21:04,180 Because if not, the thing gets really, really long. 452 00:21:04,180 --> 00:21:05,750 It seems our current understanding 453 00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:08,260 of modern physics-- based on our current understanding 454 00:21:08,260 --> 00:21:10,860 of modern physics, time travel might not be possible 455 00:21:10,860 --> 00:21:12,370 for us to achieve yet. 456 00:21:12,370 --> 00:21:14,950 That's not to say that things might not 457 00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:17,360 change over the next decade or the next century 458 00:21:17,360 --> 00:21:20,492 as we are slowly figuring out the world around us better. 459 00:21:20,492 --> 00:21:22,700 But for now, if they're going to be planning a party, 460 00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:24,810 be sure to send out the invitation before it, 461 00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:27,101 and don't count on your friends on being able to travel 462 00:21:27,101 --> 00:21:28,630 back in time just to attend it. 463 00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:29,296 PROFESSOR: Nice. 464 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:33,580 All right. 465 00:21:33,580 --> 00:21:34,790 KENNETH: And I know this one goes way-- 466 00:21:34,790 --> 00:21:36,110 PROFESSOR: Yeah, no, it's OK. 467 00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:38,280 This is great stuff to work with, 468 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,810 and actually I think that with just a couple fixes, 469 00:21:41,810 --> 00:21:45,670 you will also be pretty ready to film as well. 470 00:21:45,670 --> 00:21:47,505 This is not your script, you-- 471 00:21:47,505 --> 00:21:53,030 KENNETH: Yeah, if you could open Google doc-- I 472 00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,130 just-- I'm not sure. 473 00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:58,435 Because I'm updating it in Word, it's of-- no, I'm Kenneth. 474 00:21:58,435 --> 00:21:59,756 PROFESSOR: Is it this one? 475 00:21:59,756 --> 00:22:01,165 KENNETH: No, I'm Kenneth. 476 00:22:01,165 --> 00:22:04,909 PROFESSOR: Oh wait, oh, I'm so sorry. 477 00:22:04,909 --> 00:22:08,260 KENNETH: It's okay. 478 00:22:08,260 --> 00:22:11,876 Yeah, yeah, this should be it. 479 00:22:11,876 --> 00:22:13,292 FEMALE SPEAKER: I feel like I have 480 00:22:13,292 --> 00:22:19,590 a fairly easy fix for the time-- speaking of time. 481 00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:23,920 I feel like the whole party invite thing is too confusing. 482 00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:25,420 KENNETH: Too confusing, yeah, that's 483 00:22:25,420 --> 00:22:27,210 what I felt when I was writing it. 484 00:22:27,210 --> 00:22:29,604 But then, the grandfather paradox is-- 485 00:22:29,604 --> 00:22:31,270 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I actually-- I like how 486 00:22:31,270 --> 00:22:32,840 you explain the paradox at the end 487 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:34,470 because it answers the question, well, 488 00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:36,670 if Stephen Hawking proved that time travel wasn't possible, 489 00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:38,540 then why are we still thinking about it now? 490 00:22:38,540 --> 00:22:40,881 Like what sort of loop holes exist? 491 00:22:40,881 --> 00:22:41,823 I think that-- 492 00:22:41,823 --> 00:22:43,849 KENNETH: Maybe not mention [INAUDIBLE]. 493 00:22:43,849 --> 00:22:45,890 PROFESSOR: I know that you had restructured this. 494 00:22:45,890 --> 00:22:47,431 And I'm guessing you restructured it, 495 00:22:47,431 --> 00:22:50,240 because George had said earlier, it 496 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:51,900 would be nicer if you could actually 497 00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:53,300 get Stephen Hawking in this video 498 00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:54,758 as you were talking about the video 499 00:22:54,758 --> 00:22:56,970 or as you were talking about the party. 500 00:22:56,970 --> 00:23:02,360 But all this can go away. 501 00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:05,700 I think that you can explain the set up 502 00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:10,484 with just what you had before. 503 00:23:10,484 --> 00:23:11,900 FEMALE SPEAKER: Why do we need-- I 504 00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:14,990 mean I get that it's a cool story, 505 00:23:14,990 --> 00:23:20,515 but I feel like you explaining this idea of-- I 506 00:23:20,515 --> 00:23:23,046 must admit that I have not yet once in my life 507 00:23:23,046 --> 00:23:25,526 thought about time travel ever, before this moment. 508 00:23:25,526 --> 00:23:28,326 It's not something I think about. 509 00:23:28,326 --> 00:23:29,742 In fact, I don't even think that I 510 00:23:29,742 --> 00:23:31,492 was capable of thinking about time travel, 511 00:23:31,492 --> 00:23:33,600 because it seems like this very abstract idea 512 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,750 that my brain probably doesn't think about 513 00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:37,122 or capable of thinking about. 