1 00:00:00,460 --> 00:00:03,530 The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare 2 00:00:03,530 --> 00:00:06,190 under a Creative Commons license. 3 00:00:06,190 --> 00:00:09,050 Additional information about our license and MIT 4 00:00:09,050 --> 00:00:12,160 OpenCourseWare in general is available at ocw.mit.edu. 5 00:00:15,240 --> 00:00:18,040 PROFESSOR: Handout for today's lecture. 6 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:22,970 And you'll get a sheet that asks you about your 7 00:00:22,970 --> 00:00:26,180 preferences for recitation time. 8 00:00:26,180 --> 00:00:30,300 For the moment, that's the critical piece of paper. 9 00:00:30,300 --> 00:00:38,230 What you want to do is, if you are -- well whoever you are, 10 00:00:38,230 --> 00:00:40,680 get your name on their, your ID number, I don't remember, 11 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:43,860 it probably asks for your email address. 12 00:00:43,860 --> 00:00:46,520 It does not ask for your year. 13 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:50,170 Please put that, and also put down if you're a BCS Course 14 00:00:50,170 --> 00:00:53,530 Nine major. 15 00:00:53,530 --> 00:00:58,070 We will attempt to lottery into the class as many 16 00:00:58,070 --> 00:01:02,860 of you as we can. 17 00:01:02,860 --> 00:01:07,030 And we will do that, basically, today. 18 00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:12,950 And you'll get an email from us telling you whether you are 19 00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:14,220 in the class or not. 20 00:01:14,220 --> 00:01:18,290 I will take care of all those add-drop cards then next 21 00:01:18,290 --> 00:01:20,890 Tuesday when we meet again. 22 00:01:20,890 --> 00:01:25,520 How many people here are here without being lotteried in, 23 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:26,860 just to give me a feeling for? 24 00:01:31,170 --> 00:01:35,730 Well, all right how many people are lotteried in? 25 00:01:35,730 --> 00:01:39,420 How many people don't think they know what that means? 26 00:01:39,420 --> 00:01:40,670 OK, good. 27 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:45,070 Well, we'll see what we can do. 28 00:01:45,070 --> 00:01:52,460 We will try to squeeze as many of you in as we can. 29 00:01:52,460 --> 00:01:57,810 Those of you who are not lotteried in, do not check the 30 00:01:57,810 --> 00:02:00,440 little box that says, I was lotteried in. 31 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:04,140 Because we can check and if you a nasty lying person, we 32 00:02:04,140 --> 00:02:09,215 don't want you in this class and we will do bad things to 33 00:02:09,215 --> 00:02:10,465 you or something. 34 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:15,650 Let me see. 35 00:02:15,650 --> 00:02:16,590 What, yes -- 36 00:02:16,590 --> 00:02:19,220 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 37 00:02:19,220 --> 00:02:20,160 PROFESSOR: OK. 38 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:21,400 Let's do it that way. 39 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:22,650 Who still needs a syllabus? 40 00:02:30,350 --> 00:02:31,600 OK. 41 00:02:40,220 --> 00:02:42,430 Oh, I see we have a new improvement this year. 42 00:02:42,430 --> 00:02:45,040 Last year they didn't have a cool digital clock there. 43 00:02:52,260 --> 00:02:53,160 OK. 44 00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:57,600 Who still needs a writing assignment? 45 00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:03,750 I'm just trying to see which, who still needs a writing 46 00:03:03,750 --> 00:03:06,710 assignment? 47 00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:10,750 It's the one that says writing assignments on it. 48 00:03:10,750 --> 00:03:12,370 All right. 49 00:03:12,370 --> 00:03:14,470 So they're scattered around randomly, too. 50 00:03:14,470 --> 00:03:16,000 I don't understand how this is working. 51 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:17,620 But I'm sure it's working somehow. 52 00:03:21,620 --> 00:03:24,520 I need a Handout 1 by the way, when somebody has a Handout 1. 53 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:25,770 No, I've read the syllabus. 54 00:03:31,630 --> 00:03:33,710 [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 55 00:03:33,710 --> 00:03:36,720 Well, here, you just got deputized. 56 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:39,920 Who still needs the cool TA signup, 57 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:42,090 recitation signup sheet? 58 00:03:42,090 --> 00:03:43,970 This lovely person will help you. 59 00:03:43,970 --> 00:03:45,220 Up there somewhere. 60 00:04:11,470 --> 00:04:14,140 If you're just coming in, come down 61 00:04:14,140 --> 00:04:16,140 here and collect handouts. 62 00:04:16,140 --> 00:04:18,620 Somebody please deliver me enough handouts so we can give 63 00:04:18,620 --> 00:04:22,060 people handouts. 64 00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:23,650 There's the handout for today's lecture. 65 00:04:28,970 --> 00:04:31,160 There are four things altogether, sit around until 66 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:32,410 the other two show up. 67 00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:48,510 All right, these are the other two. 68 00:04:59,220 --> 00:05:01,520 All right let's try this game again. 69 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:03,280 Who's still looking for a syllabus. 70 00:05:03,280 --> 00:05:07,340 A couple of syllabi, out in the cheap seats back there. 71 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:09,940 And a few over there. 72 00:05:09,940 --> 00:05:14,030 OK, who still needs the writing assignments? 73 00:05:14,030 --> 00:05:16,100 We need some writing assignments down front. 74 00:05:19,990 --> 00:05:24,670 And who still needs the recitation signup sheet? 75 00:05:24,670 --> 00:05:26,890 That's the critical one. 76 00:05:26,890 --> 00:05:29,160 Recitation signup sheet, who's got those? 77 00:05:43,260 --> 00:05:43,610 OK. 78 00:05:43,610 --> 00:05:45,100 Once you've got stuff, you can go. 79 00:05:53,530 --> 00:05:55,180 Leave me all the extras. 80 00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:58,070 At this point, if you don't have one of the handouts, pick 81 00:05:58,070 --> 00:05:58,600 it up later. 82 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:06,290 Unless you're still missing the recitation signup sheet. 83 00:06:06,290 --> 00:06:07,540 None of the other stuff [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 84 00:06:18,550 --> 00:06:18,830 OK. 85 00:06:18,830 --> 00:06:24,710 Is there anybody who still needs the recitation sheet? 86 00:06:24,710 --> 00:06:27,820 No, OK, good. 87 00:06:27,820 --> 00:06:32,730 So, name, ID, email, year. 88 00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:37,510 Whether or not you're a BCS major. 89 00:06:37,510 --> 00:06:39,310 Pick your top four choices. 90 00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:41,810 Number them one, two, three, and four, because we'll try to 91 00:06:41,810 --> 00:06:43,200 put you in your first choice. 92 00:06:49,770 --> 00:06:53,650 And tell us whether you're a winner in the Haas lottery. 93 00:07:57,180 --> 00:08:03,130 There will be handouts, typically, in each lecture. 94 00:08:03,130 --> 00:08:09,770 Typically they will be there and there when you come in. 95 00:08:09,770 --> 00:08:12,150 And, remember the there part. 96 00:08:12,150 --> 00:08:14,610 Because when 300 people all try to get it there, 97 00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:15,640 it's kind of a pain. 98 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,860 So either side in the front. 99 00:08:19,860 --> 00:08:22,260 How many people need more time with this 100 00:08:22,260 --> 00:08:24,280 exciting recitation sheet? 101 00:08:28,550 --> 00:08:29,970 We want it now. 102 00:08:29,970 --> 00:08:32,560 We want it instantly, because we're going to solve the 103 00:08:32,560 --> 00:08:34,810 problem of recitations. 104 00:08:34,810 --> 00:08:37,010 Actually, I suppose we don't have to solve it before the 105 00:08:37,010 --> 00:08:39,020 end of class this way, do we? 106 00:08:39,020 --> 00:08:41,980 But we might as well, while we've got everybody here. 107 00:08:41,980 --> 00:08:45,780 So do that now. 108 00:08:45,780 --> 00:08:51,090 And while people are playing with that, I will entertain 109 00:08:51,090 --> 00:08:54,380 any other entertaining questions about the course 110 00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:55,730 that are on people's minds. 111 00:08:55,730 --> 00:08:56,090 Yes? 112 00:08:56,090 --> 00:08:57,980 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 113 00:08:57,980 --> 00:09:01,220 PROFESSOR: Is the fifth edition book OK? 114 00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:03,120 You can use the fifth edition. 115 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:04,240 We're on to the sixth edition. 116 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:11,180 You can use the fifth edition as long as you don't come and 117 00:09:11,180 --> 00:09:14,140 complain if you get the question wrong on the final 118 00:09:14,140 --> 00:09:15,510 because the info happens to have been 119 00:09:15,510 --> 00:09:16,840 in the sixth edition. 120 00:09:16,840 --> 00:09:18,770 Basically, you're not going to flunk the course using the 121 00:09:18,770 --> 00:09:19,195 fifth edition. 122 00:09:19,195 --> 00:09:22,100 It's not going to be a big issue. 123 00:09:22,100 --> 00:09:25,950 But it's a dealer's choice. 124 00:09:25,950 --> 00:09:27,550 You do it at your own risk. 125 00:09:27,550 --> 00:09:29,010 The risk is smallish. 126 00:09:29,010 --> 00:09:32,210 You can decide if it trades off sufficiently with the 127 00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:35,150 money involved. 128 00:09:35,150 --> 00:09:38,150 I like the first edition best, myself. 129 00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:41,790 I think it's all been downhill since then. 130 00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:44,680 But I wouldn't use the first edition at this point. 131 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:48,540 Anything else that I should be answering about the course 132 00:09:48,540 --> 00:09:50,320 while people are playing with forms? 133 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:50,720 Yes. 134 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:53,430 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 135 00:09:53,430 --> 00:09:54,680 PROFESSOR: It's an hour. 136 00:09:57,120 --> 00:09:59,510 Once a week. 137 00:09:59,510 --> 00:10:01,920 At a time that you are currently determining for 138 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,810 yourself with luck. 139 00:10:04,810 --> 00:10:05,300 OK. 140 00:10:05,300 --> 00:10:07,450 Time for another round of polling here. 141 00:10:07,450 --> 00:10:09,810 How many people still would like more time to play with 142 00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:11,060 this exciting form? 143 00:10:31,650 --> 00:10:35,390 I will take the opportunity, at least I will try to take 144 00:10:35,390 --> 00:10:40,200 the opportunity, depends if I can find the opportunity This 145 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:41,330 is a Hass-D course. 146 00:10:41,330 --> 00:10:44,500 Your writing papers. 147 00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:47,920 Some of you know that that's hard work for you. 148 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:52,900 Some of you will discover that you and your TA disagree about 149 00:10:52,900 --> 00:10:55,880 your talents in writing. 150 00:10:55,880 --> 00:11:00,990 In either case, you may want to avail yourself of the fact 151 00:11:00,990 --> 00:11:02,400 that we have three writing tutors 152 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:04,660 attached to this course. 153 00:11:04,660 --> 00:11:07,530 They're good, they do great stuff. 154 00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:09,970 At least your predecessors have told me so. 155 00:11:09,970 --> 00:11:12,880 And it is my belief that two of them were 156 00:11:12,880 --> 00:11:14,760 going to be here today. 157 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:15,990 Oh yes, look at that. 158 00:11:15,990 --> 00:11:17,800 There they are. 159 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:22,460 I couldn't tell, they looked so young like undergraduates. 160 00:11:22,460 --> 00:11:25,197 Why don't you introduce yourselves? 161 00:11:25,197 --> 00:11:26,447 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 162 00:11:34,940 --> 00:11:36,900 PROFESSOR: When you read the syllabus, you will discover 163 00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:38,820 useful things like their names, again, 164 00:11:38,820 --> 00:11:40,290 and their email contacts. 165 00:11:40,290 --> 00:11:45,580 And also useful thoughts like, 3 am the day before it's due 166 00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:50,141 is not the time you want to send a panicked note saying, I 167 00:11:50,141 --> 00:11:52,070 can't get started on my paper. 168 00:11:52,070 --> 00:11:56,320 Think about it ahead of time and they will be useful. 169 00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:01,040 Also useful to you will be, we will have a series of 170 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:03,890 workshops in the library for how to do research for these 171 00:12:03,890 --> 00:12:06,690 sorts of papers. 172 00:12:06,690 --> 00:12:10,890 And details about that will emerge later on in the term. 173 00:12:10,890 --> 00:12:15,630 But I would strongly encourage people to go to 174 00:12:15,630 --> 00:12:17,330 one of those sessions. 175 00:12:17,330 --> 00:12:21,880 Because doing research for college-level papers in a 176 00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:24,580 course like this is different than what you did in high 177 00:12:24,580 --> 00:12:27,150 school, probably, and it's certainly different than 178 00:12:27,150 --> 00:12:29,470 feeding the keywords for whatever topic you're writing 179 00:12:29,470 --> 00:12:33,170 about into Google and calling it a day. 180 00:12:33,170 --> 00:12:37,310 You laugh, but some people did that last year. 181 00:12:37,310 --> 00:12:40,040 It was not a pleasant sight. 