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PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.

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I decided to go for a little
amplification today because

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I'm feeling a little
underpowered and I think that

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if I do my usual unamplified
version that sometime around 3

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o'clock I'll fall over
and somebody will

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have to haul me away.

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Actually, a lot of the
experiments I'm going to talk

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about today suggest that
you wouldn't do it.

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You'd just leave me in a little
heap there and slowly

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file out and I could try
that as like a demo.

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But that would be sad.

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So I don't think I'll do that,
but I will amplify myself in

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the effort not to run
out of steam here.

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When last we met I had setup the
Asch experiment-- that's

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the 3 line thing, the Milgram
experiment where it turned out

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that people would shock another
apparently innocent

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individual to a pretty severe
degree without what looked

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like an awful lot
of provocation.

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And then the manufacturers,
whatever it was,

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consultation-- whatever it
says on the handout, that

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experiment suggested that under
other circumstances

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people wouldn't be so willing
to comply with a suggestion

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that would run against what
they would normally do.

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And I left it there to say that
we'll come back today and

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talk about why that must be.

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Why that might be the case.

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And the context in which I want
to talk about that is the

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social impact theory.

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The source I put on the
handout out is--

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the guy's got a great name--
his name is Bibb Latane.

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It looks like Latane, but you
pronounce it Latane and the B

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stands for Bibb.

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I don't know who names their kid
Bibb, but maybe that's how

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you grow up to be a famous
social psychologist.

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So when you're studying for
the final you can remind

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yourself that social impact is
a function of SIN, but that's

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just the acronym.

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I don't know that Latane every
particularly noticed this, but

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that's the acronym for his 3 big
factors in this theory of

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strength, immediacy,
and number.

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And what I want to do is try
to explain those in the

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context, particularly at
the Milgram experiment.

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See how those speak to the
question of when it is that

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you will give into the social
pressures from the outside.

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So strength in this
case refers to--

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well, in the Milgram case
really, it would be the

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authority of the guy giving
you the instructions.

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Remember that all the subjects
in Milgram's experiment were

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upset by the notion that they
should be shocking somebody.

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And shocking them apparently,
severely.

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And Milgram had trained himself

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to say, please continue.

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The experiment must go on.

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And not more than that.

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He wasn't going to get into an
argument with them, he was

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just going to say that.

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If the guy's saying,
please continue.

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The experiment must go on
is Stanley Milgram,

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white-jacketed scientist
professor from Yale, you got

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63% of people going through all
the way to 450 volts in

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that experiment.

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But if you made a small change
in the experiment and the

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person running it was
just some guy.

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You know, Kristen
[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

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well-intentioned research
assistant in the lab or

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something like that, compliance
dropped to 20%.

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I don't know.

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I'm sure actually if Kristen was
doing it, compliance would

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be like 100%.

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Because she'd smack them around
and stuff like that,

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but if it was not an authority
figure, if the person giving

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you the instruction was a person
with less authority

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compliance dropped way down.

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That is the sort of thing that
the military knows, right?

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Who gives you the order
makes a difference.

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Immediacy refers to the
vividness of the factors.

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Sort of the salience of
the factors here.

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So I already talked about one
immediacy manipulation.

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Remember, in the original
version of the experiment 100%

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of the people went all the
way through to 450 volts.

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Milgram figured,
oh my goodness.

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That's because they didn't buy
the story at all and he

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brought the learner slash victim
into sight and into the

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range of hearing and that change
in the immediacy--

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increasing the vividness of the
impact you were having on

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this other person decreased
compliance from 100 to about

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2/3 of the population.

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If you manipulate the vividness
of the pressure on

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the subject, compliance
can change.

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So if Milgram is right there
saying, please continue.

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The experiment must go on.

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You went on.

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But if you said, look, I got
a rinse a few things out.

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I'll be down in my office, if
you got any questions about

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the experiment call me.

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So you know, I have
a heart attack.

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You know, the learner is busy
making all of its bad noises.

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The subject is getting antsy.

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He picks up the phone.

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Please continue.

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The experiment must go on.

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Yeah, right.

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Compliance dropped
again to 20%.

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So big drop in compliance if
the source of the authority

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was not right there
to help you out.

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And if you make the consequences
even more vivid,

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you can again drop compliance
in this experiment.

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So in one particularly vivid
version of Milgram's

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experiment, Milgram didn't
have the learner off in

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another booth.

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He had the learner right next
to you making his noises.

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And at a critical time in the
experiment the electrode is

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slipping off the guy's hand
and Milgram says, hold the

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electrode on him.

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And he's still doing the
same thing, right?

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[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

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I'm not going to respond
anymore.

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I quit.

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[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

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Compliance drops, you'll
be glad to know.

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What you may be a little
distressed to know is it drops

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only to 30%.

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30% of the people were still
willing to deliver these

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punitive shocks all the way
through to the end even when

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they're holding the guy's hands
down on the electrode.

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It's this immediacy factor that
makes it psychologically

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easier to shoot a missile over
the horizon and kill somebody

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than to actually look somebody
in the eye and kill them.

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They're dead the same way in
either case, you may know

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objectively that they're dead.

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This is a real issue
for the military.

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The military knows that it is in
the unfortunate business of

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killing other people and it also
knows that in a way, much

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more profound of course than
the Milgram experiment that

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this is very upsetting
to its own soldiers.

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To say nothing of the people
who get killed, but people

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don't like killing other
people, typically.

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It takes work to get somebody to
kill other people and it's

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psychologically less damaging if
it's over the horizon than

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if it's face-to-face.

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Though, all you need to do is
watch the latest video of some

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charming person slitting
somebody's throat--

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some hostages throat in Iraq--
to realize that it is also

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perfectly possible to kill
somebody right there.

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But there is an immediacy
effect, a real

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world immediacy effect.

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Well, that's perhaps a gruesome
one then and you

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might think this is only stuff
that works in the realm of the

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truly horrible.

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That's not true either.

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Suppose I get curious this
evening and I send a note

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around saying, what do you
think of the Milgram

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experiment?

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I might get an e-mail back.

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I wouldn't bet on it.

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Maybe a couple.

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I know who would be sending
them too by this

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point in the term.

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If I ask right now, well, what
do you think about the Milgram

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experiment?

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Is that a disturbing
experiment?

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Few people will nod
their heads.

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The eastern bloc might
raise its hand.

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But you know, most of you will
successfully sit on your hands

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and not do anything.

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But you know, if I was to wander
over here somewhere--

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she's getting very
nervous here.

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You can see the experiment
really works.

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And if I was to ask, what do
you think of the Milgram

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experiment?

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I won't actually make her
respond, but I could, right?

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There's no doubt.

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The only person capable of not
responding under those

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circumstances would be my
15 year-old son, right?

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You have perfected this within
the realm of your own family,

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why did you get that grade?

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But under other circumstances
the social impact, the social

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pressure there is so strong by
the time it's all directed at

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you that you got to respond.

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You can feel that
social pressure.

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Actually, it was a
great experiment.

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This was a great experiment
because several people thought

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I might be headed their way.

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And I caught these great
fleeting looks of relief from

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that side of the aisle
when they realized,

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he's going that way.

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That's immediacy.

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That's also actually, an
illustration of the effect of

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this third factor,
which is number.

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In the Milgram experiment this
was not manipulated.

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Milgram experiment is a
one-on-one experiment.

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There's Milgram or his surrogate
exerting pressure on

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you, the subject.

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In that manufacturers
consultants' study or in the

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Asch experiment, it is
manipulated and you find that

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the more people that the
authority is trying to spread

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his impact over, the less
the impact on any given

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individual.

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Similarly here, if I ask you,
300 of you, what do you think?

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Each of you gets--

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I don't know if this is actually
a linear operation--

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but roughly, 1/300
of my impact.

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But if I go and find her she
gets all the impact and she

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has to say something.

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Actually, I think, that we could
probably work out the

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equations here because there's
also probably a distance

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equation, right?