514 00:23:37,122 --> 00:23:40,540 You did an incredibly good job at helping me even 515 00:23:40,540 --> 00:23:42,540 understand how someone would even 516 00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:45,610 think about that idea, which I think 517 00:23:45,610 --> 00:23:47,210 is the beauty of your piece. 518 00:23:47,210 --> 00:23:49,440 That's like the essence of what you've done 519 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:54,140 is you've simplified really complicated set of theories 520 00:23:54,140 --> 00:23:56,920 and all of that into something that I could now follow and be 521 00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:00,690 like, oh, I now understand how people devote their life 522 00:24:00,690 --> 00:24:01,690 into studying this idea. 523 00:24:01,690 --> 00:24:05,960 I would have never, ever thought about this before. 524 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:10,401 The party, to me, I don't need it all in this to me. 525 00:24:10,401 --> 00:24:12,420 Not at the beginning, not at the end. 526 00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:16,998 The idea is time travel even possible 527 00:24:16,998 --> 00:24:19,270 is interesting enough without that story, 528 00:24:19,270 --> 00:24:20,400 from my perspective. 529 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:24,600 That I think the party piece is just-- 530 00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:26,540 it's got so many double negatives in it 531 00:24:26,540 --> 00:24:28,800 that it's just really complicated 532 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:30,854 to wrap my head around. 533 00:24:30,854 --> 00:24:33,520 I just wonder what it would look like if we took the party thing 534 00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,090 out entirely and focused on-- 535 00:24:36,090 --> 00:24:38,460 KENNETH: I was actually thinking an alternate was maybe 536 00:24:38,460 --> 00:24:40,680 a B-roll of footage from Hollywood films 537 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,100 of people traveling back in time like in Harry Potter 538 00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:44,220 or in Star Trek. 539 00:24:44,220 --> 00:24:46,303 FEMALE SPEAKER: I don't think you need it, I mean, 540 00:24:46,303 --> 00:24:46,910 personally. 541 00:24:46,910 --> 00:24:49,326 PROFESSOR: Then there's like a whole IP issue, which we're 542 00:24:49,326 --> 00:24:50,870 going to talk about it an hour. 543 00:24:50,870 --> 00:24:53,230 I mean here's the thing-- and again, this 544 00:24:53,230 --> 00:24:56,040 is the part where like personal taste comes into play. 545 00:24:56,040 --> 00:25:01,360 I think that the story is nice as a storytelling element. 546 00:25:01,360 --> 00:25:03,741 That you end the video nicely, because you reference 547 00:25:03,741 --> 00:25:05,490 the beginning, where you're just like just 548 00:25:05,490 --> 00:25:07,690 send out your annotations. 549 00:25:07,690 --> 00:25:12,150 But I do agree that it takes a really long time to explain it, 550 00:25:12,150 --> 00:25:16,120 and I wonder if you can cut this intro down to a sentence. 551 00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:20,490 I think this is an OK start, held a party, 552 00:25:20,490 --> 00:25:23,580 but you can take out all this stuff. 553 00:25:23,580 --> 00:25:28,050 FEMALE SPEAKER: I guess I get lost with the he sent 554 00:25:28,050 --> 00:25:29,975 the invitations, no one came. 555 00:25:29,975 --> 00:25:32,130 How does that-- I don't know. 556 00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:36,136 It's really-- maybe I'm less adept at thinking 557 00:25:36,136 --> 00:25:37,650 this way than the rest of this room, 558 00:25:37,650 --> 00:25:40,200 but I really struggle with this. 559 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:41,156 PROFESSOR: Yeah, PJ? 560 00:25:41,156 --> 00:25:43,550 PAUL: One thing I found when I was redoing my script 561 00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:47,040 was-- mine was pretty wordy to begin with 562 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:49,770 and I think the story-- I think it's good, 563 00:25:49,770 --> 00:25:52,160 and I think you get a lot of those words 564 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:54,886 based off what we were shooting. 565 00:25:54,886 --> 00:25:56,843 There's no one there, and the fact 566 00:25:56,843 --> 00:25:58,946 that you're describing again, I don't 567 00:25:58,946 --> 00:26:03,257 think you have to do it because they're going to get all that. 568 00:26:03,257 --> 00:26:06,610 I like the Stephen Hawking story, 569 00:26:06,610 --> 00:26:09,119 but like it was with [INAUDIBLE] doing a sentence based 570 00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:11,660 on all the visual queues they're going to get from the video. 571 00:26:11,660 --> 00:26:14,201 PROFESSOR: Because I like that you talk about the grandfather 572 00:26:14,201 --> 00:26:16,130 paradox. 