182 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:40,770 OK. 183 00:12:40,770 --> 00:12:42,230 I think that people are done with this 184 00:12:42,230 --> 00:12:43,910 exciting form, don't you? 185 00:12:48,530 --> 00:12:50,090 She wants them passed to the center aisle. 186 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:56,180 It's very bad form to rip up the paper of 187 00:12:56,180 --> 00:12:57,430 the guy next to you. 188 00:14:05,860 --> 00:14:08,190 OK, are there any of those forms still out there? 189 00:14:11,470 --> 00:14:11,950 All right. 190 00:14:11,950 --> 00:14:18,350 Now that we've done the really exciting part, let's try 191 00:14:18,350 --> 00:14:23,050 saying something about what this course is about. 192 00:14:23,050 --> 00:14:27,840 And why you bothered to try to get yourself lotteried in. 193 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:32,920 Many, many, many many -- any other forms? 194 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:35,260 Last chance. 195 00:14:35,260 --> 00:14:41,670 Many many, many many MIT courses are of the form, so 196 00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:44,340 when you go to the first class you get the syllabus. 197 00:14:44,340 --> 00:14:45,730 You look at the list of topics. 198 00:14:45,730 --> 00:14:49,140 You say, I don't know anything about these topics but I sure 199 00:14:49,140 --> 00:14:51,230 hope that by the end of the course I know something about 200 00:14:51,230 --> 00:14:52,550 these topics. 201 00:14:52,550 --> 00:14:57,150 And Intro Psych class is different from that. 202 00:14:57,150 --> 00:15:00,120 Because if you take a look at the list of topics in the 203 00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,500 course, which you can find by the way on the back page of 204 00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,270 the syllabus but you don't need to go looking for it 205 00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:09,370 right now, you will discover memory, learning, cognition, 206 00:15:09,370 --> 00:15:15,260 emotion, personality, intelligence, a whole set of 207 00:15:15,260 --> 00:15:20,390 topics that you already have some notion about. 208 00:15:20,390 --> 00:15:24,880 They're terms that you use in everyday speech. 209 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,440 That you can converse about perfectly happily. 210 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:34,820 The job of this course is to dig behind the, what you would 211 00:15:34,820 --> 00:15:36,830 know in what's known as folk psychology. 212 00:15:36,830 --> 00:15:41,930 Folk psychology is a term coined in the 19th century to 213 00:15:41,930 --> 00:15:45,060 refer to the psychology that folk know. 214 00:15:45,060 --> 00:15:48,700 As opposed to the psychology that one would learn in the 215 00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,110 academy, like you are here. 216 00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:55,040 What we used to say, actually, when the term was defined for 217 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:58,330 me in graduate school, I think somebody said, folk 218 00:15:58,330 --> 00:16:00,330 psychology, that's the psychology that your 219 00:16:00,330 --> 00:16:02,070 grandmother knows. 220 00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:03,040 That doesn't work so well. 221 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:05,730 Because your grandmother may well have a Ph.D in psychology 222 00:16:05,730 --> 00:16:06,790 these days. 223 00:16:06,790 --> 00:16:09,710 Folk psychology is what the psychology that you would know 224 00:16:09,710 --> 00:16:12,630 without bothering to take a course like this. 225 00:16:12,630 --> 00:16:16,330 The psychology you just pick up on the street. 226 00:16:16,330 --> 00:16:21,480 This course is designed to go beyond that. 227 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:24,600 Well, let me dig up an example. 228 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,910 Let me close the door. 229 00:16:27,910 --> 00:16:38,940 And so, as an example, I could assert oh, let's 230 00:16:38,940 --> 00:16:41,210 see, I need a person. 231 00:16:41,210 --> 00:16:43,500 Well, this is why one sits in the front. 232 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:45,000 You're a person. 233 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:45,570 That's very good. 234 00:16:45,570 --> 00:16:46,410 What's your name? 235 00:16:46,410 --> 00:16:47,320 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 236 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:47,860 PROFESSOR: You're Mark. 237 00:16:47,860 --> 00:16:48,430 OK. 238 00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:51,830 Who is that woman sitting next to you? 239 00:16:51,830 --> 00:16:52,630 This is Laura. 240 00:16:52,630 --> 00:16:53,430 OK. 241 00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:57,610 I could say that Mark loves Laura. 242 00:16:57,610 --> 00:16:58,920 It may or may not be true. 243 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:00,720 For all I know, Mark, it is true. 244 00:17:06,410 --> 00:17:08,180 Well, this is going to be a more interesting 245 00:17:08,180 --> 00:17:09,900 example then sometimes. 246 00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:11,290 But, all right. 247 00:17:11,290 --> 00:17:17,110 If I assert that Mark loves Laura without much knowledge 248 00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:19,540 of either Mark or Laura here, you had -- that's not a 249 00:17:19,540 --> 00:17:24,240 sentence that's hard for you to understand. 250 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:30,890 But what is it that we're actually talking about? 251 00:17:30,890 --> 00:17:34,820 So, all right, what's love? 252 00:17:34,820 --> 00:17:37,400 I think, I didn't check, I was going to check this morning 253 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:38,400 but I didn't check. 254 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:43,670 I think that probably the line you would get in a dictionary 255 00:17:43,670 --> 00:17:46,680 would assert that love is an emotion, and then it would go 256 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:48,540 on to describe what kind of an emotion it is. 257 00:17:48,540 --> 00:17:54,670 But it's an odd emotion if it is an emotion. 258 00:17:54,670 --> 00:17:57,620 If you think about other emotions that are pretty 259 00:17:57,620 --> 00:17:58,390 straightforward. 260 00:17:58,390 --> 00:18:03,520 Let's say, sadness or happiness to give two 261 00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:04,860 straightforward examples. 262 00:18:04,860 --> 00:18:08,260 You know what sadness and happiness feel like. 263 00:18:08,260 --> 00:18:12,340 They have a distinctive feeling to them 264 00:18:12,340 --> 00:18:15,430 There is a distinctive feeling to being in love. 265 00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:17,830 There's no doubt that there's a feeling. 266 00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:20,300 It's actually an interesting question why we use the same 267 00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:23,700 word feeling to talk about feeling in love, 268 00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:25,750 and feeling the table. 269 00:18:25,750 --> 00:18:30,010 What's the commonality there? 270 00:18:30,010 --> 00:18:36,900 But the feeling of being in love is not simple in the same 271 00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:38,710 way that the feeling of sadness of the feeling of 272 00:18:38,710 --> 00:18:39,510 happiness is. 273 00:18:39,510 --> 00:18:44,630 For instance, you can be sad or happy in love. 274 00:18:44,630 --> 00:18:48,120 You can be in love and the experience of that could be 275 00:18:48,120 --> 00:18:49,630 either sad or happy. 276 00:18:49,630 --> 00:18:53,330 The experience of being sad cannot be either sad or -- 277 00:18:53,330 --> 00:18:54,230 sad is sad. 278 00:18:54,230 --> 00:19:01,420 It's, in some sense, an atomic sensation in a way that love 279 00:19:01,420 --> 00:19:04,950 does not appear to be. 280 00:19:04,950 --> 00:19:10,530 You can wake up in the morning feeling sad. 281 00:19:10,530 --> 00:19:12,470 Disembodied sort of sadness. 282 00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:14,850 Or disembodied sort of happiness. 283 00:19:14,850 --> 00:19:18,000 You can't really, it's hard to imagine what it would be to 284 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,310 wake up and say I feel love. 285 00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:25,740 It's not clear that that makes sort of a quasi-religious 286 00:19:25,740 --> 00:19:27,050 sense that you could get to it. 287 00:19:27,050 --> 00:19:28,780 I feel love for the whole universe, or 288 00:19:28,780 --> 00:19:29,415 something like that. 289 00:19:29,415 --> 00:19:33,630 It's lovely, but, you see the distinction. 290 00:19:33,630 --> 00:19:36,290 So maybe it's not an emotion in the simple sense that 291 00:19:36,290 --> 00:19:39,410 sadness or happiness is. 292 00:19:39,410 --> 00:19:43,670 Maybe it's a way of thinking about your current state. 293 00:19:43,670 --> 00:19:47,720 You know, I feel happy and my heart is pounding and I'm 294 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:50,640 sitting next to, oh God I've forgotten her name already. 295 00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:51,990 Laura. 296 00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:52,340 Lara. 297 00:19:52,340 --> 00:19:56,630 No U. L-A-R-A Lara. 298 00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:57,780 And Mark. 299 00:19:57,780 --> 00:20:00,200 They both have two letters in common. 300 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:02,880 That's the basis for this relationship. 301 00:20:05,670 --> 00:20:12,450 Anyway, where was I? 302 00:20:12,450 --> 00:20:14,130 You're not going to wake up feeling a 303 00:20:14,130 --> 00:20:16,750 disembodied sense of love. 304 00:20:16,750 --> 00:20:20,990 Maybe maybe what it is is a thought the state that you are 305 00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:21,470 currently in. 306 00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:26,020 So maybe it's a cognition rather than an emotion. 307 00:20:26,020 --> 00:20:28,600 But if it's a cognition it's a different kind of combination 308 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:29,900 from what you might think of as, sort 309 00:20:29,900 --> 00:20:32,940 of, an atomic cognition. 310 00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:39,080 Because it has this aspect of feeling to it. 311 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:46,780 That that cognitions don't, what's the, capital of 312 00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:49,030 Equatorial Guinea. 313 00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:50,220 I have no idea. 314 00:20:50,220 --> 00:20:53,720 But it's a thought that, I can think about that fact. 315 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,190 It doesn't carry with it any deep feeling unless it turns 316 00:20:56,190 --> 00:21:00,530 out to be a question on the final exam. 317 00:21:00,530 --> 00:21:03,150 But you can have thoughts that aren't colored in this 318 00:21:03,150 --> 00:21:05,210 emotional kind of a way. 319 00:21:05,210 --> 00:21:07,610 So it's not a simple cognition. 320 00:21:07,610 --> 00:21:10,360 It might be more useful to call it a motivation than to 321 00:21:10,360 --> 00:21:13,510 call it an emotion. 322 00:21:13,510 --> 00:21:17,140 Motivations are like emotions in the sense that having this 323 00:21:17,140 --> 00:21:20,960 affective, affect is the sort of jargony term for feeling, 324 00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,430 this affective component to it. 325 00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:25,360 But the sorts of things that get talked about as 326 00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:28,120 motivations are things like thirst. 327 00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:32,090 So, it being warm, I'm thirsty. 328 00:21:32,090 --> 00:21:35,530 That's a faintly unpleasant state and a motivation is 329 00:21:35,530 --> 00:21:37,530 something that motivates me to do something 330 00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:42,590 to change my state. 331 00:21:42,590 --> 00:21:48,150 And hunger is another good example. 332 00:21:48,150 --> 00:21:51,610 So what kind of motivation would love be? 333 00:21:51,610 --> 00:21:58,510 Love might be a motivation that it's directed to an 334 00:21:58,510 --> 00:22:00,350 object of some sort. 335 00:22:00,350 --> 00:22:07,860 And, I probably shouldn't have caught that cold from the 336 00:22:07,860 --> 00:22:09,110 third-grader in my house. 337 00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:16,800 That's better. 338 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,180 It's a motivation that, if love is a motivation, what 339 00:22:20,180 --> 00:22:26,330 it's motivating you to do is to perhaps get closer, to 340 00:22:26,330 --> 00:22:28,640 possess the object of desire. 341 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:30,810 Now Mark and Lara are busy sitting there saying, oh boy, 342 00:22:30,810 --> 00:22:31,890 that doesn't sound so good. 343 00:22:31,890 --> 00:22:34,470 But love, of course, can be used not just in the Mark and 344 00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:35,650 Lara sense. 345 00:22:35,650 --> 00:22:40,750 But you can love your laptop or something like that. 346 00:22:40,750 --> 00:22:50,450 And have, we won't go there, Mark, it's OK. 347 00:22:50,450 --> 00:22:55,580 But those are two clearly different senses of love. 348 00:22:55,580 --> 00:22:58,380 Or, at least your chortling suggests that you think of 349 00:22:58,380 --> 00:22:59,820 them in different senses. 350 00:22:59,820 --> 00:23:02,340 You might ask what love is for. 351 00:23:02,340 --> 00:23:06,850 And the motive, if thirst is a motivation, it's because you 352 00:23:06,850 --> 00:23:10,260 need liquid in order to be alive. 