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You know there are people, you
out there in the cheap seats

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know there are people who sit
out in the back because the

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possibilities of social impact
are less out there.

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I can do what I want out there
in the cheap seats.

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He can't see anything anyway.

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Look at all those computers up
there, they're all surfing the

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web anyway.

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But I don't know that anybody's
ever looked at the

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distance effects in any
sort of a direct way.

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There's a very nice study done
at Ohio State some years ago

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during Greek Week.

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What the experimenters did was
they hung out backstage

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because at Greek Week at Ohio
State what you had to do was

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00:13:07,570 --> 00:13:11,370
your fraternity had to get up in
front of all these people,

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00:13:11,370 --> 00:13:13,890
like a big stadium full of
people and do something.

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00:13:13,890 --> 00:13:17,170
Typically, something kind of
embarrassing to show how cool

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you were and why everybody
should join your fraternity.

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And what the experimenters
noticed was that the number of

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guys in the group varied.

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You know, you sent out your one
guy or you sent out this

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troop of 10 guys to
do something.

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And so what they did was they
simply asked people before

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they got on stage, how
nervous are you?

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And the answer was, it was
monotonically related to the

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number of people.

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If it was just you, you felt
much more nervous than if

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there were 10 guys
going out there.

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Now there's no real rational
basis for that.

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You're not going to get hurt out
there, but if you imagine

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00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:03,760
that everybody in that stadium
had a tomato you can kind of

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understand the social impact
version of this.

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00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,240
How many tomatoes are going to
hit you if there's just one of

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00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:11,720
you verses if there's
10 of you.

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00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:14,950
It's going to diffuse
in this case, very

246
00:14:14,950 --> 00:14:18,510
literal sort of impact.

247
00:14:22,890 --> 00:14:31,970
Social impact theory has one
of its roots actually in a

248
00:14:31,970 --> 00:14:40,130
lurid and media- circus
murder from the 60's.

249
00:14:40,130 --> 00:14:43,630
In fact, a murder that I
remember because it happened

250
00:14:43,630 --> 00:14:47,380
in New York City when I was
growing up in the New Jersey

251
00:14:47,380 --> 00:14:50,670
suburbs and so it got
a lot of coverage.

252
00:14:50,670 --> 00:14:53,250
This was the murder of a woman
named Kitty Genovese, who was

253
00:14:53,250 --> 00:14:56,240
murdered in the courtyard
of her fairly

254
00:14:56,240 --> 00:14:58,210
large apartment block.

255
00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:01,300
And it wasn't a quick
business.

256
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:05,580
The guy stabbed her and she sort
of crawled off into the

257
00:15:05,580 --> 00:15:11,540
bushes and she didn't die and he
came back and he finished.

258
00:15:11,540 --> 00:15:12,350
It was gross.

259
00:15:12,350 --> 00:15:15,370
You know, just disgusting
murder.

260
00:15:15,370 --> 00:15:18,740
And the reason gross disgusting
murders I mean,

261
00:15:18,740 --> 00:15:21,530
there are whole New York radio
stations devoted to that.

262
00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,270
The reason this was a
particularly salient one was

263
00:15:24,270 --> 00:15:28,330
it was clear afterwards that
there were at least 40 or so

264
00:15:28,330 --> 00:15:33,760
people who had heard this and
nobody had called the police,

265
00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:35,500
let alone intervene directly.

266
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,810
Nobody had called and this
generated a whole lot of sort

267
00:15:39,810 --> 00:15:45,380
of media brow beating and stuff
about, was it the case

268
00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:50,370
that New Yorkers were just cold,
heartless individuals?

269
00:15:50,370 --> 00:15:51,910
Or what?

270
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:56,440
And rather like the Milgram
experiment being motivated by

271
00:15:56,440 --> 00:16:01,030
the question of, were
the Nazis special

272
00:16:01,030 --> 00:16:04,110
in some evil sense?

273
00:16:04,110 --> 00:16:09,360
Some of this work on social
impact theory was based on the

274
00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:14,580
hypothesis that no, that this
didn't illustrate the cruel,

275
00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:16,060
heartless nature
of New Yorkers.

276
00:16:16,060 --> 00:16:18,640
What it illustrated was what
happens when you're on the

277
00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,330
losing end up of what boils
down to a social impact

278
00:16:22,330 --> 00:16:23,030
experiment.

279
00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:30,280
The problem was that she was
diffusing her impact across

280
00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:32,890
this whole apartment building
and when you interviewed

281
00:16:32,890 --> 00:16:35,200
people, people said over and
over again, I thought somebody

282
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:36,590
else would have called.

283
00:16:36,590 --> 00:16:39,210
I wasn't quite sure what
was happening.

284
00:16:39,210 --> 00:16:42,300
Somebody else would have
had a better look.

285
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,710
They figured that somebody
else would have

286
00:16:45,710 --> 00:16:47,060
taken care of it.

287
00:16:49,810 --> 00:16:56,120
The notion is that had this been
taking place in the front

288
00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:00,770
yard of your isolated farmstead
on the Great Plains

289
00:17:00,770 --> 00:17:03,110
or something like that, you
would've done something.

290
00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:05,850
Because you would have known
nobody else could have.

291
00:17:05,850 --> 00:17:07,110
Is there any evidence
for this?

292
00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:09,800
Well, yes actually.

293
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:12,650
John Darley, who was one of my
professors at Princeton, and

294
00:17:12,650 --> 00:17:16,340
Latane, who worked with him,
did a series of beautiful

295
00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,160
experiments on this.

296
00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:21,070
Obviously they didn't go around
murdering people in

297
00:17:21,070 --> 00:17:25,900
courtyards, but what they did
was you'd come into the lab

298
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:30,530
and lab had a whole bunch of
isolation booths in it.

299
00:17:30,530 --> 00:17:33,290
Because except if you're in a
weird experiment like that

300
00:17:33,290 --> 00:17:40,190
Asch three line experiment you
want to have people doing the

301
00:17:40,190 --> 00:17:41,860
experiment alone.

302
00:17:41,860 --> 00:17:47,580
So a lot of labs are setup
this way and so, you, the

303
00:17:47,580 --> 00:17:50,350
subject, would go into this
little booth to do the

304
00:17:50,350 --> 00:17:51,330
experiment.

305
00:17:51,330 --> 00:17:53,730
And then something
would happen.

306
00:17:53,730 --> 00:18:00,010
For instance, you'd hear
crash and help.

307
00:18:00,010 --> 00:18:02,060
And the question was, who
cares what you're

308
00:18:02,060 --> 00:18:02,760
doing in the booth?

309
00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:05,810
The only interesting question
in this experiment is, how

310
00:18:05,810 --> 00:18:08,580
fast do you come out of
the booth to help?

311
00:18:08,580 --> 00:18:12,700
The answer is it depends on
how many other booths you

312
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:14,310
think are occupied.

313
00:18:14,310 --> 00:18:16,500
And of course, Darley and Latane
made very sure that you

314
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:18,800
knew exactly how many booths
were occupied.

315
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:22,440
So if it was the case that you
knew that you were all alone

316
00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:28,270
you were out there fast because
the impact was on you.

317
00:18:28,270 --> 00:18:30,130
If there was going to be
any help around it

318
00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:31,940
was going to be you.

319
00:18:35,250 --> 00:18:36,820
If the booth was full--

320
00:18:36,820 --> 00:18:38,910
if you knew that there were
six other people in the

321
00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:43,240
experiment you were slower to
come out because well, I'm not

322
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:44,540
the biggest, strongest guy.

323
00:18:44,540 --> 00:18:47,680
Somebody else will help and I
didn't take that Red Cross

324
00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:50,120
course or whatever.

325
00:18:50,120 --> 00:18:53,380
The responsibility
gets diffused

326
00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:55,870
across multiple people.

327
00:18:55,870 --> 00:18:58,440
It's not just for helping.

328
00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:01,580
In another one of their
entertaining versions, smoke

329
00:19:01,580 --> 00:19:03,330
comes into the lab.