573 00:26:16,130 --> 00:26:19,300 And I actually didn't super understand the grandfather 574 00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:21,844 paradox until I heard you read this paragraph aloud 575 00:26:21,844 --> 00:26:23,010 in the context of the party. 576 00:26:23,010 --> 00:26:25,310 But again, Paul is totally right. 577 00:26:25,310 --> 00:26:27,630 You can complete rely on the visuals 578 00:26:27,630 --> 00:26:29,240 to tell a lot of these words for you. 579 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:38,360 So you could say, back in 2009, Stephen Hawking held a party 580 00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:41,850 that no one came to you, and he smiled at himself, 581 00:26:41,850 --> 00:26:44,794 because he had just proven that time travel was possible. 582 00:26:44,794 --> 00:26:46,460 All right, so you're reducing everything 583 00:26:46,460 --> 00:26:47,580 down into a sentence. 584 00:26:47,580 --> 00:26:48,270 FEMALE SPEAKER: Not possible. 585 00:26:48,270 --> 00:26:49,800 PROFESSOR: Yeah, is not possible. 586 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:52,930 The reason is that he sent his invitations out 587 00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:55,680 after the party had finished, thinking 588 00:26:55,680 --> 00:27:01,070 that if people in the future were capable of time travel, 589 00:27:01,070 --> 00:27:04,140 they'd receive those invitations after the party had 590 00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:05,430 ended and come. 591 00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:11,064 So, because the party was empty, time travel is not possible. 592 00:27:11,064 --> 00:27:11,730 You know I mean? 593 00:27:11,730 --> 00:27:14,140 Really, really condense it down to two sentences. 594 00:27:14,140 --> 00:27:16,010 Really challenge yourself to explain 595 00:27:16,010 --> 00:27:17,135 the story in two sentences. 596 00:27:17,135 --> 00:27:18,718 FEMALE SPEAKER: And I might need a-- I 597 00:27:18,718 --> 00:27:21,270 mean, for me, I might actually want an animation in this part 598 00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:22,909 too. 599 00:27:22,909 --> 00:27:23,450 I don't know. 600 00:27:23,450 --> 00:27:25,366 I don't know why I find it really complicated. 601 00:27:25,366 --> 00:27:28,400 PROFESSOR: It is, it's a complicated-- it's complicated 602 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,880 because you don't really explain it until the very end, which 603 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:33,040 is OK. 604 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:37,100 I agree that it's not vital to your content, 605 00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:39,050 that the content is fascinating enough. 606 00:27:39,050 --> 00:27:42,060 But it's used really well, right now, as the storytelling 607 00:27:42,060 --> 00:27:45,100 device to open and close the video, and then in the middle, 608 00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:46,660 you bring it up again. 609 00:27:46,660 --> 00:27:49,100 I think that there's a lot of stuff in the video 610 00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:51,000 that you can take out that might give you 611 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,150 some time to play around with. 612 00:27:53,150 --> 00:27:58,900 For example, this whole chunk can be cut down a lot. 613 00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:01,740 Let me change this to-- I'll just resolve this. 614 00:28:05,830 --> 00:28:08,540 I think the question that you can set yourself up with 615 00:28:08,540 --> 00:28:12,440 is, so time travel-- if you disprove time travel, 616 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:17,450 why are we still fascinated by-- or why do physicists still 617 00:28:17,450 --> 00:28:18,470 think about it? 618 00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:22,260 Well, what exactly is time travel? 619 00:28:22,260 --> 00:28:24,578 A lot of this-- 620 00:28:24,578 --> 00:28:25,770 KENNETH: In otherwords-- 621 00:28:25,770 --> 00:28:27,570 PROFESSOR: Here, I don't I think you necessarily 622 00:28:27,570 --> 00:28:28,611 need these two sentences. 623 00:28:34,050 --> 00:28:39,920 I also wonder if you need this paragraph here. 624 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:43,197 Yeah, I mean it's fun. 625 00:28:43,197 --> 00:28:45,530 It's going to be a little hard to execute visually given 626 00:28:45,530 --> 00:28:47,450 the amount of time you have left. 627 00:28:47,450 --> 00:28:50,804 So, just from a production standpoint, it'll be tricky. 628 00:28:50,804 --> 00:28:52,970 FEMALE SPEAKER: Actually, this really worked for me. 629 00:28:52,970 --> 00:28:53,400 PROFESSOR: It did? 630 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:55,090 FEMALE SPEAKER: Yeah, at least for me. 631 00:28:55,090 --> 00:28:57,713 When you-- I mean with the babies, 632 00:28:57,713 --> 00:28:59,213 you don't actually need real babies. 633 00:28:59,213 --> 00:29:00,120 You can have dolls, right? 