353 00:23:10,260 --> 00:23:13,350 If you don't drink stuff you're going to be dead. 354 00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:14,255 What's love for? 355 00:23:14,255 --> 00:23:17,670 Well, the usual answers to that, these days in 356 00:23:17,670 --> 00:23:20,170 psychology, would come out of the chunk of psychology that's 357 00:23:20,170 --> 00:23:23,330 called evolutionary psychology. 358 00:23:23,330 --> 00:23:27,680 That sees these core motivations, if you like, as 359 00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:32,790 things that evolved over the history of the species and of 360 00:23:32,790 --> 00:23:36,760 life in general, to serve useful 361 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:38,330 purposes for the organism. 362 00:23:38,330 --> 00:23:43,020 In this case, love is presumably in service of that 363 00:23:43,020 --> 00:23:45,840 great evolutionary good which is to get your genes into the 364 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:46,770 next generation. 365 00:23:46,770 --> 00:23:50,110 That your goal, if you're a thoroughgoing evolutionary 366 00:23:50,110 --> 00:23:53,590 psychologist, your goal in life basically is to get genes 367 00:23:53,590 --> 00:23:57,400 into the next generation to perpetuate your genes. 368 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,800 And the sex and reproduction thing is a 369 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:02,830 good way to do that. 370 00:24:02,830 --> 00:24:06,080 It's not the only way to do that, it's important to note. 371 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:08,280 How many of you are only children? 372 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:09,330 Well, actually, let's go at it the other way. 373 00:24:09,330 --> 00:24:11,910 How many of you have siblings? 374 00:24:11,910 --> 00:24:12,450 OK. 375 00:24:12,450 --> 00:24:17,550 One way for you to gain this sort of evolutionary 376 00:24:17,550 --> 00:24:20,570 immortality of getting your genes into the next generation 377 00:24:20,570 --> 00:24:23,720 is to be a really good aunt or uncle. 378 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:27,300 You protect and preserve that little niece or nephew of 379 00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:30,190 yours, and they're carrying a bundle of your genes, too. 380 00:24:30,190 --> 00:24:35,520 So it's not that having and raising children is the only 381 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:39,070 evolutionary route to the future. 382 00:24:39,070 --> 00:24:41,040 But it is a good one. 383 00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:46,500 And the love of business would seem to be related to that. 384 00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,990 But it's not necessary. 385 00:24:49,990 --> 00:24:52,660 If you think about it, well, all right spider. 386 00:24:52,660 --> 00:24:55,330 Let's think of spiders. 387 00:24:55,330 --> 00:24:59,850 Spiders, the reproduction thing works fine with spiders. 388 00:24:59,850 --> 00:25:02,700 It's not clear how much love and romance 389 00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:05,130 there is involved here. 390 00:25:05,130 --> 00:25:06,490 It's not clear for a couple of reasons. 391 00:25:06,490 --> 00:25:08,990 One of them is, it's very unclear what's going on in the 392 00:25:08,990 --> 00:25:10,780 mind of an animal in general. 393 00:25:10,780 --> 00:25:13,220 You just don't have any access. 394 00:25:13,220 --> 00:25:15,170 In fact, or at least, you have only the barest 395 00:25:15,170 --> 00:25:16,940 of influential access. 396 00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:19,740 In fact, I don't have any access to what's going on 397 00:25:19,740 --> 00:25:21,250 inside your mind. 398 00:25:21,250 --> 00:25:24,400 It is an assumption on my part that you guys have mental 399 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:25,780 lives like mine. 400 00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:28,130 You could be what the philosophers, what is, in 401 00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:31,210 philosopher jargon, you could all be zombies. 402 00:25:31,210 --> 00:25:33,470 Which, if you're doing philosophy means, you're 403 00:25:33,470 --> 00:25:36,370 things that look human, behave like they're human, but aren't 404 00:25:36,370 --> 00:25:38,870 human because there's nothing happening in there. 405 00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:41,890 There's no, you could be cunningly designed machines. 406 00:25:41,890 --> 00:25:45,610 I don't know that, but it's a useful assumption that your 407 00:25:45,610 --> 00:25:47,730 mental life and my mental are the similar. 408 00:25:47,730 --> 00:25:50,980 It is not a terribly useful assumption that my mental life 409 00:25:50,980 --> 00:25:53,320 and a spider's mental life are similar. 410 00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:57,560 And in any case, if you look at spider behavior, it doesn't 411 00:25:57,560 --> 00:25:59,560 look much like romantic love. 412 00:25:59,560 --> 00:26:02,800 I mean, the guy spends most of his time trying to avoid being 413 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:07,620 killed by the female spider, who is typically much bigger. 414 00:26:07,620 --> 00:26:09,740 He does a variety of courtships, we'll talk about 415 00:26:09,740 --> 00:26:13,690 this later in the term, but I cannot resist, there are 416 00:26:13,690 --> 00:26:18,730 variety of spider species where the spider does engage 417 00:26:18,730 --> 00:26:20,040 in a lot of courtship behavior. 418 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,010 The male spider, he brings her presents. 419 00:26:23,010 --> 00:26:25,720 Like, he brings her a dead fly. 420 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,660 The reason he brings her a dead fly is that she's busy 421 00:26:28,660 --> 00:26:30,920 chowing down on the dead fly, she doesn't bite 422 00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:32,930 his little head off. 423 00:26:32,930 --> 00:26:35,850 And it's not desperately romantic. 424 00:26:35,850 --> 00:26:38,610 But, in any case, it does work perfectly well for 425 00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:39,270 reproduction. 426 00:26:39,270 --> 00:26:42,170 It suggests that there might be, even when you're talking 427 00:26:42,170 --> 00:26:46,590 about love between potential mates, that there might be a 428 00:26:46,590 --> 00:26:51,430 distinction to be made between love and, well, lust or some 429 00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:54,420 sort of sex drive or something like that. 430 00:26:54,420 --> 00:26:59,140 There is evidence at a neurochemical level that these 431 00:26:59,140 --> 00:27:01,320 are distinct. 432 00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:04,560 The chemical pathways in the brain that are involved in 433 00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:08,340 romantic love seem to be those that are also involved in 434 00:27:08,340 --> 00:27:13,060 parent-child bonds of attachment. 435 00:27:13,060 --> 00:27:19,410 They involve chemicals like, well, your brain generates 436 00:27:19,410 --> 00:27:23,840 opioid chemicals, which are like opium, which is why opium 437 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:28,610 is a powerful drug when taken externally, taken from the 438 00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:29,380 from the outside. 439 00:27:29,380 --> 00:27:36,090 But in any case, the bonds of love involve those chemicals. 440 00:27:36,090 --> 00:27:40,640 The bonds of lust involve things like testosterone and 441 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:44,810 other androgens and estrogens that they may have talked 442 00:27:44,810 --> 00:27:47,670 about in endless length in high school biology or 443 00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:48,530 something of that sort. 444 00:27:48,530 --> 00:27:50,340 But there's evidence that these are separate. 445 00:27:50,340 --> 00:27:51,960 How did they come together? 446 00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:54,950 Well, evolutionary psychologists suggested the 447 00:27:54,950 --> 00:28:02,950 link might be that if you bring love to bear, this 448 00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:07,170 romantic bonding, this attachment to bear, then 449 00:28:07,170 --> 00:28:12,310 you've got pairs of people who stick around. 450 00:28:12,310 --> 00:28:17,430 Stick to each other in ways that are good for the 451 00:28:17,430 --> 00:28:19,610 begetting and raising of children. 452 00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:24,850 And that maybe this bonding between parent and child got 453 00:28:24,850 --> 00:28:27,910 co-opted into being romantic love. 454 00:28:27,910 --> 00:28:29,340 Between potential mates. 455 00:28:29,340 --> 00:28:32,290 Another way of putting it would be to say, well, maybe 456 00:28:32,290 --> 00:28:38,190 romantic love exists because straight-out, just regular old 457 00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:41,890 lust, is not compatible with civilization. 458 00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:48,180 If people are just simply acting on their evolutionarily 459 00:28:48,180 --> 00:28:51,780 based desire to mate, it's hard to run a civilization. 460 00:28:51,780 --> 00:28:54,250 It's hard to run a university, for instance, 461 00:28:54,250 --> 00:28:55,070 because people are busy. 462 00:28:55,070 --> 00:29:01,940 So what you've got to do, what you've got to do, is, if 463 00:29:01,940 --> 00:29:04,100 you're going to run a civilization you have to find 464 00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:10,190 some way to channel that sex drive into other activities so 465 00:29:10,190 --> 00:29:13,080 that the rest of civilization can keep going. 466 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,780 Now, if you start talking in those terms, you're talking in 467 00:29:15,780 --> 00:29:17,970 terms that you will see are very much 468 00:29:17,970 --> 00:29:19,520 like what Freud said. 469 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:27,660 Freud argued that things like romantic love are necessary in 470 00:29:27,660 --> 00:29:29,560 order to have a civilization. 471 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,330 In the absence of, if you're a spider you don't 472 00:29:33,330 --> 00:29:36,450 need romantic love. 473 00:29:36,450 --> 00:29:40,090 But you're also not going to have, spider civilization is 474 00:29:40,090 --> 00:29:43,340 somewhat more limited. 475 00:29:43,340 --> 00:29:49,750 Now, how does Lara know that Mark loves her? 476 00:29:49,750 --> 00:29:52,710 Well, he said so. 477 00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:54,240 Right? 478 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:55,760 Well, that's cool. 479 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:57,320 I can say so, too. 480 00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:57,630 Right? 481 00:29:57,630 --> 00:29:58,880 I love you. 482 00:30:00,940 --> 00:30:02,990 I might even sort of, kind of, mean it in this sort of 483 00:30:02,990 --> 00:30:06,380 generic, I love all of humanity kind of sense. 484 00:30:06,380 --> 00:30:08,070 But it's obviously different. 485 00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:13,260 Now, there are various other ways that he can be indicating 486 00:30:13,260 --> 00:30:16,310 the fact that he is in love with her. 487 00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:18,540 But she's got to figure this out. 488 00:30:18,540 --> 00:30:22,200 Is he really in love with me, or is he just kind of, 489 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,030 actually he's got to figure it out too. 490 00:30:25,030 --> 00:30:27,530 Am I really in love with her? 491 00:30:27,530 --> 00:30:30,410 Her active perception is, it would be perfectly possible 492 00:30:30,410 --> 00:30:31,520 for her to be wrong. 493 00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:33,780 She looks at him, she thinks, he's in love with me. 494 00:30:33,780 --> 00:30:35,250 And he's thinking, I'm not in love with 495 00:30:35,250 --> 00:30:38,080 her, I'm just faking. 496 00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:38,650 Could be. 497 00:30:38,650 --> 00:30:40,160 Now, could it go the other way? 498 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,180 Could he be thinking, I'm in love with her, 499 00:30:43,180 --> 00:30:46,490 and it not be true? 500 00:30:46,490 --> 00:30:49,360 Is that logically possible? 501 00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:52,590 Now, and who can tell you that it wasn't true? 502 00:30:52,590 --> 00:30:54,410 Your mother? 503 00:30:54,410 --> 00:30:57,410 You don't really love her. 504 00:30:57,410 --> 00:31:00,230 Well, you probably wouldn't buy that any more. 505 00:31:00,230 --> 00:31:03,460 But you would have once. 506 00:31:03,460 --> 00:31:11,720 If you plot, let's see, how are we going to do this? 507 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:11,990 All right. 508 00:31:11,990 --> 00:31:12,910 Well, this is age. 509 00:31:12,910 --> 00:31:15,500 I know this axis is age. 510 00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:19,850 So if you plot the percentage of people who say, you ask 511 00:31:19,850 --> 00:31:25,930 kids, who knows your inner emotions the best? 512 00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:29,410 You or, give an open-ended question but the real 513 00:31:29,410 --> 00:31:32,730 categories are you or Mom and Dad. 514 00:31:32,730 --> 00:31:40,800 It turns out, so, if this is you and this is Mom and Dad, 515 00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:49,710 that function crosses the 50% point at the surprisingly late 516 00:31:49,710 --> 00:31:51,880 age of early adolescence. 517 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:57,450 Before that, the majority of kids will assert that Mom and 518 00:31:57,450 --> 00:32:03,380 Dad know their emotions better than they themselves know it. 519 00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:04,730 How could that be the case? 520 00:32:04,730 --> 00:32:08,360 Well, it's hard to get yourself back into that mental 521 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:10,720 state at this point. 