330
00:19:03,330 --> 00:19:05,490
How fast do you get
out of there?

331
00:19:05,490 --> 00:19:08,500
If you're alone,
you're moving.

332
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:15,260
If you're not alone, you're
thinking, he's not moving.

333
00:19:15,260 --> 00:19:18,070
He must know something
I don't know.

334
00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:20,090
And if he's not moving
it's going to be

335
00:19:20,090 --> 00:19:21,360
embarrassing, right?

336
00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:24,150
If I go, fire!

337
00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:24,176
Fire!

338
00:19:24,176 --> 00:19:24,310
And I go running around.

339
00:19:24,310 --> 00:19:27,590
Everybody's going to think
I'm a complete doofus.

340
00:19:27,590 --> 00:19:31,620
Now the downside, this is a
beautiful experiment showing

341
00:19:31,620 --> 00:19:34,790
beautiful social impact effect--
the downside of this

342
00:19:34,790 --> 00:19:38,200
was this was done at Princeton
where I eventually showed up

343
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:43,770
as an undergraduate to do my
nice boring research on visual

344
00:19:43,770 --> 00:19:45,840
perception.

345
00:19:45,840 --> 00:19:49,700
None of my subjects ever
believed that I was doing a

346
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:51,080
visual perception experiment.

347
00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:53,510
It didn't help that the room I
had was one of these rooms

348
00:19:53,510 --> 00:19:56,130
with a half silvered
mirror in it.

349
00:19:56,130 --> 00:19:58,690
So that I could look in and
they couldn't look out.

350
00:19:58,690 --> 00:20:01,100
I didn't care I was planning to
look in, it was left over

351
00:20:01,100 --> 00:20:03,050
from the social psych guys.

352
00:20:03,050 --> 00:20:05,880
But nobody ever believed I was
there to do a regular just

353
00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:06,750
straight up and down--

354
00:20:06,750 --> 00:20:10,250
I just want to know what color
it looks like experiment.

355
00:20:10,250 --> 00:20:13,180
They all figured, you're
watching me, right?

356
00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:17,930
Something weird's going
to happen here.

357
00:20:17,930 --> 00:20:21,420
Oh, along those lines, didn't
happen to me, but a word to

358
00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:30,710
the wise should you ever find
yourself in an experiment in

359
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:34,400
one of these rooms that looks
like one wall is mirrored.

360
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,110
If you're in a psych
lab it's probably a

361
00:20:36,110 --> 00:20:38,300
half silvered mirror.

362
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:41,770
The implication of a half
silvered mirror is that that's

363
00:20:41,770 --> 00:20:45,230
not a mirror that you want to
use to readjust large parts of

364
00:20:45,230 --> 00:20:47,000
your anatomy.

365
00:20:49,550 --> 00:20:51,730
It was a great story.

366
00:20:51,730 --> 00:20:57,330
The poor grad student was
embarrassed for life.

367
00:20:57,330 --> 00:21:00,770
He was a very, kind of straight
up and down squarish

368
00:21:00,770 --> 00:21:06,270
kind of guy and anyway, it
was very embarrassing.

369
00:21:06,270 --> 00:21:09,510
The grad student was the
observer here and it was

370
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:10,010
embarrassing.

371
00:21:10,010 --> 00:21:11,210
So don't do that.

372
00:21:11,210 --> 00:21:12,460
You don't want to embarrass
people.

373
00:21:15,130 --> 00:21:19,420
Oh, one last example, closer
to a real world example of

374
00:21:19,420 --> 00:21:24,880
this, the great I think, it's
another Darley and Latane,

375
00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:25,860
liquor store experiment.

376
00:21:25,860 --> 00:21:27,040
You go into a liquor store.

377
00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:28,810
You're hanging out in
the liquor store.

378
00:21:28,810 --> 00:21:31,110
These two guys come in, they
ask the guy in the liquor

379
00:21:31,110 --> 00:21:35,500
store, do you have any
[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

380
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:37,620
weird beer, some weird beer.

381
00:21:37,620 --> 00:21:41,180
The liquor store guy says,
I don't have it up here.

382
00:21:41,180 --> 00:21:44,130
I might have some in the
basement and he takes off for

383
00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:44,660
the basement.

384
00:21:44,660 --> 00:21:50,830
As soon as he's gone the two
guys look at the case of Bud,

385
00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,910
say, haha, he'll never
miss this.

386
00:21:53,910 --> 00:21:56,810
Pick up the case of
Bud and leave.

387
00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:59,910
The guy comes up from the
basement and asks, where are

388
00:21:59,910 --> 00:22:00,880
those guys?

389
00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:03,760
And the question is, everybody's
a stooge in this

390
00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:06,250
experiment of course
except you.

391
00:22:06,250 --> 00:22:08,700
The question is, what
do you say?

392
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:14,330
The answer is, if you
are all alone 2/3 of

393
00:22:14,330 --> 00:22:17,030
you say, the guys--

394
00:22:17,030 --> 00:22:19,240
they like stole the beer.

395
00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:23,630
But if you're with even
one other person

396
00:22:23,630 --> 00:22:25,820
that drops to 1/3.

397
00:22:25,820 --> 00:22:28,630
Again, because of this diffusion
of responsibility,

398
00:22:28,630 --> 00:22:30,950
you say to yourself,
unconsciously,

399
00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:32,950
implicitly, or whatever--

400
00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:36,090
if he's not saying anything,
why should I say something?

401
00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:39,590
And so you're less likely
to say something.

402
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:42,330
Now the one good side of this,
this is all sort of

403
00:22:42,330 --> 00:22:43,230
depressing, right?

404
00:22:43,230 --> 00:22:45,170
It sort of suggests that if
we're going to hang out in

405
00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:48,200
large social groups, one of the
downsides of this is that

406
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,860
we're not going to look after
each other terribly well.

407
00:22:50,860 --> 00:22:54,480
There's a useful inoculation
effect here and I've just

408
00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:55,670
inoculated you.

409
00:22:55,670 --> 00:22:58,420
The fact that you know about
this, there are experiments

410
00:22:58,420 --> 00:23:01,300
suggesting that the fact that
you know about this makes you

411
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:06,070
more likely, the next time the
occasion arrives to discount

412
00:23:06,070 --> 00:23:08,020
the number of other
people there.

413
00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:15,540
So now it is probably the case
that if I do keel over

414
00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:20,140
somebody will rescue me, even
though the responsibility for

415
00:23:20,140 --> 00:23:21,340
this has been diffused across.

416
00:23:21,340 --> 00:23:23,790
Of course, the reason is because
somebody's going to

417
00:23:23,790 --> 00:23:25,590
think it's a fake.

418
00:23:25,590 --> 00:23:28,800
And they think, I'm going to win
the prize if I collect him

419
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,400
or something.

420
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:33,880
But I'll try not to do the
experiment at all.

421
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:36,310
But in any case, there is
evidence that once you know

422
00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:44,380
about these things you're less
vulnerable to those effects

423
00:23:44,380 --> 00:23:48,310
and less likely to find yourself
complying with an

424
00:23:48,310 --> 00:23:51,980
instruction that's wrong.

425
00:23:51,980 --> 00:23:56,330
I mean, look, you probably have
a good intuitive feeling

426
00:23:56,330 --> 00:24:01,810
and I hope you're right that all
over Iraq now, if you're

427
00:24:01,810 --> 00:24:06,520
holding prisoners you've now
been inoculated against doing

428
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:08,660
a whole round of
stupid things.

429
00:24:08,660 --> 00:24:12,050
When the Abu Ghraib broke every
social psychologist in

430
00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:16,760
the country was on some talking
heads show on national

431
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,530
public radio saying,
we knew about this.

432
00:24:19,530 --> 00:24:21,940
We can explain this because
that's exactly the sort of

433
00:24:21,940 --> 00:24:25,350
thing that's understandable in
the context of these sorts of

434
00:24:25,350 --> 00:24:26,430
experiments.