634 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:02,244 KENNETH: No, I was thinking of just cartoon babies. 635 00:29:02,244 --> 00:29:04,445 FEMALE SPEAKER: Yeah, or whatever-- plus, 636 00:29:04,445 --> 00:29:07,270 as a mother-- oh, there's no way I would lend you my [INAUDIBLE] 637 00:29:07,270 --> 00:29:08,524 for this film. 638 00:29:08,524 --> 00:29:10,880 No offense, but there is no way I would 639 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:12,826 lend a child for this film. 640 00:29:12,826 --> 00:29:16,430 But I think that this example actually was very concrete 641 00:29:16,430 --> 00:29:17,865 and I think [INAUDIBLE]. 642 00:29:17,865 --> 00:29:18,490 PROFESSOR: Yes. 643 00:29:18,490 --> 00:29:20,750 PAUL: I'm just going to say that example, I thought, 644 00:29:20,750 --> 00:29:21,583 was really good too. 645 00:29:21,583 --> 00:29:23,240 But I think you can-- not the sentence 646 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:25,877 before but the paragraph before, you could turn that into one 647 00:29:25,877 --> 00:29:27,460 thought, because you're explaining how 648 00:29:27,460 --> 00:29:29,990 you travel in hour per hour. 649 00:29:29,990 --> 00:29:31,816 I think if you were able to just maybe get 650 00:29:31,816 --> 00:29:33,940 a sentence out of that and just get rid of the rest 651 00:29:33,940 --> 00:29:38,783 and then blend it with that now I take a pair of newborn twins' 652 00:29:38,783 --> 00:29:40,196 paragraph, that'd be good. 653 00:29:40,196 --> 00:29:41,940 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think the only issue 654 00:29:41,940 --> 00:29:45,450 with it is that it takes so long to getting to explain to how we 655 00:29:45,450 --> 00:29:47,280 travel backwards in time, and I don't 656 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:50,070 know from the beginning of the script, 657 00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:52,160 that you're planning on explaining that. 658 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:53,550 And then I'm just sort of waiting 659 00:29:53,550 --> 00:29:54,820 to see where you'll go next. 660 00:29:54,820 --> 00:30:00,700 Maybe if you preface I'm going to explain what time traveling 661 00:30:00,700 --> 00:30:01,200 is. 662 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,400 You can say, well, first-- in your own words, 663 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:05,940 you can say first I'm going to talk 664 00:30:05,940 --> 00:30:10,340 about how we travel forward in time, and then backward in time 665 00:30:10,340 --> 00:30:12,040 or somehow indicate that to the viewer. 666 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,040 I don't know if anyone else felt that confusion. 667 00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:14,590 Sorry, Andrea. 668 00:30:14,590 --> 00:30:16,423 ANDREA: I almost wonder if you shouldn't you 669 00:30:16,423 --> 00:30:18,551 lead off with the baby example. 670 00:30:18,551 --> 00:30:20,986 As like let's do this experiment, 671 00:30:20,986 --> 00:30:23,908 let's do this side experiment where we do this. 672 00:30:23,908 --> 00:30:26,840 And it might-- I think it'll help with your pacing. 673 00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:28,440 It was difficult for me to listen to. 674 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:30,580 It was pretty wordy. 675 00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:33,330 I think if you actually like just 676 00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:36,479 grabbed two props as though you're acting it out 677 00:30:36,479 --> 00:30:38,924 and ad-lib it and record yourself doing it, 678 00:30:38,924 --> 00:30:41,739 you'll get something that flows a lot better, because you'll be 679 00:30:41,739 --> 00:30:43,030 able to cut out a lot of words. 680 00:30:43,030 --> 00:30:45,555 Because you'd be like, here's a one-year-old baby 681 00:30:45,555 --> 00:30:47,780 and here's a 2 and 1/2 year-old toddler. 682 00:30:47,780 --> 00:30:48,670 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 683 00:30:48,670 --> 00:30:49,670 ANDREA: That's what would happen. 684 00:30:49,670 --> 00:30:52,128 PROFESSOR: There are a lot of just little phrases like this 685 00:30:52,128 --> 00:30:54,812 like we are with the universe around us that are very poetic. 686 00:30:54,812 --> 00:30:56,270 They sound really nice in an essay. 687 00:30:56,270 --> 00:30:58,450 But if you actually strip some of this 688 00:30:58,450 --> 00:31:01,180 away and really just try to distill it down 689 00:31:01,180 --> 00:31:03,110 to the essential facts, I think that's going 690 00:31:03,110 --> 00:31:05,040 to save you a lot of time too. 691 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:10,500 But, overall, at this point it seems more 692 00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:12,540 like distilling ideas sound. 693 00:31:12,540 --> 00:31:15,010 Do people agree with that? 694 00:31:15,010 --> 00:31:17,290 I'm glad that you flushed it out, though, 695 00:31:17,290 --> 00:31:19,200 because before it was sort of missing some 696 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,770 of the essential explanations, and I 697 00:31:21,770 --> 00:31:24,510 know you were worried about it getting too long because of it. 698 00:31:24,510 --> 00:31:31,450 But I think the overall structure of it is very sound. 