522 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:14,070 It gets easier again once you have kids of your own, because 523 00:32:14,070 --> 00:32:16,230 you're looking at your kid. 524 00:32:16,230 --> 00:32:18,405 And you're, like, your four year old kid. 525 00:32:18,405 --> 00:32:22,070 And your kids doing, and you say, gotta go to the bathroom. 526 00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:23,520 No, I don't gotta go to the bathroom. 527 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:24,360 You gotta go to the bathroom. 528 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:26,080 Nuh-uh, I don't have to go to the bathroom. 529 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:27,610 You sure you don't have to go to the bathroom? 530 00:32:27,610 --> 00:32:29,730 No, no, OK, I guess you don't have to go to the bathroom, 531 00:32:29,730 --> 00:32:32,130 let's all get in the car. 532 00:32:32,130 --> 00:32:33,300 I've got to go to the bathroom. 533 00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:37,440 And so, if the kid is a little self-reflective he thinks, 534 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,400 hey, wait a minute, first of all not only do I have to go 535 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,270 to the bathroom, but you know Mom and Dad, they, like, knew 536 00:32:42,270 --> 00:32:43,760 that before I did. 537 00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:47,100 That's cool. 538 00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:50,730 That's also a little scary because I thought a whole 539 00:32:50,730 --> 00:32:51,580 bunch of other things. 540 00:32:51,580 --> 00:32:54,240 I wonder if they know those things too. 541 00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:56,850 Eventually, you figure out, no, they 542 00:32:56,850 --> 00:32:57,860 didn't know that stuff. 543 00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:00,480 Which is just as well for all concerned. 544 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:08,020 But returning to the love example the point is that you 545 00:33:08,020 --> 00:33:09,790 need to know. 546 00:33:09,790 --> 00:33:13,470 You need to perform an active perception to decide somebody 547 00:33:13,470 --> 00:33:14,310 else loves you. 548 00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:17,380 And you need to do an active sort of self-perception to 549 00:33:17,380 --> 00:33:21,310 decide that you love somebody else. 550 00:33:21,310 --> 00:33:23,440 You might also ask yourself at that point, well, what is it 551 00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:25,130 that you love? 552 00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:26,330 Physical attributes? 553 00:33:26,330 --> 00:33:28,620 That's considered sort of crass. 554 00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:31,590 And even worse would be to say, I love her for her money 555 00:33:31,590 --> 00:33:33,620 and possessions. 556 00:33:33,620 --> 00:33:34,910 That sounds terrible. 557 00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:38,120 But if you ask yourself, what are you watching on TV, 558 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:45,120 there's a continuous pairing of love, sex, and cars, soda, 559 00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:46,870 anything, right? 560 00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:56,010 Well, I can't think of any particular ads at the moment 561 00:33:56,010 --> 00:33:58,350 because I don't watch enough TV. 562 00:33:58,350 --> 00:34:01,850 I'll ask my kids if there are any good sex and soda ads on 563 00:34:01,850 --> 00:34:02,290 at the moment. 564 00:34:02,290 --> 00:34:05,060 But there certainly have been. 565 00:34:05,060 --> 00:34:08,850 In any case, typically, we say things like, I 566 00:34:08,850 --> 00:34:10,580 love her for her mind. 567 00:34:10,580 --> 00:34:11,790 Or something like that. 568 00:34:11,790 --> 00:34:16,600 Now, you could love your laptop for its mind, too. 569 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:22,860 It doesn't seem to be quite the same thing. 570 00:34:22,860 --> 00:34:23,510 Now, all right. 571 00:34:23,510 --> 00:34:25,450 So, the question of what it is that you might love. 572 00:34:25,450 --> 00:34:28,670 Where is that love, if in you? 573 00:34:28,670 --> 00:34:30,700 Does that question make any sort of sense? 574 00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:32,900 Well, there's a traditional answer to that. 575 00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:39,420 If you asked where love lives, the sort of conventional, 576 00:34:39,420 --> 00:34:43,370 out-there in several hundred years ago, 577 00:34:43,370 --> 00:34:45,110 probably would be simpler. 578 00:34:45,110 --> 00:34:49,120 Kind of answer would be, heart? 579 00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:50,710 Well, yeah. 580 00:34:50,710 --> 00:34:55,290 Liver is good too but that's only if you're, the cool white 581 00:34:55,290 --> 00:34:58,920 virgin snows upon my heart have abated the ardor of my 582 00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:06,210 liver, says the prince guy in Shakespeare's Tempest. 583 00:35:06,210 --> 00:35:10,190 There's this notion, very much a folk psychological notion, 584 00:35:10,190 --> 00:35:13,610 that emotions are resident in the viscera. 585 00:35:13,610 --> 00:35:14,980 And that makes a degree of sense. 586 00:35:14,980 --> 00:35:21,740 Because, when you see the object of your heart's desire, 587 00:35:21,740 --> 00:35:24,310 you know it's your heart's desire because your heart goes 588 00:35:24,310 --> 00:35:25,270 thump, thump, thump. 589 00:35:25,270 --> 00:35:25,800 Right? 590 00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,040 Now, you think that if love is localized, if there is some 591 00:35:31,040 --> 00:35:36,070 chunk of you that is your love for whoever this significant 592 00:35:36,070 --> 00:35:40,160 other might be, where's that likely to be? 593 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:41,510 Brain, somebody muttered up there. 594 00:35:41,510 --> 00:35:43,590 Yeah, it's probably in your brain. 595 00:35:43,590 --> 00:35:46,150 You can imagine why that was a hard notion to come by. 596 00:35:46,150 --> 00:35:49,180 Because you look at the object of your desire and you don't 597 00:35:49,180 --> 00:35:52,780 suddenly say, aah, my head. 598 00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:56,150 And you probably won't be sending brain-shaped 599 00:35:56,150 --> 00:36:00,380 chocolates to anybody at Valentine's Day either. 600 00:36:04,390 --> 00:36:07,680 But it is an interesting question to ask, whether or 601 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:09,360 not, all right brain maybe. 602 00:36:09,360 --> 00:36:11,830 Is it localized enough that there's some little piece of 603 00:36:11,830 --> 00:36:15,840 brain that we could go to and say, Mark's 604 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,310 love for Lara is there. 605 00:36:18,310 --> 00:36:24,140 And if we went in and pulled that board out of his 606 00:36:24,140 --> 00:36:29,360 computer, that he'd know who Lara was, he knew everything 607 00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:31,050 else, they just wouldn't be in love any more. 608 00:36:31,050 --> 00:36:35,690 Is that level of localization plausible? 609 00:36:35,690 --> 00:36:37,550 Is the love normal? 610 00:36:37,550 --> 00:36:42,420 Is his love, Mark loves Lara for her mind. 611 00:36:42,420 --> 00:36:44,340 Is that normal? 612 00:36:44,340 --> 00:36:47,290 Suppose he loved her for her foot? 613 00:36:47,290 --> 00:36:48,060 Would that be normal? 614 00:36:48,060 --> 00:36:48,960 What's the difference? 615 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:51,240 Why would one be -- and if it wasn't normal, who gets to 616 00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:53,300 decide that it's normal? 617 00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:55,610 Do we, as a community, get to decide? 618 00:36:55,610 --> 00:36:57,580 Does the family get to decide? 619 00:36:57,580 --> 00:37:00,910 Is there some objective way to decide whether something is or 620 00:37:00,910 --> 00:37:01,660 is not normal? 621 00:37:01,660 --> 00:37:04,470 And if it's not normal, what do we get to do about it? 622 00:37:04,470 --> 00:37:15,070 Do we get to, if it's not normal, would drugs fix it? 623 00:37:15,070 --> 00:37:16,540 Would surgery fix it? 624 00:37:16,540 --> 00:37:19,520 Would some sort of therapy fix it? 625 00:37:19,520 --> 00:37:21,260 You can see what's going on here. 626 00:37:21,260 --> 00:37:24,520 From a simple sort of statement like, you know, Mark 627 00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:28,860 loves Lara, we can get to, essentially, any of the topics 628 00:37:28,860 --> 00:37:30,370 that will show up in a course like this. 629 00:37:30,370 --> 00:37:32,680 And you could have done, we wouldn't have had to use love 630 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:34,860 as the particular example. 631 00:37:34,860 --> 00:37:41,340 Behind any of these things that we use perfectly 632 00:37:41,340 --> 00:37:47,490 comfortably in everyday life is a large set of very 633 00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:50,600 interesting questions, only a very few of which, of course, 634 00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,740 I can manage to address in an introductory-level course. 635 00:37:54,740 --> 00:38:01,400 But the goal here would be to give you some sort of overview 636 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:06,750 of the sorts of topics and the sorts of answers that modern 637 00:38:06,750 --> 00:38:11,650 academic psychology has come up with. 638 00:38:11,650 --> 00:38:16,260 The way that we do that is through lectures. 639 00:38:16,260 --> 00:38:20,870 Through recitations, which should not 640 00:38:20,870 --> 00:38:22,280 be treated as optional. 641 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:23,980 We expect you to be there. 642 00:38:23,980 --> 00:38:27,210 They're not just like reviews for the exam, or there are no 643 00:38:27,210 --> 00:38:29,600 problems in an introductory psych class the way there 644 00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:31,630 would be in chemistry or something. 645 00:38:31,630 --> 00:38:33,000 you're expected to be there. 646 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:35,640 They're an integral part of the course. 647 00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,020 And there's the textbook. 648 00:38:37,020 --> 00:38:39,870 It's a good idea to look at it. 649 00:38:39,870 --> 00:38:42,580 I won't go into a lot more detail about the mechanics of 650 00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:43,530 the course. 651 00:38:43,530 --> 00:38:48,070 The syllabus will tell you most of what you want to know. 652 00:38:48,070 --> 00:38:50,520 And it's a really good idea to actually take a look at the 653 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,780 syllabus and to take a look at the writing assignments. 654 00:38:53,780 --> 00:38:57,970 Because they have due dates attached to them, 655 00:38:57,970 --> 00:38:59,950 and things like that. 656 00:38:59,950 --> 00:39:04,560 I will answer any blazingly mechanical questions about the 657 00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:08,090 course, if they have occurred to anybody at the moment. 658 00:39:08,090 --> 00:39:12,290 Otherwise I will plunge into the brain in a moment. 659 00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:18,500 After satisfying my first motivation yet more. 660 00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:28,840 OK, let me say that the sort of ideological grounding of 661 00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:34,050 this course is that the course, like academic 662 00:39:34,050 --> 00:39:39,940 psychology generally, is materialist in its ideology. 663 00:39:39,940 --> 00:39:41,240 What does that mean? 664 00:39:41,240 --> 00:39:47,160 What that means is that the mind is what the brain does. 665 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:54,910 And that if you have thoughts, if you have feelings. 666 00:39:54,910 --> 00:39:57,840 If you have memories, that these things 667 00:39:57,840 --> 00:39:59,770 arise out of the brain. 668 00:39:59,770 --> 00:40:03,440 This is not to say they're necessarily, if we wanted to 669 00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:05,470 teach a straight neuroscience course we'd just teach you 670 00:40:05,470 --> 00:40:07,910 about the brain. 671 00:40:07,910 --> 00:40:14,840 But it is to say that it is in distinction to another old 672 00:40:14,840 --> 00:40:15,940 philosophical position. 673 00:40:15,940 --> 00:40:17,510 Which is dualism. 674 00:40:17,510 --> 00:40:21,420 Which says that the mind is somehow an immaterial 675 00:40:21,420 --> 00:40:23,890 something that is separate from the brain. 676 00:40:23,890 --> 00:40:27,470 It interacts with you, it interacts with your body, but 677 00:40:27,470 --> 00:40:30,260 it is separate. 678 00:40:30,260 --> 00:40:32,770 The reason for talking about the brain for this lecture and 679 00:40:32,770 --> 00:40:38,160 a chunk of the next lecture is this notion that the mind is 680 00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,790 what the brain does. 681 00:40:41,790 --> 00:40:45,430 And, well, if we want to find out what the 682 00:40:45,430 --> 00:40:48,450 brain does, let's see. 683 00:40:48,450 --> 00:40:50,300 We could make a little bit of a list here. 684 00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:52,510 You go up. 685 00:40:52,510 --> 00:40:54,880 Gotta get rid of a little more of whatever that was. 686 00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:01,160 So, do I have a copy of the handout here somewhere? 