435
00:24:26,430 --> 00:24:29,340
People doing things that they
would never-- you know, what's

436
00:24:29,340 --> 00:24:32,470
the chance that you were back
home before going off to Iraq

437
00:24:32,470 --> 00:24:33,940
saying, I'm going
to go to Iraq.

438
00:24:33,940 --> 00:24:35,760
I'm going to get me some
prisoners, put them in

439
00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,730
compromising sexual positions
and get photos sent back home.

440
00:24:39,730 --> 00:24:44,440
No, nobody thinks about doing
that, but the social situation

441
00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,730
that you find yourself in with
perhaps an implicit command

442
00:24:47,730 --> 00:24:52,600
from somebody that loosens
things up a bit

443
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:54,830
produced the effect.

444
00:24:54,830 --> 00:24:58,850
The fact that this was a
disaster has presumably now

445
00:24:58,850 --> 00:25:01,720
inoculated the system at least
in the short-term against it

446
00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:04,450
happening again, at least
we may hope so.

447
00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:12,370
The practical sort of questions,
like what do you do

448
00:25:12,370 --> 00:25:17,780
about prisoner abuse are one
interesting line that grows

449
00:25:17,780 --> 00:25:19,910
from this sort of work.

450
00:25:19,910 --> 00:25:24,180
Another question, returning
perhaps to this sort of more

451
00:25:24,180 --> 00:25:27,700
basic, psychological side of
things is what I think I

452
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:30,000
labeled on that handout
as-- oh yes,

453
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,150
the fundamental question.

454
00:25:31,150 --> 00:25:34,020
I decided if you could have the
fundamental attribution

455
00:25:34,020 --> 00:25:37,070
error that I would invent for
today's purposes, the

456
00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,380
fundamental question.

457
00:25:40,380 --> 00:25:43,000
But understand that that's my
invented jargon and I won't

458
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:47,280
put a question on the
exam saying, what's

459
00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:49,160
the fundamental question?

460
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:51,360
The question here is,
who is this--

461
00:25:51,360 --> 00:25:54,750
I keep talking about you-- you
know, you can be pushed around

462
00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:56,960
by these laws of social impact
and stuff like that.

463
00:25:56,960 --> 00:26:06,930
Who is this you, or I that can
be so readily manipulated?

464
00:26:06,930 --> 00:26:11,010
There's a lot of folk
psychology about it.

465
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,090
Well, look, we understand for
instance, it is possible to

466
00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:26,080
control a car in such a way that
the car kills somebody.

467
00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:31,070
It is also possible to train a
dog in such a way that the dog

468
00:26:31,070 --> 00:26:35,700
kills somebody, and history
tells us, it is possible to

469
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:41,390
train human beings in such a way
that a human being kills

470
00:26:41,390 --> 00:26:42,560
another human being.

471
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,190
There's something fundamentally
different, folk

472
00:26:45,190 --> 00:26:47,140
psychology understands that
there's something

473
00:26:47,140 --> 00:26:51,070
fundamentally different about
the responsibility involved

474
00:26:51,070 --> 00:26:58,380
here on the part of the car,
the dog, and the human.

475
00:26:58,380 --> 00:27:03,740
And that seems to have to do
with this sense of self.

476
00:27:03,740 --> 00:27:07,210
The sense of you as a
self-aware, psychologically

477
00:27:07,210 --> 00:27:10,770
continuous overtime
kind of entity.

478
00:27:10,770 --> 00:27:15,350
Is there anything useful that
we can say about that?

479
00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:22,960
About that sense of you as
a psychological self?

480
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:24,230
All right, let's back into
this a little bit.

481
00:27:24,230 --> 00:27:29,160
If you look at me, you
know who I am, right?

482
00:27:29,160 --> 00:27:31,590
Pretty much, those of you who
don't, it's getting a little

483
00:27:31,590 --> 00:27:33,820
late in the term.

484
00:27:33,820 --> 00:27:35,130
But you know, you
recognize me.

485
00:27:35,130 --> 00:27:35,980
That's fine.

486
00:27:35,980 --> 00:27:40,660
Could I be a cunningly
disguised actor who's

487
00:27:40,660 --> 00:27:43,240
impersonating Wolfe today?

488
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:45,320
Yeah, that's possible.

489
00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:46,780
Be mildly interesting.

490
00:27:46,780 --> 00:27:48,430
OK fine.

491
00:27:48,430 --> 00:27:49,650
Switch.

492
00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:52,900
All right, let's suppose this
is your mother or somebody

493
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:57,260
else who you feel
strongly about.

494
00:27:57,260 --> 00:27:59,670
You look at that person and
the recognition has

495
00:27:59,670 --> 00:28:02,260
two pieces to it.

496
00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:07,560
More than presumably looking at
just some person you know.

497
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:12,130
There's a fairly strong
affective component.

498
00:28:12,130 --> 00:28:14,580
Let's take the best case
scenario here.

499
00:28:14,580 --> 00:28:17,490
You see your mother you
recognize, that's my mother

500
00:28:17,490 --> 00:28:18,970
and I love my mother.

501
00:28:18,970 --> 00:28:20,640
OK, good.

502
00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:26,500
Let's suppose that something
goes wrong with the affect

503
00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:28,210
piece of that.

504
00:28:28,210 --> 00:28:30,275
You know, there's some
hunk of brain that's

505
00:28:30,275 --> 00:28:30,970
doing that for you.

506
00:28:30,970 --> 00:28:33,340
Something goes wrong with that
little hunk of brain and you

507
00:28:33,340 --> 00:28:38,880
look at your mother and you say,
I recognize my mother and

508
00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:41,690
I hate that.

509
00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:44,940
Or I don't feel anything would
be another possibility.

510
00:28:44,940 --> 00:28:48,110
That doesn't make sense.

511
00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:49,920
This again, happening--

512
00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:51,420
you're not sitting there with
a little checklist saying,

513
00:28:51,420 --> 00:28:52,220
does this makes sense?

514
00:28:52,220 --> 00:28:56,080
You're toting up your current
experience and asking

515
00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:58,250
implicitly, does this
make sense?

516
00:28:58,250 --> 00:28:59,440
The answer is no.

517
00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:00,590
How could that be?

518
00:29:00,590 --> 00:29:02,820
Well, one possibility--

519
00:29:02,820 --> 00:29:06,030
it sounds a little odd-- but one
possibility is that's not

520
00:29:06,030 --> 00:29:08,050
really my mother.

521
00:29:08,050 --> 00:29:12,530
It looks like my mother, but
actually she's been cunningly

522
00:29:12,530 --> 00:29:17,590
replaced by a fake.

523
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:18,220
Why would that be?

524
00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:21,580
Well, you know, if it was my
real mother, I love my mother.

525
00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:24,380
I don't love this, therefore
it's a fake.

526
00:29:24,380 --> 00:29:26,110
Now that sounds weird,
but it's a real

527
00:29:26,110 --> 00:29:27,560
neurological condition.

528
00:29:27,560 --> 00:29:28,960
It's called Capgras syndrome.

529
00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:32,530
I put a definition of it,
I think, on the handout.

530
00:29:40,780 --> 00:29:43,630
I always think of it as crab
grass syndrome, but the

531
00:29:43,630 --> 00:29:49,600
Capgras is correct and it's
the name of somebody.

532
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:56,150
The disorder seems to be an
effort to reconcile an

533
00:29:56,150 --> 00:30:00,030
unreconcilable pair
of thoughts.

534
00:30:04,930 --> 00:30:08,890
It sometimes travels with
schizophrenia as a diagnosis.

535
00:30:08,890 --> 00:30:12,010
It may be the result
of a brain injury.

536
00:30:12,010 --> 00:30:13,870
Typically, when there's a brain
injury involved it looks

537
00:30:13,870 --> 00:30:16,480
like it's frontal lobe
in some fashion.

538
00:30:21,220 --> 00:30:24,535
It's relevant to the current
discussion because you can

539
00:30:24,535 --> 00:30:28,000
have the same phenomenon
for yourself.

540
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:32,590
You look in the mirror, you
say, that's not me.