699 00:31:31,450 --> 00:31:32,740 Yes, Julia? 700 00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:40,900 JULIA: Well, I was going to say that all of the topics involved 701 00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:44,288 in the script kind of to me don't seem necessarily 702 00:31:44,288 --> 00:31:49,720 connected, because the paradoxes are more 703 00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:54,960 in the field of philosophy, and then relativity is physics, 704 00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:58,050 and then the twin paradox is a thought experiment 705 00:31:58,050 --> 00:32:00,430 so that's closer to philosophy. 706 00:32:00,430 --> 00:32:05,936 I think it will be nice to separate the two to mention 707 00:32:05,936 --> 00:32:08,396 this is actually scientifically proven 708 00:32:08,396 --> 00:32:12,830 and this is just something that people think about. 709 00:32:12,830 --> 00:32:18,330 Also, the most compelling part to me was, 710 00:32:18,330 --> 00:32:21,808 and that's something that answers the question of time 711 00:32:21,808 --> 00:32:24,495 travel the best, is the part where he talks about traveling 712 00:32:24,495 --> 00:32:27,688 forward in time and travelling backwards in time. 713 00:32:27,688 --> 00:32:34,987 And the backward part was not very flushed out whereas there 714 00:32:34,987 --> 00:32:38,684 was a lot of time spent on the twin paradox that 715 00:32:38,684 --> 00:32:42,037 doesn't necessarily have to do that much with time travel. 716 00:32:45,762 --> 00:32:49,340 Do you think there's a way to restructure it? 717 00:32:49,340 --> 00:32:54,034 Or focus on something other than time travel that would be 718 00:32:54,034 --> 00:32:58,874 paradoxes that arise when you work with relativity 719 00:32:58,874 --> 00:33:02,262 and travelling at the speed of light? 720 00:33:02,262 --> 00:33:05,390 That would be the twin paradox and the grandfather paradox, 721 00:33:05,390 --> 00:33:09,505 and then you could explain them in more detail. 722 00:33:09,505 --> 00:33:11,485 Especially for the grandfather paradox 723 00:33:11,485 --> 00:33:13,960 that would help, because you could split up the explanation 724 00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:16,930 into different sentences so you wouldn't use would of 725 00:33:16,930 --> 00:33:19,646 and had multiple times. 726 00:33:19,646 --> 00:33:21,700 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I mean the only thing 727 00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,870 is that you are working with a very tight time constraint. 728 00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:28,780 And I think all of this information is nice 729 00:33:28,780 --> 00:33:32,010 and it's good and, it helps me understand it better. 730 00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:33,730 And would work really well if this 731 00:33:33,730 --> 00:33:35,880 were a blog post, for instance. 732 00:33:35,880 --> 00:33:39,250 But you do only have four or five minutes. 733 00:33:39,250 --> 00:33:41,250 And I actually like the structure 734 00:33:41,250 --> 00:33:43,720 that you have waiting until the end to address the paradox, 735 00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:45,844 because you're kind of going back to the beginning. 736 00:33:45,844 --> 00:33:48,880 And you're saying, why isn't time travel possible, 737 00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:50,760 aside from the fact that we can't 738 00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:52,975 go beyond the speed of light. 739 00:33:52,975 --> 00:33:55,350 How else are you going to support Stephen Hawking's claim 740 00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:57,100 that time travel isn't possible? 741 00:33:57,100 --> 00:33:59,960 I like that the way you've split up 742 00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:03,380 putting the paradox at the end. 743 00:34:03,380 --> 00:34:06,000 I don't know how you guys feel about it. 744 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:08,000 How do you guys feel about the overall structure 745 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,970 of the script? 746 00:34:09,970 --> 00:34:13,435 MALE SPEAKER: I think that he has to-- I think 747 00:34:13,435 --> 00:34:15,415 a paradox should be at the end. 748 00:34:15,415 --> 00:34:17,890 I think time travelling backwards should be after time 749 00:34:17,890 --> 00:34:20,365 travelling forward. 750 00:34:20,365 --> 00:34:22,840 I think that he-- correct me if I'm wrong, 751 00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:26,305 but I think that you don't have enough information for time 752 00:34:26,305 --> 00:34:30,265 travelling backwards because nobody knows how to do it. 753 00:34:30,265 --> 00:34:33,235 Nobody knows the [INAUDIBLE] travel backwards in time, 754 00:34:33,235 --> 00:34:36,460 so you can't give a really concrete example for it. 755 00:34:36,460 --> 00:34:39,255 PROFESSOR: Right, like you can't have an analogous example. 