687 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:01,540 Yes. 688 00:41:01,540 --> 00:41:01,890 OK. 689 00:41:01,890 --> 00:41:05,890 So I can ask because it just has for broad classes of 690 00:41:05,890 --> 00:41:10,090 methods on the handout, without describing them. 691 00:41:10,090 --> 00:41:14,140 How might we go about finding out what the brain does? 692 00:41:14,140 --> 00:41:17,908 Oh, this reminds me to say, anytime during the course of 693 00:41:17,908 --> 00:41:19,580 the term, if you've got a question, comment, or 694 00:41:19,580 --> 00:41:21,850 whatever, feel free to raise your hand. 695 00:41:21,850 --> 00:41:26,050 And I will attempt to answer it. 696 00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:30,230 If I think we're being hopelessly you diverted from 697 00:41:30,230 --> 00:41:32,580 where I think we need to get in the lecture, I may have to 698 00:41:32,580 --> 00:41:33,800 cut off discussion. 699 00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:37,090 But I'm more than happy to have the opportunity. 700 00:41:37,090 --> 00:41:40,140 So don't, just because it's a great big lecture, don't feel 701 00:41:40,140 --> 00:41:45,180 that you've just got to sit there and not do anything 702 00:41:45,180 --> 00:41:48,110 interactive like raise your hand. 703 00:41:48,110 --> 00:41:50,590 Of course, if you raise your hand you might end up exposing 704 00:41:50,590 --> 00:41:53,770 the details of your romantic engagements with the person 705 00:41:53,770 --> 00:41:54,990 sitting next to you, but that's a 706 00:41:54,990 --> 00:41:57,240 risk you have to take. 707 00:41:57,240 --> 00:41:59,310 Anyway. 708 00:41:59,310 --> 00:42:03,660 If you wanted to find out how the brain worked, what the 709 00:42:03,660 --> 00:42:07,730 brain did, how could we go about doing that? 710 00:42:07,730 --> 00:42:08,260 Anybody got -- 711 00:42:08,260 --> 00:42:08,510 Yes? 712 00:42:08,510 --> 00:42:10,910 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 713 00:42:10,910 --> 00:42:12,270 PROFESSOR: You could cut the brain open and look at it. 714 00:42:12,270 --> 00:42:15,920 OK, that's Option 0 on my list of 1-4. 715 00:42:20,360 --> 00:42:25,200 Not because it's trivial in any sense, but I'm looking for 716 00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:26,480 techniques that get more at the 717 00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:27,910 function than at the structure. 718 00:42:27,910 --> 00:42:30,270 But there is a certain amount that you do learn from just 719 00:42:30,270 --> 00:42:32,080 looking at the structure. 720 00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:35,450 In, fact, Descartes, one of the founders of the dualist 721 00:42:35,450 --> 00:42:39,450 view, looked at the anatomy of the brain, thought, if the 722 00:42:39,450 --> 00:42:43,830 immaterial mind and soul are interacting with the brain, 723 00:42:43,830 --> 00:42:46,420 well, the brain is a double structure, right? 724 00:42:46,420 --> 00:42:51,330 It's got these two, sort of, symmetrical hemispheres. 725 00:42:51,330 --> 00:42:55,560 That interaction between the immaterial soul and the body 726 00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:56,890 must be at one point. 727 00:42:56,890 --> 00:42:59,373 He looked at the anatomy, saw the pineal gland, which is a 728 00:42:59,373 --> 00:43:01,890 piece of brain lying on the mid-line and thought, because 729 00:43:01,890 --> 00:43:03,770 there's only one of those, that must be the point. 730 00:43:03,770 --> 00:43:06,420 So, you can make inferences from structure alone. 731 00:43:06,420 --> 00:43:09,660 That particular inference is wrong, but you could do it. 732 00:43:09,660 --> 00:43:11,330 Yes, the person in front there. 733 00:43:11,330 --> 00:43:12,470 Yes, you. 734 00:43:12,470 --> 00:43:15,080 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 735 00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:15,970 PROFESSOR: OK, MRI. 736 00:43:15,970 --> 00:43:21,460 We will make that into the larger category of imaging 737 00:43:21,460 --> 00:43:22,710 techniques. 738 00:43:24,990 --> 00:43:30,265 For psych purposes, the most dramatic version of this is 739 00:43:30,265 --> 00:43:34,260 so-called FMRI, for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 740 00:43:34,260 --> 00:43:38,120 This is the new entry on the list, really. 741 00:43:38,120 --> 00:43:41,620 Remarkable breakthrough in the time that I've been teaching 742 00:43:41,620 --> 00:43:46,940 this course is the ability to now look at the structure and 743 00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:51,720 some aspects of the function of the brain in intact, you 744 00:43:51,720 --> 00:43:54,240 know, a wide awake human beings. 745 00:43:54,240 --> 00:43:56,490 You simply couldn't do that any more. 746 00:43:56,490 --> 00:43:59,620 And that's a remarkable -- well, it's a remarkable boom 747 00:43:59,620 --> 00:44:04,510 for psychology and a huge advance for medicine. 748 00:44:04,510 --> 00:44:09,140 So, for instance, if you had a brain tumor. 749 00:44:09,140 --> 00:44:12,430 There are symptoms of having a brain tumor. 750 00:44:12,430 --> 00:44:14,970 But the only way to find out if you actually had a tumor, 751 00:44:14,970 --> 00:44:17,230 because you want to take this tumor out if you could, the 752 00:44:17,230 --> 00:44:21,890 only way to find out, a generation ago was to do 753 00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:23,160 exploratory surgery. 754 00:44:23,160 --> 00:44:26,040 And open up the brain and see where the thing was. 755 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:29,290 Now you'd be in an MR scanner by the end of the day. 756 00:44:29,290 --> 00:44:31,920 And we'd know. 757 00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:34,180 So, yes, very useful technique. 758 00:44:34,180 --> 00:44:35,390 You're going to offer me another one? 759 00:44:35,390 --> 00:44:41,050 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 760 00:44:41,050 --> 00:44:41,420 PROFESSOR: OK. 761 00:44:41,420 --> 00:44:45,540 So we'll put this under the category of lesions. 762 00:44:45,540 --> 00:44:48,910 Brain damage. 763 00:44:48,910 --> 00:44:53,720 If this is the newest, this is probably the oldest of the 764 00:44:53,720 --> 00:44:54,830 basic techniques. 765 00:44:54,830 --> 00:45:02,190 If you damage brains in the same way, you end up getting 766 00:45:02,190 --> 00:45:04,700 symptoms that are similar across people. 767 00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:09,330 And even across species, in many cases. 768 00:45:09,330 --> 00:45:12,690 And that is a tipoff that, first of all, the brain has 769 00:45:12,690 --> 00:45:13,780 something to do with mental life. 770 00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:17,710 And that specific bits of brain have specific things to 771 00:45:17,710 --> 00:45:20,570 do with specific aspects of mental life. 772 00:45:20,570 --> 00:45:28,570 The real advances in this sort of research, and this sort of 773 00:45:28,570 --> 00:45:32,040 understanding of the brain, came, I guess, mid- to late 774 00:45:32,040 --> 00:45:38,880 nineteenth century, with advances both in medicine and 775 00:45:38,880 --> 00:45:43,450 in, I suppose, what you could call military technology. 776 00:45:43,450 --> 00:45:48,860 In earlier times, if you got a penetrating wound to the 777 00:45:48,860 --> 00:45:53,330 brain, odds were that you were simply going to be dead. 778 00:45:53,330 --> 00:45:56,820 But by the mid- to late nineteenth century, people 779 00:45:56,820 --> 00:45:59,380 were surviving with penetrating brain injuries. 780 00:45:59,380 --> 00:46:06,350 And it became clear -- and bullets could be leaving 781 00:46:06,350 --> 00:46:09,280 comparatively small lesions. 782 00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:13,370 And so it became increasingly clear that different bits of 783 00:46:13,370 --> 00:46:18,850 brain damage did different things. 784 00:46:18,850 --> 00:46:22,830 Let me find myself a place to draw another picture here. 785 00:46:22,830 --> 00:46:25,510 I need a brain. 786 00:46:28,020 --> 00:46:30,420 So, here we go. 787 00:46:30,420 --> 00:46:36,010 One quick, this is your brain. 788 00:46:36,010 --> 00:46:38,480 Just to orient things here. 789 00:46:41,590 --> 00:46:44,060 OK, so. 790 00:46:44,060 --> 00:46:47,910 Front, back, bottom, top. 791 00:46:47,910 --> 00:46:50,230 If I'm facing that way, this would be looking at the 792 00:46:50,230 --> 00:46:54,180 outside surface of the left hemisphere. 793 00:46:54,180 --> 00:46:56,970 You've got two cerebral hemispheres, about this size, 794 00:46:56,970 --> 00:46:58,480 stuck inside your head. 795 00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:02,530 The brain's got lots of wrinkles. 796 00:47:02,530 --> 00:47:06,010 There are a couple of large ones that I'm drawing here for 797 00:47:06,010 --> 00:47:06,720 my purposes. 798 00:47:06,720 --> 00:47:09,940 Because the cerebral hemispheres are conventionally 799 00:47:09,940 --> 00:47:14,210 divided up into four lobes. 800 00:47:14,210 --> 00:47:16,610 The terms for which are written on the handouts, so I 801 00:47:16,610 --> 00:47:18,480 will just give you the initials rather than writing 802 00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:19,720 out the whole thing. 803 00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:21,800 Conveniently, the frontal lobe is at the front. 804 00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,010 After that, you just simply have to learn them. 805 00:47:24,010 --> 00:47:25,650 Temporal lobe down at the bottom. 806 00:47:25,650 --> 00:47:27,620 Occipital lobe at the back. 807 00:47:27,620 --> 00:47:30,960 And the parietal lobe on the other side of this big central 808 00:47:30,960 --> 00:47:32,890 sulcus that divides the frontal from 809 00:47:32,890 --> 00:47:35,900 the parietal lobe. 810 00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:37,830 What was found, I think originally in the 811 00:47:37,830 --> 00:47:40,100 Franco-Prussian War, if memory serves. 812 00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:47,060 1870s, was that if you got lesions to the back of the 813 00:47:47,060 --> 00:47:50,820 brain here, to the cortex, the wrinkled outside surface is 814 00:47:50,820 --> 00:47:52,370 known as cortex. 815 00:47:52,370 --> 00:47:54,790 That's from the Latin word for cork. 816 00:47:54,790 --> 00:47:57,340 Which is what anatomists thought it looked like. 817 00:47:57,340 --> 00:48:01,240 If you get lesions back here, you get 818 00:48:01,240 --> 00:48:03,140 problems with your vision. 819 00:48:03,140 --> 00:48:04,410 Very specifically. 820 00:48:04,410 --> 00:48:08,430 And, if you got a great big lesion that took out the 821 00:48:08,430 --> 00:48:12,010 entire occipital cortex on both sides, you'd be 822 00:48:12,010 --> 00:48:13,600 functionally blind. 823 00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:17,110 But if you got a small lesion, let's say in the left 824 00:48:17,110 --> 00:48:21,000 hemisphere, you would have a small region of blindness. 825 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,560 And it would always be on the right side 826 00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:27,480 of the visual world. 827 00:48:27,480 --> 00:48:30,850 And that's relative to where you're actually looking. 828 00:48:30,850 --> 00:48:31,760 Fixating at the moment. 829 00:48:31,760 --> 00:48:37,430 So, if I fixate on this guy there, who I'm now staring at, 830 00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:40,460 then if I had a lesion in my left hemisphere some region 831 00:48:40,460 --> 00:48:42,960 out here, I would be blind. 832 00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:45,960 If the lesion was in my right hemisphere the blind region 833 00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:51,640 would be on the opposite side, on the left. 834 00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:52,830 That's the sort of thing that you could 835 00:48:52,830 --> 00:48:55,620 discover from lesion studies. 836 00:48:55,620 --> 00:48:59,440 And so, lesions happen when you get brain 837 00:48:59,440 --> 00:49:01,420 injury from a bullet. 838 00:49:01,420 --> 00:49:03,960 Lesions happen from strokes. 839 00:49:03,960 --> 00:49:09,680 One of the great advantages to imaging technologies is that 840 00:49:09,680 --> 00:49:13,990 in the 1870s, or even until quite recently, the only way 841 00:49:13,990 --> 00:49:16,980 you knew about where the lesion exactly was, was if the 842 00:49:16,980 --> 00:49:19,170 patient died and came to autopsy. 843 00:49:19,170 --> 00:49:21,380 You could look at the brain, and look at what was damaged. 844 00:49:21,380 --> 00:49:25,610 Now you can look at that brain in an intact individual and 845 00:49:25,610 --> 00:49:32,200 see where the damage might be. 846 00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:35,730 So, damage to the brain can tell you something about. 847 00:49:35,730 --> 00:49:39,590 It's got the drawback that you're trying to infer normal 848 00:49:39,590 --> 00:49:44,050 function from an abnormal brain at that point. 849 00:49:44,050 --> 00:49:50,410 And that's not perfectly straightforward. 850 00:49:50,410 --> 00:49:52,910 But it does provide, and is perhaps the oldest technique 851 00:49:52,910 --> 00:49:54,030 for providing lots of information. 852 00:49:54,030 --> 00:49:55,380 Yes, you were about to give me another method? 853 00:49:55,380 --> 00:49:57,250 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 854 00:49:57,250 --> 00:50:00,530 PROFESSOR: OK, behavior is item, that's 0, than behavior 855 00:50:00,530 --> 00:50:03,170 is going to be 5. 856 00:50:03,170 --> 00:50:05,430 And we'll spend an awful lot of the course talking about 857 00:50:05,430 --> 00:50:06,570 behavioral measures. 858 00:50:06,570 --> 00:50:11,550 But in behavior, without going in and doing something with 859 00:50:11,550 --> 00:50:13,630 the tissue of the brain, you're essentially treating 860 00:50:13,630 --> 00:50:16,140 the brain as a black box. 861 00:50:16,140 --> 00:50:19,270 At that point. 862 00:50:19,270 --> 00:50:23,000 It may tell you something about the brain in connection 863 00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:23,770 with the rest of this. 864 00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:25,400 But we're looking for techniques that are 865 00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:30,090 specifically about studying brain itself. 