541
00:30:32,590 --> 00:30:40,090
And you have a denial
that you are you.

542
00:30:40,090 --> 00:30:44,680
It points out that
even something as

543
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:47,130
self- evident as--

544
00:30:47,130 --> 00:30:48,490
is it a Dr. Seuss book--

545
00:30:48,490 --> 00:30:52,800
I am I, where's that from?

546
00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:54,700
I can almost hear it.

547
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,866
You haven't been reading your
kid lit recently enough.

548
00:30:57,866 --> 00:30:59,000
AUDIENCE: Sam I Am.

549
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,490
PROFESSOR: No, Sam I Am,
but I don't think

550
00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110
Sam has Capgras issues.

551
00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:08,100
I am I, and I can't remember
what comes next.

552
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:09,930
Oh well, doesn't matter.

553
00:31:09,930 --> 00:31:13,830
In any case, one might ask
whether there is some little

554
00:31:13,830 --> 00:31:19,800
piece of neural tissue that
is you in this sense.

555
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,680
That if we were to go in and
take out this one little bit

556
00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:25,410
of tissue that what we would
discover is that you weren't

557
00:31:25,410 --> 00:31:26,930
you anymore.

558
00:31:26,930 --> 00:31:29,080
That you'd be-- yeah, you'd
still have a memory, you'd

559
00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:30,720
still have this, you'd still
have that, but you just

560
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:35,630
wouldn't have this sense
of being you.

561
00:31:35,630 --> 00:31:37,690
The short answer to that is
there doesn't seem to be any

562
00:31:37,690 --> 00:31:40,340
specific lesion that
does that.

563
00:31:40,340 --> 00:31:41,820
That used to be sort
of the end of

564
00:31:41,820 --> 00:31:42,780
this part of the lecture.

565
00:31:42,780 --> 00:31:47,780
However, particularly with the
advent of fMRI it's becoming

566
00:31:47,780 --> 00:31:52,220
increasingly clear that aspects
of this sense of the

567
00:31:52,220 --> 00:31:58,210
self do have homes in the brain
that can be localized to

568
00:31:58,210 --> 00:32:02,750
some extent, damaged in various
odd neurological

569
00:32:02,750 --> 00:32:08,920
disorders, and give us some idea
about how it is that this

570
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,580
sense of self is assembled.

571
00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:15,020
So what I've done is I've
actually modified a list from

572
00:32:15,020 --> 00:32:19,600
a recent article in Trends in
Cognitive Science to come up

573
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:22,380
with six aspects of the self.

574
00:32:22,380 --> 00:32:24,070
To give you some notion about
how you could take this

575
00:32:24,070 --> 00:32:30,130
problem apart the
first of these--

576
00:32:30,130 --> 00:32:32,870
I must have just listed them
on the handout, right?

577
00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:35,920
The first of these is
representation.

578
00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:42,440
Nobody, when asked about
themselves, what kind of

579
00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:45,780
person are you?

580
00:32:45,780 --> 00:32:50,120
Nobody says, Oh, I am just
a collection of reflexes

581
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,580
responding to the current
situation in the environment.

582
00:32:53,580 --> 00:32:57,110
Everybody has a list of you
know, I'm an honest, loving

583
00:32:57,110 --> 00:32:57,750
individual.

584
00:32:57,750 --> 00:33:01,760
You may have some sort of trait
or situational theory

585
00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:03,440
about how you came to be honest
and loving and all

586
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:06,490
that, but you've got a set of
traits that you believe to be

587
00:33:06,490 --> 00:33:10,510
fundamental to you, at least
at the present time.

588
00:33:10,510 --> 00:33:13,230
And that's your representation
of yourself.

589
00:33:13,230 --> 00:33:19,340
That's your theory of you.

590
00:33:19,340 --> 00:33:23,770
You also, as part of that
theory you have

591
00:33:23,770 --> 00:33:24,980
this notion of agency.

592
00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:31,270
That you are responsible and in
fact, you are the cause of

593
00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:34,770
at least a reasonable number
of your actions.

594
00:33:34,770 --> 00:33:39,320
You feel that you own
those actions.

595
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,810
That's part of what makes the
Milgram experiment disturbing.

596
00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:50,320
It's not disturbing that a
machine can produce 450 volt

597
00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,260
shocks of some schnook.

598
00:33:52,260 --> 00:33:56,230
It's disturbing that you can
because you figured that you

599
00:33:56,230 --> 00:34:01,360
own that action and that
if you did it that says

600
00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:03,020
something about you.

601
00:34:03,020 --> 00:34:07,560
That's this question
of agency.

602
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:13,240
Now not only do you own actions,
you own your body.

603
00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:16,560
That's the aspect of ownership
that I'm talking about in

604
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:18,210
number 3 there.

605
00:34:18,210 --> 00:34:19,960
You own your body.

606
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:22,330
Look, you also own
your laptop.

607
00:34:22,330 --> 00:34:27,970
But you own your body in ways
that are more profound than

608
00:34:27,970 --> 00:34:30,460
the way that you own
your laptop.

609
00:34:30,460 --> 00:34:31,630
There's something fundamentally

610
00:34:31,630 --> 00:34:34,980
different about that.

611
00:34:34,980 --> 00:34:39,050
You're able to use this
information that you've got

612
00:34:39,050 --> 00:34:42,360
about what kind of
you you are.

613
00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:46,540
You're able to use that
to perform new

614
00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:47,740
calculations, if you like.

615
00:34:47,740 --> 00:34:52,140
Like, do I like--

616
00:34:52,140 --> 00:34:52,850
I don't know--

617
00:34:52,850 --> 00:34:54,080
I need a new fruit.

618
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:55,400
Durian.

619
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:57,500
Do I like durian?

620
00:34:57,500 --> 00:34:59,010
Well, it's a fruit.

621
00:34:59,010 --> 00:35:00,540
I like fruits.

622
00:35:00,540 --> 00:35:03,900
It's supposed to smell like
fermented garlic.

623
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:04,570
Sounds [UNINTELLIGIBLE].

624
00:35:04,570 --> 00:35:11,620
I can ask myself questions
about my self based on my

625
00:35:11,620 --> 00:35:12,920
knowledge of myself.

626
00:35:12,920 --> 00:35:15,720
That's this evaluation aspect.

627
00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,780
Monitoring is sort of a sub--

628
00:35:18,780 --> 00:35:19,620
well, I don't know if I
would consider it to

629
00:35:19,620 --> 00:35:20,490
be a subset of that.

630
00:35:20,490 --> 00:35:26,640
Monitoring is keeping track of
what you are doing and asking

631
00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:29,780
yourself how it's going.

632
00:35:29,780 --> 00:35:34,520
All right, so I'm self-
monitoring here saying, am I

633
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:35,700
really going to fall
over today?

634
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:36,350
No, I don't think so.

635
00:35:36,350 --> 00:35:38,130
I'm feeling pretty good
just at the moment.

636
00:35:38,130 --> 00:35:40,000
That's monitoring.

637
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:43,430
You're asking yourself,
am I still awake?

638
00:35:43,430 --> 00:35:45,780
If you're answering yes, the
answer is probably yes.

639
00:35:45,780 --> 00:35:50,240
If you answer no, that's
a little weird.

640
00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:52,100
Or it's lucid dreaming
or something.

641
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,100
That's nice, too.

642
00:35:55,100 --> 00:35:58,420
And finally there's this sense
of integration where the whole

643
00:35:58,420 --> 00:36:02,760
thing is tied together
into a single self.

644
00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,830
There's been plenty of evidence
that we've been

645
00:36:05,830 --> 00:36:08,050
accumulating during the course
of the term that you are in

646
00:36:08,050 --> 00:36:10,250
some sense a committee.

647
00:36:10,250 --> 00:36:12,930
That you've got lots of
semi-autonomous bits and

648
00:36:12,930 --> 00:36:17,110
pieces doing their thing and
giving rise to you, but an

649
00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:19,730
important sense of you
is that it doesn't

650
00:36:19,730 --> 00:36:21,800
feel that way to you.