756 00:34:39,255 --> 00:34:41,570 MALE SPEAKER: Yeah, because we don't really know. 757 00:34:41,570 --> 00:34:43,510 MALE SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE]. 758 00:34:43,510 --> 00:34:44,510 PROFESSOR: Nathan, did-- 759 00:34:44,510 --> 00:34:46,969 MALE SPEAKER: I think [INAUDIBLE]. 760 00:34:46,969 --> 00:34:49,320 PROFESSOR: Yeah, Nathan did you want to say something? 761 00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:51,942 NATHAN: Oh, I just thought that Chris saying the structure-- I 762 00:34:51,942 --> 00:34:54,025 actually really liked how everything was laid out. 763 00:34:54,025 --> 00:34:55,780 And that I feel like most of the work 764 00:34:55,780 --> 00:34:57,980 is just shortening individual parts. 765 00:34:57,980 --> 00:35:00,260 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I agree with Nathan on that. 766 00:35:00,260 --> 00:35:03,180 And honestly, the thing about the traveling backwards 767 00:35:03,180 --> 00:35:05,370 in time, for me personally, it's just 768 00:35:05,370 --> 00:35:08,260 that you don't get to it soon enough, so 769 00:35:08,260 --> 00:35:10,880 that I feel like we're wading through a lot of intro 770 00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:12,920 and a lot of explanation of moving forward, 771 00:35:12,920 --> 00:35:14,600 which are important. 772 00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:18,260 I wouldn't say take them out completely or anything. 773 00:35:18,260 --> 00:35:23,880 But that I had no idea what any of this 774 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:25,950 was actually before I read this. 775 00:35:25,950 --> 00:35:29,230 And I'm glad that you put it in there, because that's really 776 00:35:29,230 --> 00:35:30,570 what the meat of it is. 777 00:35:30,570 --> 00:35:33,982 What exactly does it mean to travel back in time? 778 00:35:33,982 --> 00:35:37,410 And at first I was like, why is he putting graphs up? 779 00:35:37,410 --> 00:35:39,290 This is being really physicsy, but now I 780 00:35:39,290 --> 00:35:41,520 understand why you're talking about asymptotes 781 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:42,700 and everything. 782 00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,070 It's just that it took a really long time to get there. 783 00:35:46,070 --> 00:35:46,570 And-- 784 00:35:46,570 --> 00:35:50,230 FEMALE SPEAKER: I think, if I hear everyone, we just 785 00:35:50,230 --> 00:35:52,130 be ruthless going through paragraphs 786 00:35:52,130 --> 00:35:55,955 and cut it-- information that you don't think is essential. 787 00:35:55,955 --> 00:35:59,334 Because the overall structure works, but there's 788 00:35:59,334 --> 00:36:00,640 just too much. 789 00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:03,450 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think this paragraph is very vital 790 00:36:03,450 --> 00:36:05,590 and I would shorten that unless you're 791 00:36:05,590 --> 00:36:09,880 like going to take out fluffy words. 792 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:14,030 If anything, I would take out from this stuff before it. 793 00:36:14,030 --> 00:36:18,300 And this stuff is super interesting, 794 00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:19,802 and I don't want you to take it out 795 00:36:19,802 --> 00:36:21,510 because it's a further explanation of why 796 00:36:21,510 --> 00:36:23,220 time travel isn't possible. 797 00:36:23,220 --> 00:36:25,500 But it gets really dense here. 798 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:27,520 This is the part when you were talking where 799 00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:29,285 I was like what is happening. 800 00:36:33,224 --> 00:36:35,060 FEMALE SPEAKER: That's another video. 801 00:36:35,060 --> 00:36:42,170 PROFESSOR: Yeah, this is OK. 802 00:36:42,170 --> 00:36:52,920 But this paragraph, can you just say that would-- it would also 803 00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:56,230 need a lot more energy, actually an infinite amount of energy 804 00:36:56,230 --> 00:36:56,920 to move it. 805 00:37:00,190 --> 00:37:02,825 Traveling faster than the speed of light is highly improbable. 806 00:37:06,270 --> 00:37:09,150 KENNETH: I'm just afraid that it condenses the whole chunk 807 00:37:09,150 --> 00:37:10,504 on traveling back in time-- 808 00:37:10,504 --> 00:37:11,420 PROFESSOR: --too much. 809 00:37:11,420 --> 00:37:15,240 KENNETH: Yeah, that's why I decided to talk a little more. 810 00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:16,150 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 811 00:37:16,150 --> 00:37:17,930 No, and I'm glad that you flush it out. 812 00:37:17,930 --> 00:37:20,454 I know that you were hesitant to add more stuff, 813 00:37:20,454 --> 00:37:22,370 because you were aware of the time constraint. 814 00:37:29,448 --> 00:37:33,025 MALE SPEAKER: And mention e equals mc squared. 815 00:37:33,025 --> 00:37:33,900 KENNETH: Not exactly. 