866 00:50:30,090 --> 00:50:30,450 Yes? 867 00:50:30,450 --> 00:50:35,540 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 868 00:50:35,540 --> 00:50:37,400 PROFESSOR: [? Wake ?] surgery? 869 00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:41,070 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 870 00:50:41,070 --> 00:50:42,970 PROFESSOR: This just sounds cool. 871 00:50:45,670 --> 00:50:47,670 Keep going on. 872 00:50:47,670 --> 00:50:48,670 What did you have in -- 873 00:50:48,670 --> 00:50:57,070 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 874 00:50:57,070 --> 00:50:58,160 PROFESSOR: What's the surgery part? 875 00:50:58,160 --> 00:51:03,170 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 876 00:51:03,170 --> 00:51:06,690 PROFESSOR: I'm just trying to see if there's a 6 here that 877 00:51:06,690 --> 00:51:08,840 I'm just not thinking of. 878 00:51:08,840 --> 00:51:09,650 That would be cool. 879 00:51:09,650 --> 00:51:20,490 Otherwise I can sort of -- 880 00:51:20,490 --> 00:51:20,740 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 881 00:51:20,740 --> 00:51:21,180 PROFESSOR: Oh yeah, actually. 882 00:51:21,180 --> 00:51:22,950 That's one I didn't put in, typically. 883 00:51:22,950 --> 00:51:28,000 Which is that you can go and start infusing stuff into, 884 00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:28,990 chemicals into, the brain. 885 00:51:28,990 --> 00:51:32,980 And changing behavior. 886 00:51:32,980 --> 00:51:37,010 Do I want to say anything more about that at the moment? 887 00:51:37,010 --> 00:51:37,860 Good, I'll use that one. 888 00:51:37,860 --> 00:51:39,970 Thank you. 889 00:51:39,970 --> 00:51:42,580 We'll call this stimulation in general. 890 00:51:42,580 --> 00:51:43,830 Stimulation. 891 00:51:45,690 --> 00:51:48,060 You can go in and stimulate brain. 892 00:51:48,060 --> 00:51:53,860 So, I was going to do that and segue from the chemical 893 00:51:53,860 --> 00:51:55,780 stimulation to electrical stimulation, but you 894 00:51:55,780 --> 00:51:57,280 got there for me. 895 00:51:57,280 --> 00:51:59,610 You can go in and stimulate the brain 896 00:51:59,610 --> 00:52:01,190 electrically in rats. 897 00:52:01,190 --> 00:52:05,200 But you can also do this in humans. 898 00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:13,450 In fact, so back in the 1950s, Wilder Penfield, psychologist 899 00:52:13,450 --> 00:52:18,170 who's working with some neurosurgeons up in Montreal. 900 00:52:18,170 --> 00:52:24,250 And what they were doing was, they were doing neurosurgery 901 00:52:24,250 --> 00:52:28,080 on patients with intractable epilepsy. 902 00:52:28,080 --> 00:52:34,410 Epilepsy is an electrical storm in the brain, basically. 903 00:52:34,410 --> 00:52:42,320 And often is started by a piece of abnormal or damaged 904 00:52:42,320 --> 00:52:44,330 tissue that acts as a generator. 905 00:52:44,330 --> 00:52:46,700 And then what happens is a sort of an abnormal electrical 906 00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:50,380 activity spreads from that point of generation across the 907 00:52:50,380 --> 00:52:52,210 brain or across some chunk of the brain. 908 00:52:52,210 --> 00:52:55,250 And causes a seizure or lapse of awareness. 909 00:52:55,250 --> 00:52:58,370 The sort of symptoms that you get in epilepsy. 910 00:52:58,370 --> 00:53:00,250 Often, this is controllable by drugs. 911 00:53:00,250 --> 00:53:02,040 But in some cases it's not. 912 00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:06,230 And one of the treatments that can be tried is to go in and 913 00:53:06,230 --> 00:53:09,990 try to lesion this little chunk of brain. 914 00:53:09,990 --> 00:53:14,030 If you take out the generator you can often reduce the 915 00:53:14,030 --> 00:53:18,650 severity or eliminate the seizures. 916 00:53:18,650 --> 00:53:22,220 But if you're going to take brain tissue out, you gotta be 917 00:53:22,220 --> 00:53:24,150 really careful. 918 00:53:24,150 --> 00:53:27,100 Because, well, actually where I put this is 919 00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:28,550 a pretty good example. 920 00:53:28,550 --> 00:53:32,730 We knew from lesion studies going back, again, into the 921 00:53:32,730 --> 00:53:39,450 nineteenth century, that areas around here that go by names 922 00:53:39,450 --> 00:53:44,120 like Broca and Wernicke's area, which are the names of 923 00:53:44,120 --> 00:53:46,100 19th century neurologists, actually. 924 00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:49,460 Vitally important in the production and understanding 925 00:53:49,460 --> 00:53:52,380 of language. 926 00:53:52,380 --> 00:53:57,340 If you are right-handed, those areas exist in the left 927 00:53:57,340 --> 00:53:58,300 hemisphere of the brain. 928 00:53:58,300 --> 00:53:59,710 So this is a left hemisphere the brain. 929 00:53:59,710 --> 00:54:01,420 That'll work fine. 930 00:54:01,420 --> 00:54:04,990 And if they're damaged by stroke, you will have trouble 931 00:54:04,990 --> 00:54:09,510 with understanding language or producing language, or both. 932 00:54:09,510 --> 00:54:10,990 Depends on the exact nature of the. 933 00:54:10,990 --> 00:54:17,060 Stroke But very bad lesions to have. 934 00:54:17,060 --> 00:54:24,240 So, if you were to discover that the epileptogenic focus, 935 00:54:24,240 --> 00:54:28,720 the piece of bad tissue, was sitting in there, you would 936 00:54:28,720 --> 00:54:31,960 say, look, I'm sorry. 937 00:54:31,960 --> 00:54:33,310 We don't want to do this surgery. 938 00:54:33,310 --> 00:54:36,000 Because while I could perhaps reduce the frequency of your 939 00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,740 seizures, it's going to mean that you've got real problems 940 00:54:39,740 --> 00:54:40,330 with language. 941 00:54:40,330 --> 00:54:42,090 And that tradeoff is not worth it. 942 00:54:42,090 --> 00:54:47,180 On the other hand, if the generator was here, I can 943 00:54:47,180 --> 00:54:49,790 reduce the frequency of your seizures. 944 00:54:49,790 --> 00:54:53,520 And you'll have a relatively small area of blindness out in 945 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:55,650 the right visual field somewhere. 946 00:54:55,650 --> 00:54:58,320 Say, look, I'm not thrilled about being blind in some part 947 00:54:58,320 --> 00:54:59,420 of my visual field. 948 00:54:59,420 --> 00:55:01,560 But that tradeoff is worth it. 949 00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:05,530 So you need to know where you are in the brain in order to 950 00:55:05,530 --> 00:55:08,310 do this sort of surgery. 951 00:55:08,310 --> 00:55:13,660 And what Penfield did was to stimulate the brain of awake 952 00:55:13,660 --> 00:55:15,510 individuals. 953 00:55:15,510 --> 00:55:19,520 In effect, to ask, what's this bit of brain doing. 954 00:55:19,520 --> 00:55:21,400 Now, how can you do that? 955 00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,520 Doesn't that kind of hurt a lot? 956 00:55:24,520 --> 00:55:29,820 The answer is that they're under local anesthetic to get 957 00:55:29,820 --> 00:55:32,950 through the skull and the outer surface, the membranes 958 00:55:32,950 --> 00:55:37,560 across the surface of the brain. 959 00:55:37,560 --> 00:55:41,110 Because, in case you hadn't noticed, digging holes with a 960 00:55:41,110 --> 00:55:44,030 sharp stick in your skull really hurts. 961 00:55:44,030 --> 00:55:49,340 But once you get to brain, there are no pain receptors in 962 00:55:49,340 --> 00:55:51,170 the brain itself. 963 00:55:51,170 --> 00:55:53,110 There's nothing. 964 00:55:53,110 --> 00:55:55,450 Once you've got the brain exposed, you can do anything 965 00:55:55,450 --> 00:55:57,080 you want to the brain. 966 00:55:57,080 --> 00:56:01,250 And the brain won't particularly complain. 967 00:56:01,250 --> 00:56:02,840 I don't suggest you try this. 968 00:56:02,840 --> 00:56:05,450 But you could. 969 00:56:05,450 --> 00:56:08,080 Now, let's step back. 970 00:56:08,080 --> 00:56:10,810 Why have pain receptors at all? 971 00:56:10,810 --> 00:56:14,370 What's pain good for? 972 00:56:14,370 --> 00:56:14,750 Yeah. 973 00:56:14,750 --> 00:56:22,050 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 974 00:56:22,050 --> 00:56:23,080 PROFESSOR: Pain's there to keep you 975 00:56:23,080 --> 00:56:24,850 from hurting yourself. 976 00:56:24,850 --> 00:56:27,890 If you don't have pain, and your hand's on the hot stove, 977 00:56:27,890 --> 00:56:30,890 you say, oh, I'm cooking my hand that's no big deal. 978 00:56:30,890 --> 00:56:34,360 In fact, there rare cases of people who are congenitally 979 00:56:34,360 --> 00:56:35,320 insensitive to pain. 980 00:56:35,320 --> 00:56:36,740 And it's bad news. 981 00:56:36,740 --> 00:56:38,900 They end up injuring themselves. 982 00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:42,130 That being the case, why not have pain receptors in your 983 00:56:42,130 --> 00:56:43,950 Brain Yeah. 984 00:56:43,950 --> 00:56:46,380 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 985 00:56:46,380 --> 00:56:48,100 PROFESSOR: Yeah by the time -- 986 00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:50,750 if you're thinking in evolutionary terms, by the 987 00:56:50,750 --> 00:56:55,440 time the bear is chewing on your brain, you might as well 988 00:56:55,440 --> 00:56:57,390 just kind of go with the experience. 989 00:56:57,390 --> 00:57:02,040 Because it's not going to matter much. 990 00:57:02,040 --> 00:57:08,260 So, the advantage here is that you can go in and stimulate 991 00:57:08,260 --> 00:57:09,320 brain tissue. 992 00:57:09,320 --> 00:57:13,530 And it's a somewhat, from the sound of it, somewhat uncanny 993 00:57:13,530 --> 00:57:14,020 experience. 994 00:57:14,020 --> 00:57:15,740 But it's not an unpleasant experience. 995 00:57:15,740 --> 00:57:19,340 And so, all right, so what Penfield did, stick a little 996 00:57:19,340 --> 00:57:21,050 electrode, say, here. 997 00:57:21,050 --> 00:57:23,120 And put a little electrical current there. 998 00:57:23,120 --> 00:57:25,850 And what the patient would report, if it was here, this 999 00:57:25,850 --> 00:57:28,980 is to the parietal side of this big central sulcus. 1000 00:57:28,980 --> 00:57:34,830 What the patient would report is is, it feels like you're 1001 00:57:34,830 --> 00:57:37,060 touching my foot. 1002 00:57:37,060 --> 00:57:37,610 OK. 1003 00:57:37,610 --> 00:57:39,280 Move the electrode a little bit. 1004 00:57:39,280 --> 00:57:41,500 OK, now it feels like you're sort of touching me in the 1005 00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:43,750 middle of my back. 1006 00:57:43,750 --> 00:57:46,300 Now it feels like you're touching my hand. 1007 00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:47,840 It's the end of my nose. 1008 00:57:47,840 --> 00:57:53,320 And what Penfield found was that the surface of the body 1009 00:57:53,320 --> 00:57:56,910 was laid out across the surface of the brain. 1010 00:57:56,910 --> 00:57:59,500 And the left hemisphere would actually be the surface of the 1011 00:57:59,500 --> 00:58:01,040 right side of the body. 1012 00:58:06,150 --> 00:58:08,880 I don't know what that is And it is feet up, 1013 00:58:08,880 --> 00:58:11,150 head down, as I recall. 1014 00:58:11,150 --> 00:58:15,400 But that chunk of brain which is called somatosensory 1015 00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:20,780 cortex, the term's on the handout somewhere, represents 1016 00:58:20,780 --> 00:58:24,240 the sensations coming from the skin. 1017 00:58:24,240 --> 00:58:26,650 Now, I haven't drawn a terribly 1018 00:58:26,650 --> 00:58:27,840 realistic picture here. 1019 00:58:27,840 --> 00:58:32,640 But the actual map is hugely distorted. 1020 00:58:32,640 --> 00:58:33,320 yes? 1021 00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:34,780 Is something -- 1022 00:58:34,780 --> 00:58:36,270 OK. 1023 00:58:36,270 --> 00:58:38,550 I'll do that. 1024 00:58:38,550 --> 00:58:42,050 Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain. 1025 00:58:42,050 --> 00:58:42,720 Anyway. 1026 00:58:42,720 --> 00:58:45,990 So this map, known as the homunculus, for the little man 1027 00:58:45,990 --> 00:58:47,300 in the head. 1028 00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:49,260 The sensory homunculus, specifically. 1029 00:58:49,260 --> 00:58:52,070 It's massively distorted. 1030 00:58:52,070 --> 00:58:53,860 Some chunks of your skin are heavily 1031 00:58:53,860 --> 00:58:55,460 over-represented in the brain. 1032 00:58:55,460 --> 00:58:56,940 Some are heavily underrepresented. 1033 00:58:56,940 --> 00:58:58,190 So what's over-represented? 1034 00:59:00,420 --> 00:59:01,790 Hands. 1035 00:59:01,790 --> 00:59:03,980 And? 1036 00:59:03,980 --> 00:59:04,620 Face. 1037 00:59:04,620 --> 00:59:07,170 And on the face. 1038 00:59:07,170 --> 00:59:07,930 Lips. 1039 00:59:07,930 --> 00:59:09,570 Lips and tongue and things like that. 1040 00:59:09,570 --> 00:59:16,760 So, somewhere in Gleitman, a chapter you'll read tonight 1041 00:59:16,760 --> 00:59:18,860 with luck, there's a picture. 1042 00:59:18,860 --> 00:59:21,880 People love making little models of the homunculus. 1043 00:59:21,880 --> 00:59:25,040 So you project it back out into the world, and what would 1044 00:59:25,040 --> 00:59:27,580 it look like if this was a 1:1 mapping. 1045 00:59:27,580 --> 00:59:32,156 And you get this guy with you huge lips and huge hands, and 1046 00:59:32,156 --> 00:59:33,900 a little tiny back. 1047 00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:36,140 And the way to get a feeling for this is to ask yourself, 1048 00:59:36,140 --> 00:59:42,260 if you were trying to figure out what something felt like, 1049 00:59:42,260 --> 00:59:43,950 how would you go about doing that? 1050 00:59:43,950 --> 00:59:46,750 Well, you would go and explore it with your hands. 1051 00:59:46,750 --> 00:59:49,950 A little kid, less restrained than you, would also probably 1052 00:59:49,950 --> 00:59:52,710 put it in its mouth and feel it that way. 1053 00:59:52,710 --> 00:59:56,220 What would you wouldn't do is rub it against your back, or 1054 00:59:56,220 --> 00:59:58,570 something like that. 1055 00:59:58,570 --> 01:00:01,470 Because it's the hands and the lips and stuff that have the 1056 01:00:01,470 --> 01:00:06,040 very dense sensory skin receptors. 