651
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:26,960
You don't think of yourself as a
committee or a collective or

652
00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:29,520
what's that thing--
is Star Wars where

653
00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:32,980
the colonial organism--

654
00:36:32,980 --> 00:36:34,820
is that the Borg?

655
00:36:34,820 --> 00:36:35,580
The Borg, right?

656
00:36:35,580 --> 00:36:36,830
You don't think you're
the Borg.

657
00:36:39,720 --> 00:36:46,620
You've got this sense that
you are a unitary thing.

658
00:36:46,620 --> 00:36:50,910
Now each of these bits, while
it's not the case that we can

659
00:36:50,910 --> 00:36:54,840
go in and somehow pull out the
thing that is you, at least

660
00:36:54,840 --> 00:36:58,270
nobody's figured out what piece
of brain that might be.

661
00:36:58,270 --> 00:37:06,300
Each of these aspects of you
is subject to attack and to

662
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:12,610
some degree at this point of
localization in the brain.

663
00:37:12,610 --> 00:37:16,620
A clear example would be the
question of ownership.

664
00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:18,930
I think I actually talked about
some of this earlier

665
00:37:18,930 --> 00:37:20,550
when we were talking
about perception.

666
00:37:20,550 --> 00:37:25,280
If you get a lesion in your
right parietal lobe you will

667
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:27,290
typically show symptoms
of what's known as

668
00:37:27,290 --> 00:37:29,130
contralateral neglect.

669
00:37:29,130 --> 00:37:33,900
Contralateral meaning on the
other side and what I think I

670
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:35,940
talked about when I was talking
about perception is

671
00:37:35,940 --> 00:37:39,890
the fact that you will ignore
the left side of visual space

672
00:37:39,890 --> 00:37:42,450
and I think at that point I
also mentioned that people

673
00:37:42,450 --> 00:37:45,050
ignore the left side
of their body.

674
00:37:45,050 --> 00:37:47,020
You can have all sorts of
varieties of neglect, but it

675
00:37:47,020 --> 00:37:51,760
can include ignoring the left
side of your body to the point

676
00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:52,830
of denying--

677
00:37:52,830 --> 00:37:57,370
I mean, you can see it, but you
might deny that it's you.

678
00:37:57,370 --> 00:37:58,880
That's neglect.

679
00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:02,570
Interestingly, if you lesion the
left parietal lobe you do

680
00:38:02,570 --> 00:38:08,440
not typically get neglect of
the right side of the body.

681
00:38:08,440 --> 00:38:10,600
At least not in right-handed
individuals.

682
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:14,110
The best understanding I've ever
come up with for that is

683
00:38:14,110 --> 00:38:17,930
that it may be that in
right-handed individuals the

684
00:38:17,930 --> 00:38:20,680
right side of the body is
represented more robustly or

685
00:38:20,680 --> 00:38:24,740
redundantly than the left side
of the body and so a typical

686
00:38:24,740 --> 00:38:28,750
lesion that leaves you alive, at
least, doesn't take out the

687
00:38:28,750 --> 00:38:32,690
entire sense that you own
that side of the body.

688
00:38:32,690 --> 00:38:38,320
Whereas, a lesion of the less
dominant, right hemisphere,

689
00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:41,460
left side of the body takes out
this sense-- leaves you

690
00:38:41,460 --> 00:38:44,540
with the sense that you don't
own the left side of

691
00:38:44,540 --> 00:38:45,370
your body at all.

692
00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:51,520
Now the flip side of this is
our phantom limb phenomena.

693
00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:56,540
So suppose you lose the limb
rather than the piece of brain

694
00:38:56,540 --> 00:38:58,760
that represents the limb.

695
00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:04,330
So if you lose a limb
very typically--

696
00:39:04,330 --> 00:39:07,040
well, the hunk of brain
is still there.

697
00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:09,190
And the brain is a kind
of a noisy place.

698
00:39:09,190 --> 00:39:13,010
What's going to happen if you've
got activity that goes

699
00:39:13,010 --> 00:39:17,000
above some sort of threshold
in the chunk of brain that

700
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,490
used to represent this arm?

701
00:39:19,490 --> 00:39:24,000
The answer is, you're going to
think you've still got an arm.

702
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,500
And you may know at some nice
cognitive or depressing

703
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,340
cognitive level that you don't
have that arm anymore, but

704
00:39:30,340 --> 00:39:33,340
it's going to feel
like it's there.

705
00:39:33,340 --> 00:39:37,010
And it can be really annoying.

706
00:39:37,010 --> 00:39:41,390
Because phantom limbs do things
like they get stuck in

707
00:39:41,390 --> 00:39:43,730
a position.

708
00:39:43,730 --> 00:39:44,850
Why's that annoying?

709
00:39:44,850 --> 00:39:47,700
Well, that's annoying because
somebody with a phantom limb

710
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:52,390
stuck like this walking
out the door

711
00:39:52,390 --> 00:39:55,900
does things like this.

712
00:39:55,900 --> 00:39:57,810
Which is exactly what you would
do of course if your arm

713
00:39:57,810 --> 00:39:59,900
was like in a sling out there
because you don't want to bash

714
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:02,490
into the door.

715
00:40:02,490 --> 00:40:06,090
But you know, you feel a bit of
a fool if you're doing that

716
00:40:06,090 --> 00:40:10,520
with a limb that you know
perfectly well isn't there.

717
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:15,830
What do you do if you've got an
itch in your phantom limb?

718
00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:18,940
Or actually pain in phantom
limbs is an even

719
00:40:18,940 --> 00:40:20,340
more serious problem.

720
00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:22,970
Perfectly possible to have pain
in your phantom limb.

721
00:40:27,370 --> 00:40:30,360
It's not particularly
easy to treat that.

722
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:37,120
Now it turns that the brain,
the brain, like

723
00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:39,690
nature, abhors a vacuum.

724
00:40:39,690 --> 00:40:44,580
And if you lose a limb the
chunks of the brain

725
00:40:44,580 --> 00:40:49,830
surrounding the arm
representation start to say,

726
00:40:49,830 --> 00:40:52,180
there's open territory here.

727
00:40:52,180 --> 00:40:54,320
We could take that.

728
00:40:54,320 --> 00:41:00,580
And over time the brain
reorganizes and you get very

729
00:41:00,580 --> 00:41:03,710
curious reports about
the limb changing.

730
00:41:03,710 --> 00:41:06,750
So the limb may shrivel up.

731
00:41:06,750 --> 00:41:10,030
There are reports where the guy
comes back to the doctor

732
00:41:10,030 --> 00:41:11,290
and says, how you doing?

733
00:41:11,290 --> 00:41:12,970
I'm doing much better.

734
00:41:12,970 --> 00:41:15,590
Now instead of this stupid
limb out here I just have

735
00:41:15,590 --> 00:41:18,540
fingers hanging off
my shoulder.

736
00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:21,710
Which it's kind of weird, but
since they're invisible it's

737
00:41:21,710 --> 00:41:22,960
not that weird.

738
00:41:26,630 --> 00:41:30,380
What seems to happen is that
neighboring stuff takes over

739
00:41:30,380 --> 00:41:37,180
what's near to the arm and
the hand in the sensory

740
00:41:37,180 --> 00:41:41,270
homunculus, for example, are
things like the face.

741
00:41:41,270 --> 00:41:46,000
And I put a reference to
Ramachandran's entertaining,

742
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:51,610
as I said, a book
on the handout.

743
00:41:51,610 --> 00:41:57,530
Blakesley is a science writer,
Ramachandran or Rama as he is

744
00:41:57,530 --> 00:41:59,220
usually called is--

745
00:41:59,220 --> 00:42:01,080
well, I think of him as a vision
researcher though,

746
00:42:01,080 --> 00:42:03,240
mostly these days he's gone
off more into the sort of

747
00:42:03,240 --> 00:42:05,300
neurological work.

748
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:13,350
But what he did was he was
testing phantom limb patients.