816 00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:36,960 It's, effectively, he goes-- 817 00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:39,790 MALE SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE] e equals mc squared then as he 818 00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:43,820 increase e-- as e increases-- normally you'd think that m 819 00:37:43,820 --> 00:37:45,410 stays the same and c increases-- 820 00:37:45,410 --> 00:37:47,330 KENNETH: Actually, e equals the [INAUDIBLE] mc squared. 821 00:37:47,330 --> 00:37:49,210 That's why I didn't really want to bring it in. 822 00:37:49,210 --> 00:37:49,876 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 823 00:37:49,876 --> 00:37:53,290 Yeah, I don't think you should add any equations to this. 824 00:37:55,999 --> 00:37:58,040 Aside from the fact that like e equals mc squared 825 00:37:58,040 --> 00:38:00,637 is like the characteristic Einstein equation that people-- 826 00:38:00,637 --> 00:38:02,470 KENNETH: But the thing is, it doesn't really 827 00:38:02,470 --> 00:38:04,440 fully explain this. 828 00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:06,690 That's why I didn't really feel like putting 829 00:38:06,690 --> 00:38:08,420 the other equation in. 830 00:38:08,420 --> 00:38:11,080 PROFESSOR: I agree with Jamie, overall. 831 00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:13,330 The structure, I think, is there. 832 00:38:13,330 --> 00:38:14,830 The substance is there. 833 00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:16,370 I don't think you necessarily need 834 00:38:16,370 --> 00:38:20,230 to add anything except for maybe a transitioner or so. 835 00:38:20,230 --> 00:38:23,530 But at this point, I really think it's just, again, 836 00:38:23,530 --> 00:38:27,000 being ruthless about taking words out, taking 837 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:28,580 a sentence out or two. 838 00:38:28,580 --> 00:38:32,090 You're only over by a few minutes, 839 00:38:32,090 --> 00:38:34,183 which actually is an eternity. 840 00:38:34,183 --> 00:38:35,558 FEMALE SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE] fast. 841 00:38:35,558 --> 00:38:36,035 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 842 00:38:36,035 --> 00:38:38,451 FEMALE SPEAKER: And I will say that slowing down your pace 843 00:38:38,451 --> 00:38:39,924 will help people-- 844 00:38:39,924 --> 00:38:41,340 PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think I started 845 00:38:41,340 --> 00:38:43,400 getting lost around the Einstein, 846 00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:48,010 because you were talking a lot faster in that section too. 847 00:38:48,010 --> 00:38:52,520 But I'd say at this point it's really just paring it down 848 00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:53,750 to the essentials. 849 00:38:53,750 --> 00:38:56,290 And we can help you with that during office hours 850 00:38:56,290 --> 00:38:58,800 if you want. 851 00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:00,560 Any final thoughts for Kenneth? 852 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:01,540 Yeah, Joshua? 853 00:39:01,540 --> 00:39:03,990 JOSHUA: I do agree with your point 854 00:39:03,990 --> 00:39:05,950 just now about [INAUDIBLE]. 855 00:39:05,950 --> 00:39:07,420 I think it's helpful. 856 00:39:07,420 --> 00:39:09,235 It's been a bit confusing the [INAUDIBLE]. 857 00:39:09,235 --> 00:39:11,360 KENNETH: Yeah, I was thinking whether I should even 858 00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:14,000 mention a paradox straight off or not to mention it 859 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:14,520 at the top. 860 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,380 That's why I was just playing around. 861 00:39:17,380 --> 00:39:19,521 And, yeah, I think no. 862 00:39:19,521 --> 00:39:23,488 JOSHUA: Is there a to phrase it in the positive? 863 00:39:23,488 --> 00:39:25,904 FEMALE SPEAKER: You're saying because the double negatives 864 00:39:25,904 --> 00:39:27,377 are really confusing? 865 00:39:27,377 --> 00:39:29,332 JOSHUA: Yes. 866 00:39:29,332 --> 00:39:31,165 I was thinking perhaps it might be something 867 00:39:31,165 --> 00:39:36,220 like he was happy because he proved time travelers wrong, 868 00:39:36,220 --> 00:39:39,740 and they could not come back in time. 869 00:39:39,740 --> 00:39:44,446 So he makes it very clear that once that-- perhaps it's 870 00:39:44,446 --> 00:39:49,153 like once [INAUDIBLE] proved time travel wrong. 871 00:39:49,153 --> 00:39:51,694 PROFESSOR: Yeah, maybe just a little wording thing like that. 872 00:39:51,694 --> 00:39:53,670 JOSHUA: He might lose a level of complexity 873 00:39:53,670 --> 00:39:57,128 that you would want people-- I guess 874 00:39:57,128 --> 00:40:01,574 it's not the intent to help them understand this part. 875 00:40:01,574 --> 00:40:06,020 The intent is to tell them that Stephen Hawking proved 876 00:40:06,020 --> 00:40:07,502 time travel is wrong? 877 00:40:07,502 --> 00:40:09,972 Is that [INAUDIBLE]? 