1057 01:00:06,040 --> 01:00:07,880 And it's sparser on your back. 1058 01:00:07,880 --> 01:00:12,610 Now, you will also, you can test the prudery already of 1059 01:00:12,610 --> 01:00:17,320 your introductory psych text by checking out whether the 1060 01:00:17,320 --> 01:00:19,170 homunculus is anatomically lee. 1061 01:00:19,170 --> 01:00:24,240 Correct The genitalia are well represented in the sensory 1062 01:00:24,240 --> 01:00:25,910 homunculus also. 1063 01:00:25,910 --> 01:00:28,140 My recollection is that they are well represented in 1064 01:00:28,140 --> 01:00:31,210 Gleitman there are texts where it's kind of -- 1065 01:00:31,210 --> 01:00:35,660 Actually, there's one great version where the homunculus 1066 01:00:35,660 --> 01:00:39,850 is wearing, like, a little towel. 1067 01:00:39,850 --> 01:00:41,160 I've seen that once. 1068 01:00:41,160 --> 01:00:43,020 That was cute. 1069 01:00:43,020 --> 01:00:48,050 So stimulate here and the person feels like you're 1070 01:00:48,050 --> 01:00:49,820 touching them on their skin. 1071 01:00:49,820 --> 01:00:52,640 If you go around to the right hemisphere, they'd feel the 1072 01:00:52,640 --> 01:00:54,800 stimulation down the left side of the body. 1073 01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:58,480 Go to the other side of this, into the frontal lobe, and 1074 01:00:58,480 --> 01:01:04,670 instead of saying, oh, I feel like you're touching my leg, 1075 01:01:04,670 --> 01:01:07,710 the leg would twitch. 1076 01:01:07,710 --> 01:01:09,120 Left hemisphere, right leg. 1077 01:01:09,120 --> 01:01:10,680 You move a little further the arm would twitch. 1078 01:01:10,680 --> 01:01:13,130 Or just one muscle in the arm, or something like that. 1079 01:01:13,130 --> 01:01:17,310 Here you've got a motor homunculus, laid out across 1080 01:01:17,310 --> 01:01:19,870 the motor cortex. 1081 01:01:19,870 --> 01:01:22,480 And this chunk of the brain is important in the generation of 1082 01:01:22,480 --> 01:01:26,200 voluntary movements. 1083 01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:28,660 Again, it's a distorted map. 1084 01:01:28,660 --> 01:01:30,510 Hands, very over-represented. 1085 01:01:30,510 --> 01:01:33,730 If you're a monkey, feet are very over-represented. 1086 01:01:33,730 --> 01:01:36,220 But you, who cannot hang upside down from a tree by 1087 01:01:36,220 --> 01:01:38,250 your feet or your tail or whatever, your feet are 1088 01:01:38,250 --> 01:01:42,680 comparatively impoverished in their representation. 1089 01:01:42,680 --> 01:01:48,310 Tongue and vocal apparatus, heavily over-represented. 1090 01:01:48,310 --> 01:01:49,430 So, same sort of story. 1091 01:01:49,430 --> 01:01:53,370 Sensory and motor. 1092 01:01:53,370 --> 01:01:58,320 Now, these days, you don't even need to go and cut open 1093 01:01:58,320 --> 01:02:00,350 the skull to do this sort of thing. 1094 01:02:03,840 --> 01:02:07,660 Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, for 1095 01:02:07,660 --> 01:02:11,330 short, involves generating a large magnetic field 1096 01:02:11,330 --> 01:02:13,250 close to the skull. 1097 01:02:13,250 --> 01:02:16,240 As your physics background will tell you, that generates 1098 01:02:16,240 --> 01:02:17,380 an electrical field. 1099 01:02:17,380 --> 01:02:19,940 If you shape the magnetic field right, you can generate 1100 01:02:19,940 --> 01:02:23,420 an electrical field in the brain tissue. 1101 01:02:23,420 --> 01:02:25,980 And, basically, produce the same sort of brain stimulation 1102 01:02:25,980 --> 01:02:29,860 that Penfield was producing in an open skull. 1103 01:02:29,860 --> 01:02:30,950 With the same results. 1104 01:02:30,950 --> 01:02:34,930 Nancy Kanwisher, who's a professor in the department 1105 01:02:34,930 --> 01:02:37,900 here, used to be up at Harvard. 1106 01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:42,830 Got on the front of the Harvard Gazette for teaching 1107 01:02:42,830 --> 01:02:46,910 her intro class with a TMS simulator in hand and say, 1108 01:02:46,910 --> 01:02:51,230 want to see where my motor cortex is? 1109 01:02:51,230 --> 01:02:51,820 Pow. 1110 01:02:51,820 --> 01:02:55,720 Pow. 1111 01:02:55,720 --> 01:02:59,360 No, I'm not going to do that, sorry. 1112 01:02:59,360 --> 01:03:00,780 The reason I'm not going to do that, by the 1113 01:03:00,780 --> 01:03:03,080 way, is I'm a chicken. 1114 01:03:03,080 --> 01:03:07,390 TMS is almost undoubtedly safe. 1115 01:03:07,390 --> 01:03:09,550 Lots of people do it. 1116 01:03:09,550 --> 01:03:13,790 But it sounds too much like things that I learned about 1117 01:03:13,790 --> 01:03:16,600 when I was taking intro psych, that were used to generate 1118 01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:20,520 epileptic foci in rats. 1119 01:03:20,520 --> 01:03:22,910 Let's stimulate, pow, pow, pow, pow, and now the rat's 1120 01:03:22,910 --> 01:03:24,960 got epilepsy. 1121 01:03:24,960 --> 01:03:29,240 It doesn't seem to happen in TMS, but I'm a chicken. 1122 01:03:29,240 --> 01:03:30,180 When it comes to my brain. 1123 01:03:30,180 --> 01:03:30,600 Yes? 1124 01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:33,160 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1125 01:03:40,050 --> 01:03:41,490 PROFESSOR: Well, we'll find out if I can spell homunculus. 1126 01:03:44,270 --> 01:03:47,830 Paul, is it a U or an O? 1127 01:03:47,830 --> 01:03:50,520 U? 1128 01:03:50,520 --> 01:03:52,230 Ho-munc-u-lus. 1129 01:03:52,230 --> 01:03:55,570 One of the reasons for handouts, by the way, is so 1130 01:03:55,570 --> 01:03:58,450 that when people ask me can I please spell it, it's on the 1131 01:03:58,450 --> 01:03:59,190 handout somewhere. 1132 01:03:59,190 --> 01:04:03,120 Because the answer's no I can't. 1133 01:04:03,120 --> 01:04:05,770 So the homunculus, probably derived from the Latin for a 1134 01:04:05,770 --> 01:04:09,970 little man in the head, and I apologize to the women. 1135 01:04:09,970 --> 01:04:12,600 I was trying to figure out today what the little woman in 1136 01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:13,530 the head would be. 1137 01:04:13,530 --> 01:04:17,660 But my Latin has waned since I took it in college. 1138 01:04:17,660 --> 01:04:21,040 Maybe it's the femunculus, I'm not sure. 1139 01:04:21,040 --> 01:04:25,070 But, in any case, that's the homunculus. 1140 01:04:29,620 --> 01:04:35,570 So, that's stimulation techniques. 1141 01:04:35,570 --> 01:04:40,450 I'm shopping for one more useful technique here. 1142 01:04:40,450 --> 01:04:45,300 Anybody care to offer me another technique for figuring 1143 01:04:45,300 --> 01:04:46,630 out what's going on in the brain? 1144 01:04:46,630 --> 01:04:50,210 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1145 01:04:50,210 --> 01:04:51,260 PROFESSOR: Case studies are typically 1146 01:04:51,260 --> 01:04:52,490 these lesion studies. 1147 01:04:52,490 --> 01:04:54,940 Somebody has something wrong with them. 1148 01:04:54,940 --> 01:04:57,230 And we try to figure out what's wrong with them. 1149 01:04:57,230 --> 01:04:59,440 That goes way back, by the way. 1150 01:04:59,440 --> 01:05:05,450 The early efforts to figure out what bits of brain did 1151 01:05:05,450 --> 01:05:11,710 come from the phrenologists, early 19th century. 1152 01:05:11,710 --> 01:05:12,960 Phrenology. 1153 01:05:15,050 --> 01:05:18,080 If you know anything about phrenology, you learned it 1154 01:05:18,080 --> 01:05:20,490 from the Cartoon Network. 1155 01:05:20,490 --> 01:05:25,230 Because you watched Bugs Bunny beat Elmer Fudd over the head. 1156 01:05:25,230 --> 01:05:29,160 And then the bumps showed up and you felt the bumps. 1157 01:05:29,160 --> 01:05:32,510 Looking at me like, what's he talking about. 1158 01:05:32,510 --> 01:05:36,410 Or you know it because there's a wide, any of these umpteen 1159 01:05:36,410 --> 01:05:41,290 cartoons or sculptures where you have a head that's got 1160 01:05:41,290 --> 01:05:44,750 little functions all over it. 1161 01:05:44,750 --> 01:05:46,340 Good, somebody remembers it. 1162 01:05:46,340 --> 01:05:51,100 I'm not just making up weird stuff. 1163 01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:54,720 The phrenologists believed that the shape of the skull 1164 01:05:54,720 --> 01:06:00,460 reflected the underlying shape of the brain, that bigger 1165 01:06:00,460 --> 01:06:02,430 meant more of that particular function. 1166 01:06:02,430 --> 01:06:03,570 Which is rather like this. 1167 01:06:03,570 --> 01:06:06,500 I mean, it's not a completely wacko assumption. 1168 01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:10,160 And they then used a case study system to try to figure 1169 01:06:10,160 --> 01:06:12,140 out what different parts of the brain did. 1170 01:06:12,140 --> 01:06:17,310 So if you wanted to know where criminality was in the brain, 1171 01:06:17,310 --> 01:06:19,790 you go and find yourself some criminals. 1172 01:06:19,790 --> 01:06:22,730 And check where they got big chunks of their brain. 1173 01:06:22,730 --> 01:06:24,560 And that's where those sort of maps came from. 1174 01:06:24,560 --> 01:06:29,180 It's a rather ad hoc sounding kind of process, now. 1175 01:06:29,180 --> 01:06:34,370 So, amativeness, lust, is typically located back here. 1176 01:06:34,370 --> 01:06:38,070 The reason it's located back here is because Spurzheim, one 1177 01:06:38,070 --> 01:06:44,530 of the founders of phrenology, had in his care a, how did he 1178 01:06:44,530 --> 01:06:46,520 describe it, I think she's described as 1179 01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:48,310 a passionate widow. 1180 01:06:48,310 --> 01:06:53,460 And every time Spurzheim put her his hand on the back of 1181 01:06:53,460 --> 01:06:56,040 her neck, it became red and inflamed. 1182 01:06:56,040 --> 01:06:58,450 And he therefore concluded that that's where lust lived. 1183 01:06:58,450 --> 01:07:00,220 Erm. 1184 01:07:00,220 --> 01:07:03,230 It turns out, though, that if you read old phrenology texts, 1185 01:07:03,230 --> 01:07:07,050 the original phrenology texts, they read not unlike 1186 01:07:07,050 --> 01:07:10,140 introductory psych texts, or introductory brain science 1187 01:07:10,140 --> 01:07:13,200 texts, with a few unfortunate assumptions. 1188 01:07:13,200 --> 01:07:16,040 Like the notion that they skull shape reflects 1189 01:07:16,040 --> 01:07:19,300 underlying brain shape, which it does not very well. 1190 01:07:19,300 --> 01:07:20,890 There was -- yes, pink person. 1191 01:07:20,890 --> 01:07:27,020 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1192 01:07:27,020 --> 01:07:30,190 PROFESSOR: OK well that's -- so, we'll put the, looking at 1193 01:07:30,190 --> 01:07:32,910 the cells part in under the anatomy. 1194 01:07:32,910 --> 01:07:34,480 My wife would hate this. 1195 01:07:34,480 --> 01:07:35,900 My wife is a neuroanatomist. 1196 01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:37,350 That's what she does for a living. 1197 01:07:37,350 --> 01:07:40,010 She would want many categories for that. 1198 01:07:40,010 --> 01:07:41,120 All by itself. 1199 01:07:41,120 --> 01:07:46,460 But, yeah, so you can go look at, certainly as, well you can 1200 01:07:46,460 --> 01:07:48,040 use this in a number of contexts. 1201 01:07:48,040 --> 01:07:50,750 If you're going to go stimulate, these days, if 1202 01:07:50,750 --> 01:07:53,000 you're going to go stimulate brain cells, you might be 1203 01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:57,390 doing it on a slice of brain in a dish. 1204 01:07:57,390 --> 01:07:59,100 To see how it's connected to the next one. 1205 01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:01,680 And you would be looking at the individual cells under a 1206 01:08:01,680 --> 01:08:03,220 microscope while you were doing that. 1207 01:08:03,220 --> 01:08:03,610 Yes. 1208 01:08:03,610 --> 01:08:07,580 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1209 01:08:07,580 --> 01:08:09,360 PROFESSOR: Oh yeah, that's a, genetics is another 1210 01:08:09,360 --> 01:08:10,720 candidate for 5. 1211 01:08:10,720 --> 01:08:18,700 But I will, actually if you take a look at, that allows me 1212 01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:20,080 to make a somewhat different point. 1213 01:08:20,080 --> 01:08:23,570 On the handouts, the writing assignments that you get in 1214 01:08:23,570 --> 01:08:30,250 this course this year will have as their starting point 1215 01:08:30,250 --> 01:08:33,060 readings that live on the stellar 1216 01:08:33,060 --> 01:08:34,890 website for the course. 1217 01:08:34,890 --> 01:08:38,010 Or they particularly will if I ever give Mara the disk to put 1218 01:08:38,010 --> 01:08:39,050 them up there. 1219 01:08:39,050 --> 01:08:40,630 I'll have to remember that. 1220 01:08:40,630 --> 01:08:45,180 The one that's on for this lecture, if one wanted to 1221 01:08:45,180 --> 01:08:48,300 write based starting from this lecture, is 1222 01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:50,120 actually a genetic study. 1223 01:08:50,120 --> 01:08:53,240 Turns out that there are two flavors of vole out there. 1224 01:08:53,240 --> 01:08:55,650 A little rodent-like animal. 1225 01:08:55,650 --> 01:08:58,180 Some voles are promiscuous. 1226 01:08:58,180 --> 01:09:00,770 Some voles are not promiscuous. 1227 01:09:00,770 --> 01:09:04,290 They just hang out with one, I guess lady voles, that's a 1228 01:09:04,290 --> 01:09:06,410 basketball team, isn't it? 1229 01:09:06,410 --> 01:09:09,780 Anyway, the, I guess they're [? valls, ?] not voles. 1230 01:09:09,780 --> 01:09:16,010 Anyway, the claim of a new paper this year is that 1231 01:09:16,010 --> 01:09:22,040 manipulation of a single gene is able to turn promiscuous 1232 01:09:22,040 --> 01:09:24,610 voles into faithful voles. 1233 01:09:24,610 --> 01:09:27,260 So in that sense, yes, absolutely genetics are a new 1234 01:09:27,260 --> 01:09:29,040 tool for getting to this. 1235 01:09:29,040 --> 01:09:30,230 It's not what I'm pushing for. 1236 01:09:30,230 --> 01:09:32,565 I'll take one more bit of fishing expedition and then 1237 01:09:32,565 --> 01:09:36,220 I'll just -- all right, that'll be, that's fine, too. 1238 01:09:36,220 --> 01:09:40,900 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1239 01:09:40,900 --> 01:09:42,460 PROFESSOR: In vole land yes? 1240 01:09:42,460 --> 01:09:44,440 It's, the male voles who are promiscuous. 