749
00:42:13,350 --> 00:42:16,340
He would touch them
on their face and

750
00:42:16,340 --> 00:42:18,390
ask, what do you feel?

751
00:42:18,390 --> 00:42:21,230
And the patient-- he's got
interesting video actually of

752
00:42:21,230 --> 00:42:23,150
the patient saying, well, look
of course, I can feel you

753
00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,240
touching my face, but the
interesting thing is it also

754
00:42:26,240 --> 00:42:29,080
feels like you're touching
my phantom thumb.

755
00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:31,240
You move over a little bit and
now it feels like you're

756
00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:36,350
touching this phantom
finger and so on.

757
00:42:36,350 --> 00:42:43,520
And you could actually map out
for hand and arm across the

758
00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:46,070
surface of this guy's face.

759
00:42:46,070 --> 00:42:47,840
He loved it, by the way.

760
00:42:47,840 --> 00:42:51,230
Why did he think
this was good?

761
00:42:51,230 --> 00:42:51,610
Yeah?

762
00:42:51,610 --> 00:42:52,620
AUDIENCE: He could itch it?

763
00:42:52,620 --> 00:42:54,760
PROFESSOR: Yeah, he knew where
to scratch if it itched.

764
00:42:54,760 --> 00:42:55,940
And it worked.

765
00:42:55,940 --> 00:42:58,680
You get an itch on your phantom
arm, he's now learned

766
00:42:58,680 --> 00:43:05,330
that he can scratch there and
you get a degree of relief.

767
00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:16,060
So the sense of ownership of the
body can be localized in

768
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:22,510
the brain to the things like
these parietal structures.

769
00:43:22,510 --> 00:43:25,570
The degree to which the brain
is plastic even in adulthood

770
00:43:25,570 --> 00:43:32,550
is a growing story where you
find that the chunks of--

771
00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:35,460
oh there was an fMRI study
showing for instance, that if

772
00:43:35,460 --> 00:43:38,150
you look at violinists, the
representation of the

773
00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:42,870
fingering hand in the brain is
larger than the representation

774
00:43:42,870 --> 00:43:44,580
of the bowing hand.

775
00:43:44,580 --> 00:43:46,860
The fingering hand is learning
a whole lot of stuff that the

776
00:43:46,860 --> 00:43:49,490
bowing hand doesn't need to
and it ends up using more

777
00:43:49,490 --> 00:43:51,880
brain, apparently.

778
00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:55,320
All right, lets go back to this
notion of the self as a

779
00:43:55,320 --> 00:43:58,830
bundle of personality
attributes.

780
00:43:58,830 --> 00:44:00,780
And of your understanding
of the

781
00:44:00,780 --> 00:44:02,150
implications of that knowledge.

782
00:44:02,150 --> 00:44:04,880
So these are the ideas of
representation and evaluation

783
00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:07,170
from that earlier list.

784
00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:11,200
Does this have a home?

785
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:14,530
Maybe is a reasonable answer.

786
00:44:14,530 --> 00:44:20,080
There is evidence from
neuropathology that suggests

787
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:23,790
disorders that specifically
attack that

788
00:44:23,790 --> 00:44:25,560
aspect of the self.

789
00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:29,710
The disorder I'm thinking of
is known as Pick's disease,

790
00:44:29,710 --> 00:44:32,620
which I probably labeled
on the handout as a

791
00:44:32,620 --> 00:44:35,280
fronto-temporal dementia.

792
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:37,010
Oh, it says that on
the handout also.

793
00:44:37,010 --> 00:44:39,150
The way to think about it is
sort of like an Alzheimer's of

794
00:44:39,150 --> 00:44:40,200
the personality.

795
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:43,050
It's an Alzheimer's like
disorder, it's a terrible

796
00:44:43,050 --> 00:44:49,200
diagnosis by the way because
it typically is a very

797
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:51,260
progressive--

798
00:44:51,260 --> 00:44:56,310
quite rapidly progressive
dementia that leaves you

799
00:44:56,310 --> 00:44:59,100
witless fairly quickly and
dead fairly shortly

800
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:00,060
thereafter.

801
00:45:00,060 --> 00:45:01,760
Very bad news.

802
00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:06,040
But it is of psychological
interest because while the

803
00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:08,560
initial manifestations of
Alzheimer's are often this

804
00:45:08,560 --> 00:45:11,320
sort of forgetfulness,
the manifestations--

805
00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:15,730
what gets your family to bring
you to the doctor if you've

806
00:45:15,730 --> 00:45:19,260
got Pick's is a change
in personality.

807
00:45:19,260 --> 00:45:21,330
I'll tell you a couple
of anecdotes here.

808
00:45:21,330 --> 00:45:24,840
Here's a patient, 54 year-old
woman described as a charming,

809
00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:28,170
dynamic real estate agent who
goes from wearing expensive

810
00:45:28,170 --> 00:45:31,950
designer apparel to choosing
cheap clothing and gaudy beads

811
00:45:31,950 --> 00:45:34,890
and asking strangers how much
their clothes cost.

812
00:45:34,890 --> 00:45:37,780
Once a lover of French cuisine,
she adopted a love of

813
00:45:37,780 --> 00:45:40,830
fast food, particularly,
Taco Bell.

814
00:45:40,830 --> 00:45:43,730
Now look, if you like Taco Bell
that doesn't mean you're

815
00:45:43,730 --> 00:45:46,350
going to die of dementia
next week.

816
00:45:46,350 --> 00:45:51,190
The point is that what people
notice, what your family

817
00:45:51,190 --> 00:45:55,350
typically notices is an
unexplained change in that

818
00:45:55,350 --> 00:46:00,650
sort of list of attributes
that makes you you.

819
00:46:00,650 --> 00:46:03,520
Or a patient, 63 year-old woman

820
00:46:03,520 --> 00:46:05,070
described as a well- dressed--

821
00:46:05,070 --> 00:46:07,030
I don't know why they're all
well- dressed-- well- dressed,

822
00:46:07,030 --> 00:46:09,540
lifelong political conservative
who became an

823
00:46:09,540 --> 00:46:12,510
animal rights activist who hated
conservatives, dressed

824
00:46:12,510 --> 00:46:15,580
in T-shirts and baggy pants and
liked to say Republicans

825
00:46:15,580 --> 00:46:19,250
should be taken off the earth.

826
00:46:19,250 --> 00:46:24,360
So again, you can imagine
somebody whose political

827
00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:29,850
opinions evolve, but you could
also imagine that if your

828
00:46:29,850 --> 00:46:35,440
rock- ribbed Republican grandma
was suddenly doing a

829
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:40,540
kind of a late hippie thing
and people might worry.

830
00:46:43,210 --> 00:46:47,730
The lesions here seem to be
typically at this stage in the

831
00:46:47,730 --> 00:46:52,310
right frontal lobe when
you get these

832
00:46:52,310 --> 00:46:56,000
people into a scanner.

833
00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:09,240
That was a mistake.

834
00:47:09,240 --> 00:47:11,120
Shouldn't try lecturing
while you're drinking.

835
00:47:15,290 --> 00:47:16,540
But no, you don't have
to rescue me.

836
00:47:19,510 --> 00:47:23,120
I think I'll be able
to rescue myself.

837
00:47:23,120 --> 00:47:28,840
Anyway, so the loci that seem to
be particularly important,

838
00:47:28,840 --> 00:47:32,160
but if I've been eating you
should come up and then

839
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:34,110
Heimlich me and stuff
like that.

840
00:47:34,110 --> 00:47:37,910
I don't think the Heimlich
maneuver works well for water.

841
00:47:37,910 --> 00:47:42,260
Anyway, the particular chunks
of brain that seem, at least

842
00:47:42,260 --> 00:47:47,530
one recent study suggests are
important here, are chunks of

843
00:47:47,530 --> 00:47:50,860
the frontal lobe lying on
the midline, so your

844
00:47:50,860 --> 00:47:51,960
brain's like this.