878 00:40:09,972 --> 00:40:15,406 Then you might be OK to hide the complexity away. 879 00:40:15,406 --> 00:40:16,394 [INAUDIBLE] 880 00:40:16,394 --> 00:40:19,900 Just keep thinking about why is that, why is that-- 881 00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:21,109 how did that prove it? 882 00:40:21,109 --> 00:40:22,400 How did that prove [INAUDIBLE]? 883 00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:24,310 PROFESSOR: And you talk about it at the end. 884 00:40:24,310 --> 00:40:28,800 I think the whole grandfather paradox part is nice, 885 00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:34,630 because it is an expansion of why maybe his proof wasn't 886 00:40:34,630 --> 00:40:36,550 really a proof and why people are still 887 00:40:36,550 --> 00:40:39,514 thinking about time travel even though he supposedly 888 00:40:39,514 --> 00:40:40,805 proved that it wasn't possible. 889 00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:49,724 FEMALE SPEAKER: What if you take the structured approach 890 00:40:49,724 --> 00:40:52,958 that Josh took in his whole piece in that little part? 891 00:40:52,958 --> 00:40:55,134 Make it really simple at first. 892 00:40:55,134 --> 00:40:57,360 Stephen Hawking hosted a party. 893 00:40:57,360 --> 00:40:58,596 No one showed up. 894 00:40:58,596 --> 00:41:01,160 It proved that time travel wasn't possible. 895 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:03,100 Actually, it's a little more complicated, 896 00:41:03,100 --> 00:41:05,037 and explain it a little further. 897 00:41:05,037 --> 00:41:07,370 PROFESSOR: Actually, you could open the video like that. 898 00:41:07,370 --> 00:41:08,453 MALE SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE]. 899 00:41:08,453 --> 00:41:11,242 FEMALE SPEAKER: Just really tight and then it 900 00:41:11,242 --> 00:41:14,290 allows you to use that story throughout, but not confusing 901 00:41:14,290 --> 00:41:15,488 people with all the details. 902 00:41:15,488 --> 00:41:16,154 PROFESSOR: Yeah. 903 00:41:16,154 --> 00:41:18,670 FEMALE SPEAKER: Right? 904 00:41:18,670 --> 00:41:20,586 PROFESSOR: PJ were you going to say something? 905 00:41:20,586 --> 00:41:21,085 OK. 906 00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:26,960 All right, any final thoughts? 907 00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:28,600 I mean this is in good shape too. 908 00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,400 Again, it's much easier to-- I think 909 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:33,640 it's easier to pair down from something 910 00:41:33,640 --> 00:41:37,620 that has too much content then the other way around for sure. 911 00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:43,965 And the delivery again will help too. 912 00:41:43,965 --> 00:41:45,590 FEMALE SPEAKER: These have come so far. 913 00:41:45,590 --> 00:41:46,760 PROFESSOR: They really have. 914 00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:49,218 I mean I don't know if you guys have looked at your pitches 915 00:41:49,218 --> 00:41:50,470 that you made last week. 916 00:41:50,470 --> 00:41:53,910 But they really have-- I mean I'm really 917 00:41:53,910 --> 00:41:57,010 excited to watch these videos. 918 00:41:57,010 --> 00:41:57,740 Yes. 919 00:41:57,740 --> 00:41:59,490 JULIA: I'm just going to say that I really 920 00:41:59,490 --> 00:42:03,030 liked how you were able to explain 921 00:42:03,030 --> 00:42:07,030 this complex phenomenon in words that are understandable. 922 00:42:07,030 --> 00:42:08,364 KENNETH: [INAUDIBLE]. 923 00:42:08,364 --> 00:42:10,030 JULIA: Yeah, I think that's really cool. 924 00:42:10,030 --> 00:42:13,250 PROFESSOR: Yeah, and that's the whole building learning 925 00:42:13,250 --> 00:42:15,510 confidence with the viewer too that I talked 926 00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:18,482 about on the first day of-- simple explainer videos 927 00:42:18,482 --> 00:42:20,440 are so compelling to people even though they're 928 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:23,180 quote unquote boring, because people feel good 929 00:42:23,180 --> 00:42:25,570 when they feel like they've mastered 930 00:42:25,570 --> 00:42:27,180 a seemingly complex subject. 931 00:42:27,180 --> 00:42:29,680 And this is a video that is going to help people understand 932 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:31,410 special relativity. 933 00:42:31,410 --> 00:42:33,950 I think that it's going to be a very compelling thing 934 00:42:33,950 --> 00:42:34,927 to watch for people. 935 00:42:34,927 --> 00:42:36,510 They're going to want to keep watching 936 00:42:36,510 --> 00:42:40,251 because they're understanding what you're saying. 937 00:42:40,251 --> 00:42:40,750 All right. 938 00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:41,455 FEMALE SPEAKER: You seem so smart when 939 00:42:41,455 --> 00:42:43,100 you get something complicated. 940 00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:45,931 I'm like, oh wow, I just got a really complicated [INAUDIBLE]. 941 00:42:45,931 --> 00:42:47,430 PROFESSOR: Yeah, you're helping them 942 00:42:47,430 --> 00:42:50,520 achieve mastery, which is nice.