1241 01:09:48,090 --> 01:09:51,210 And they're manipulating the sexual 1242 01:09:51,210 --> 01:09:52,800 behavior of the male voles. 1243 01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:56,140 The female voles don't have the big asymmetry, the two 1244 01:09:56,140 --> 01:09:58,800 species of voles don't have the big asymmetry in their 1245 01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:00,950 behavior to start with, apparently. 1246 01:10:00,950 --> 01:10:03,220 So yeah, I think it's a guy thing. 1247 01:10:03,220 --> 01:10:05,580 More on that later in the term. 1248 01:10:05,580 --> 01:10:05,890 Yes. 1249 01:10:05,890 --> 01:10:11,680 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1250 01:10:11,680 --> 01:10:12,820 PROFESSOR: Reading brain signals. 1251 01:10:12,820 --> 01:10:15,620 We'll call that recording. 1252 01:10:15,620 --> 01:10:16,810 In some fashion or other. 1253 01:10:16,810 --> 01:10:20,110 If you can stick an electrode into the brain and stimulate, 1254 01:10:20,110 --> 01:10:24,720 you can also stick an electrode into the brain and 1255 01:10:24,720 --> 01:10:26,880 record from brain tissue. 1256 01:10:26,880 --> 01:10:32,910 And ask what a particular cell or bunch of cells are doing. 1257 01:10:32,910 --> 01:10:37,680 You can do this at a large scale level in walking around 1258 01:10:37,680 --> 01:10:40,370 human beings or animals, by putting 1259 01:10:40,370 --> 01:10:41,600 electrodes on the skull. 1260 01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,760 You can read massed activities of large numbers of neurons 1261 01:10:44,760 --> 01:10:48,380 off the surface of the skull. 1262 01:10:48,380 --> 01:10:54,750 And that's so-called electoral encephalogram, EEG. 1263 01:10:54,750 --> 01:10:57,880 But that's very useful, for instance, in telling the 1264 01:10:57,880 --> 01:11:00,870 difference between different wake and sleep states. 1265 01:11:00,870 --> 01:11:05,110 If you are deeply asleep, the sort of sleep that when the 1266 01:11:05,110 --> 01:11:09,480 alarm clock goes off you're uh, where am I. If you look at 1267 01:11:09,480 --> 01:11:12,520 the EEG, you find big, slow waves. 1268 01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:14,570 All the cells are active. 1269 01:11:14,570 --> 01:11:16,300 And then all the cells are quiet. 1270 01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:18,030 And they're all firing together. 1271 01:11:18,030 --> 01:11:25,460 When you're looking at an awake individual, the waveform 1272 01:11:25,460 --> 01:11:28,550 is much smaller amplitude and higher frequency. 1273 01:11:28,550 --> 01:11:31,950 Because the calculus piece of your brain 1274 01:11:31,950 --> 01:11:33,040 is currently napping. 1275 01:11:33,040 --> 01:11:35,090 And the psychology piece is wide awake. 1276 01:11:35,090 --> 01:11:38,140 And various bits are doing things out of 1277 01:11:38,140 --> 01:11:39,300 sync with each other. 1278 01:11:39,300 --> 01:11:41,700 So you can see that from massed recordings. 1279 01:11:41,700 --> 01:11:44,560 But if you now go stick an electrode. 1280 01:11:44,560 --> 01:11:49,740 Let's suppose we go and stick an electrode into, well, let's 1281 01:11:49,740 --> 01:11:54,020 take the same cell that I stimulate here. 1282 01:11:54,020 --> 01:11:58,310 And if the patient said, I feel that in my toe, if 1283 01:11:58,310 --> 01:12:01,550 instead of stimulating, you record, you find out that that 1284 01:12:01,550 --> 01:12:06,730 cell doesn't change its behavior at all over a huge 1285 01:12:06,730 --> 01:12:09,460 range of possible things that the organism could be doing. 1286 01:12:09,460 --> 01:12:15,340 But if you poke the toe, that cell says, here I am, I'm 1287 01:12:15,340 --> 01:12:17,370 interested in that and exactly that. 1288 01:12:17,370 --> 01:12:19,430 You go poke the armpit or something, the 1289 01:12:19,430 --> 01:12:20,950 cell doesn't care. 1290 01:12:20,950 --> 01:12:22,790 You poke the other, the next to over, the 1291 01:12:22,790 --> 01:12:23,770 cell doesn't care. 1292 01:12:23,770 --> 01:12:26,840 You poke one particular toe, let us say, 1293 01:12:26,840 --> 01:12:28,260 that cell will care. 1294 01:12:28,260 --> 01:12:32,710 Take a cell out here somewhere, and that cell will 1295 01:12:32,710 --> 01:12:36,400 care only if you put visual stimuli in a particular little 1296 01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:39,480 spot in the right side of the visual space, in a very 1297 01:12:39,480 --> 01:12:41,250 particular part of visual space. 1298 01:12:41,250 --> 01:12:44,410 Move over a little bit, and it'll want stimulation in a 1299 01:12:44,410 --> 01:12:46,660 different piece of visual space. 1300 01:12:46,660 --> 01:12:50,360 Move elsewhere in the brain, and now rather than liking, 1301 01:12:50,360 --> 01:12:54,605 say, just something simple like a line moving around, a 1302 01:12:54,605 --> 01:12:58,270 cell down here, this is typically done in things like 1303 01:12:58,270 --> 01:13:01,650 monkeys and so, that cell might be very interested if 1304 01:13:01,650 --> 01:13:06,420 you show it the hand of a monkey. 1305 01:13:06,420 --> 01:13:08,800 The cell's thrilled. 1306 01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:13,500 Show it a hunk of chalk, I don't care. 1307 01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:15,740 A nearby one might like the face of a monkey. 1308 01:13:15,740 --> 01:13:16,540 And so on. 1309 01:13:16,540 --> 01:13:19,600 So you can find out what individual cells are 1310 01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:23,700 interested in, by recording their activity. 1311 01:13:23,700 --> 01:13:27,130 There are some significant drawbacks to this. 1312 01:13:27,130 --> 01:13:29,580 One of them is that you can only sample from a tiny 1313 01:13:29,580 --> 01:13:33,360 fraction of the cells, even in an area that you are 1314 01:13:33,360 --> 01:13:34,270 interested in. 1315 01:13:34,270 --> 01:13:36,440 How many cells do you think there are, how many neurons do 1316 01:13:36,440 --> 01:13:39,240 you think there are, in the brain? 1317 01:13:39,240 --> 01:13:43,160 So, the answer's -- yes, a lot is a good answer. 1318 01:13:43,160 --> 01:13:45,680 But the answer's going to be expressed in terms of 10 to 1319 01:13:45,680 --> 01:13:47,650 the X. What's X, would you guess? 1320 01:13:51,310 --> 01:13:53,630 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1321 01:13:53,630 --> 01:13:55,900 PROFESSOR: The 24's are a little high and the 9's are a 1322 01:13:55,900 --> 01:13:57,350 little low. 1323 01:13:57,350 --> 01:14:01,750 When I asked this question when I was in graduate school, 1324 01:14:01,750 --> 01:14:07,070 I got the answer that there are approximately, nobody 1325 01:14:07,070 --> 01:14:09,400 knows the answer for sure, because who's 1326 01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:11,410 going to go and count. 1327 01:14:11,410 --> 01:14:15,180 That there are 10 to the 12 neurons in the brain. 1328 01:14:15,180 --> 01:14:19,570 And of these, I didn't even tell you on this picture, but 1329 01:14:19,570 --> 01:14:21,570 we can draw a tail on this thing. 1330 01:14:21,570 --> 01:14:23,710 Hanging off the back of the brain, sort of underneath the 1331 01:14:23,710 --> 01:14:24,850 back, is the cerebellum. 1332 01:14:24,850 --> 01:14:27,400 It means little brain. 1333 01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:31,250 It's important in learning and motor control sorts of things. 1334 01:14:31,250 --> 01:14:33,310 We're not going to say much about it here, sadly. 1335 01:14:33,310 --> 01:14:38,450 But what my professor said was, there are, 10 to the 12 1336 01:14:38,450 --> 01:14:39,830 neurons in the brain. 1337 01:14:39,830 --> 01:14:42,580 Of these, 10 to the 13th are in the cerebellum. 1338 01:14:45,190 --> 01:14:48,340 The quick on the uptake crowd picked up that there's a 1339 01:14:48,340 --> 01:14:49,570 problem here. 1340 01:14:49,570 --> 01:14:51,780 What he was trying to tell me was not that he didn't 1341 01:14:51,780 --> 01:14:54,140 understand math. 1342 01:14:54,140 --> 01:14:56,030 But that, look, we don't even really know to an order of 1343 01:14:56,030 --> 01:14:59,300 magnitude how many cells there are in the brain. 1344 01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:02,530 But, lots. 1345 01:15:02,530 --> 01:15:03,470 On this order. 1346 01:15:03,470 --> 01:15:09,170 How many cells can you record from in a study of some 1347 01:15:09,170 --> 01:15:11,130 function in the brain? 1348 01:15:11,130 --> 01:15:15,280 Heroic single-unit, single-cell recording studies 1349 01:15:15,280 --> 01:15:20,410 might have on the order of 10 to the 2nd, 100 1350 01:15:20,410 --> 01:15:23,100 cells recorded from. 1351 01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,500 Moreover, if you're going to stick an electrode in the 1352 01:15:25,500 --> 01:15:28,480 brain, the cells that it encounters are going to be 1353 01:15:28,480 --> 01:15:30,370 biased by things like size. 1354 01:15:30,370 --> 01:15:32,180 You're more likely to get big cells than little cells. 1355 01:15:32,180 --> 01:15:34,000 And big cells do things that are different than little 1356 01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,260 cells do in the brain. 1357 01:15:36,260 --> 01:15:40,940 So, you can imagine that it would be difficult to figure 1358 01:15:40,940 --> 01:15:47,030 out what your laptop did by recording from single 1359 01:15:47,030 --> 01:15:49,500 components on the motherboard. 1360 01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:51,610 That wouldn't be particularly easy. 1361 01:15:51,610 --> 01:15:57,290 It gets significantly worse when you try to do that in the 1362 01:15:57,290 --> 01:15:59,690 brain as a whole. 1363 01:16:03,920 --> 01:16:07,690 The things we know best about in the brain are things where 1364 01:16:07,690 --> 01:16:13,300 we can bring all of these techniques to bear, and get 1365 01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:15,330 what would be called converging evidence, 1366 01:16:15,330 --> 01:16:17,740 converging data, on it. 1367 01:16:17,740 --> 01:16:19,940 Evidence from multiple different sources, and then 1368 01:16:19,940 --> 01:16:25,700 corroborate that by looking at behavioral measures. 1369 01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:29,810 Oh, let me say, all right. 1370 01:16:29,810 --> 01:16:33,720 This is the moments in the lecture where I really feel my 1371 01:16:33,720 --> 01:16:35,490 wife looking over my shoulder. 1372 01:16:35,490 --> 01:16:39,410 In two minutes I will polish off the rest of the brain. 1373 01:16:39,410 --> 01:16:43,140 So that's just the surface of the brain. 1374 01:16:43,140 --> 01:16:45,050 The brain is a 3-D structure. 1375 01:16:45,050 --> 01:16:49,390 One way to very grossly think about the overall structure of 1376 01:16:49,390 --> 01:16:55,660 the brain is that if this cortex, lying underneath 1377 01:16:55,660 --> 01:17:00,720 cortex is what, are a bunch of structures that often get 1378 01:17:00,720 --> 01:17:02,700 called limbic structures. 1379 01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:04,280 This is really an outdated term. 1380 01:17:04,280 --> 01:17:06,320 It comes from the word for ring, and it was the notion 1381 01:17:06,320 --> 01:17:08,520 that there was a circuit of structures 1382 01:17:08,520 --> 01:17:10,930 lying under the cortex. 1383 01:17:10,930 --> 01:17:15,170 But there's a collection of structures who will show up 1384 01:17:15,170 --> 01:17:20,300 later in the term, with names like the amygdala, from the 1385 01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:24,330 Latin for almond. 1386 01:17:24,330 --> 01:17:27,920 Hippocampus, Latin for almond or Greek for almond, I'm not 1387 01:17:27,920 --> 01:17:30,230 sure at the moment. 1388 01:17:30,230 --> 01:17:33,160 Hippocampus, from the word for seahorse. 1389 01:17:33,160 --> 01:17:36,040 Not because you have almonds or seahorses in your brain, 1390 01:17:36,040 --> 01:17:38,640 but because the shapes of these things are faintly 1391 01:17:38,640 --> 01:17:41,460 reminiscent of such things out in the real world. 1392 01:17:41,460 --> 01:17:46,830 And other structures that turn out to be vitally important in 1393 01:17:46,830 --> 01:17:49,910 your emotional life and in memory. 1394 01:17:49,910 --> 01:17:55,200 Hippocampus will show up later as critical in memory. 1395 01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:59,400 Lying underneath there, and heading on down into the 1396 01:17:59,400 --> 01:18:02,550 spinal cord, oh I don't know, let's call it the core today, 1397 01:18:02,550 --> 01:18:11,220 or something, are a set of structures that, well, we tend 1398 01:18:11,220 --> 01:18:14,410 to spend a lot of time in psychology talking about the 1399 01:18:14,410 --> 01:18:17,520 cool stuff happening up in the cortex and stuff like that. 1400 01:18:17,520 --> 01:18:21,440 But the stuff you really don't want to lose, the stuff we 1401 01:18:21,440 --> 01:18:25,440 don't know about from lesion studies, is down here. 1402 01:18:25,440 --> 01:18:29,050 Because something in your brain has to say to your 1403 01:18:29,050 --> 01:18:31,900 heart, beat. 1404 01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:33,610 Beat. 1405 01:18:33,610 --> 01:18:35,090 Beat. 1406 01:18:35,090 --> 01:18:38,300 That piece of brain goes, you've got really big trouble. 1407 01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:39,560 There's another piece down there that 1408 01:18:39,560 --> 01:18:42,020 says, time to breathe. 1409 01:18:42,020 --> 01:18:42,840 Time to breathe again. 1410 01:18:42,840 --> 01:18:44,880 I mean, it's not glamorous work. 1411 01:18:44,880 --> 01:18:49,090 But, yeah, somebody, so there's a whole set of stuff 1412 01:18:49,090 --> 01:18:51,760 here running vegetative processes. 1413 01:18:51,760 --> 01:18:56,270 And also important, not just for pacemaker kinds of things. 1414 01:18:56,270 --> 01:19:02,310 But also for general issues of arousal, and sleep and 1415 01:19:02,310 --> 01:19:04,260 wakefulness, those sort of things. 1416 01:19:04,260 --> 01:19:08,970 So that is an embarrassingly brief tour of, you can spend 1417 01:19:08,970 --> 01:19:10,180 your life on neuroanatomy. 1418 01:19:10,180 --> 01:19:12,890 Trust me, my wife does. 1419 01:19:12,890 --> 01:19:16,380 We'll come back and talk about single cells on Tuesday.