845
00:47:51,960 --> 00:47:58,280
If you open it up that's the
medial surface of the cerebral

846
00:47:58,280 --> 00:48:00,560
hemispheres.

847
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:06,570
And there's evidence that
locations sort of in there are

848
00:48:06,570 --> 00:48:07,950
what's important.

849
00:48:07,950 --> 00:48:11,340
What may be very important
for putting together this

850
00:48:11,340 --> 00:48:12,170
sense of the self.

851
00:48:12,170 --> 00:48:18,450
I think I did-- oh yes, I put on
the handout the notion that

852
00:48:18,450 --> 00:48:21,880
orbital medial prefrontal cortex
might be a possible

853
00:48:21,880 --> 00:48:22,770
home for representation.

854
00:48:22,770 --> 00:48:26,300
I put that there just because
it's got to be so much fun to

855
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:30,820
go off and be able to talk
about the OMPFC and to

856
00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,210
distinguish it from the DMPFC.

857
00:48:33,210 --> 00:48:36,600
I promise not to ask
exactly that--

858
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:42,120
is representation localized
in the OMPFC or DMPFC?

859
00:48:42,120 --> 00:48:46,420
This is for the subset of you
who are dying to go off to med

860
00:48:46,420 --> 00:48:49,870
school and stuff like that and
want practice using jargon

861
00:48:49,870 --> 00:48:51,200
that nobody else will
understand.

862
00:48:54,170 --> 00:48:55,910
Don't get me wrong, this
is useful stuff.

863
00:48:55,910 --> 00:48:58,750
If you're interested in the
topic the reference on the

864
00:48:58,750 --> 00:49:02,640
handout to-- did I put the
reference on the handout?

865
00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:07,910
Yes, this comes from this
Northoff and Bermpohl article

866
00:49:07,910 --> 00:49:09,840
way up at the top of page 2.

867
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:11,640
By all means, go check it out.

868
00:49:11,640 --> 00:49:14,510
I just realized when I was
thinking about lecturing about

869
00:49:14,510 --> 00:49:17,470
this that I knew that a whole
bunch of people are going to

870
00:49:17,470 --> 00:49:21,730
go get deeply obsessive about
worrying about whether they've

871
00:49:21,730 --> 00:49:24,310
got the OM versus the DM
straight and I don't want

872
00:49:24,310 --> 00:49:26,120
people to spend a lot of time
worrying about that.

873
00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:29,250
What I want you to come away
with is the notion that there

874
00:49:29,250 --> 00:49:33,510
are a set of localizable bits
of particularly frontal

875
00:49:33,510 --> 00:49:40,920
structures in the brain where
you can make a case for each

876
00:49:40,920 --> 00:49:45,620
little bit being responsible
for a little bit of this

877
00:49:45,620 --> 00:49:52,800
overall sense of the self.

878
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:58,930
Well, one of the ones actually
where the little chunk of

879
00:49:58,930 --> 00:50:00,760
brain-- again, I probably won't
ask a question, but

880
00:50:00,760 --> 00:50:03,530
where little chunk of brain is
quite clearly doing something

881
00:50:03,530 --> 00:50:06,370
specific for you is the
anterior cingulate.

882
00:50:06,370 --> 00:50:11,430
Again, and the midline of the
brain or the medial surface of

883
00:50:11,430 --> 00:50:16,150
the cerebral hemispheres are
wrapped around the corpus

884
00:50:16,150 --> 00:50:18,350
callosum, that big bundle of
fibers that connects the two

885
00:50:18,350 --> 00:50:19,670
halves of the brain.

886
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:23,310
The cool thing about that is
that it really looks like it's

887
00:50:23,310 --> 00:50:26,530
serving a monitoring role.

888
00:50:26,530 --> 00:50:29,820
What it does is it's the thing
that's siting there checking,

889
00:50:29,820 --> 00:50:31,340
am I making a mistake here?

890
00:50:34,530 --> 00:50:39,700
If you're in our lab I can feel
my anterior cingulate

891
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:42,800
light up because if you're in
the lab and you're doing a

892
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,890
whole bunch of visual search
experiments and you hit the no

893
00:50:46,890 --> 00:50:50,560
key just as you see
the target--

894
00:50:50,560 --> 00:50:54,670
that "Oh dear" phenomenon.

895
00:50:54,670 --> 00:50:56,860
Where you can just feel yourself
saying a word you

896
00:50:56,860 --> 00:51:00,200
shouldn't say, that's your
anterior cingulate error

897
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:01,140
monitoring.

898
00:51:01,140 --> 00:51:01,900
How do we know that?

899
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:05,010
Because if you do these
experiments in a scanner when

900
00:51:05,010 --> 00:51:07,890
people make errors
that lights up.

901
00:51:07,890 --> 00:51:10,010
It's really quite lovely.

902
00:51:10,010 --> 00:51:18,500
It's also, in the practical
advice side of the course, it

903
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:22,570
turns out at least from a couple
of things that I read

904
00:51:22,570 --> 00:51:25,310
that the anterior cingulate
is particularly

905
00:51:25,310 --> 00:51:28,070
vulnerable to alcohol.

906
00:51:28,070 --> 00:51:29,520
What's that mean?

907
00:51:29,520 --> 00:51:33,260
Well, it means have a few drinks
and the chunk of your

908
00:51:33,260 --> 00:51:40,780
brain that's saying, "Is this a
mistake?" takes a vacation.

909
00:51:40,780 --> 00:51:44,480
So have a few drinks, go down to
Kenmore Square to celebrate

910
00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:45,610
the Red Sox--

911
00:51:45,610 --> 00:51:47,430
look, there's a car.

912
00:51:47,430 --> 00:51:50,210
Could we flip that over?

913
00:51:50,210 --> 00:51:51,780
Yeah, we could do that.

914
00:51:51,780 --> 00:51:53,630
Would that be a mistake?

915
00:51:53,630 --> 00:51:58,070
I don't know, the guys asleep
so don't wake him up.

916
00:51:58,070 --> 00:52:02,350
Or you know, go and drink a few
things and should I sleep

917
00:52:02,350 --> 00:52:04,170
with that person?

918
00:52:04,170 --> 00:52:08,300
I don't know, we'll ask
in the morning.

919
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:11,110
Well, I guess the answer was
no, I shouldn't have.

920
00:52:11,110 --> 00:52:19,100
But anyways, next time you are
inclined to imbibe something

921
00:52:19,100 --> 00:52:23,720
stronger than Poland Spring
Water just think of your

922
00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:32,230
little anterior cingulate that's
bathing in alcohol and

923
00:52:32,230 --> 00:52:35,510
then you can go drive down the
highway and say, "Would it be

924
00:52:35,510 --> 00:52:40,020
a mistake to pass this semi
on a wet road tonight?

925
00:52:40,020 --> 00:52:44,420
Well, I don't know, let's find
out." So you want to keep that

926
00:52:44,420 --> 00:52:46,130
piece of your brain and you want
to keep it more or less

927
00:52:46,130 --> 00:52:47,380
functional.

928
00:52:50,880 --> 00:52:57,370
The conscious you, this notion
of integration seems to have

929
00:52:57,370 --> 00:53:00,530
something to do with
the notion.

930
00:53:00,530 --> 00:53:02,170
What's it mean that it's
all one thing?

931
00:53:02,170 --> 00:53:06,970
In some way this is all tied
into the fact that you feel

932
00:53:06,970 --> 00:53:10,570
like a single,

933
00:53:10,570 --> 00:53:15,720
self-reflective, conscious entity.

934
00:53:15,720 --> 00:53:19,830
Well, one interesting question
is, are you conscious?

935
00:53:19,830 --> 00:53:20,990
Well, sure.

936
00:53:20,990 --> 00:53:23,670
Now that I asked you.

937
00:53:23,670 --> 00:53:27,540
Were you conscious before
I asked you?

938
00:53:27,540 --> 00:53:30,260
Oh maybe.

939
00:53:30,260 --> 00:53:33,650
This is what's known in the
philosophical literature as

940
00:53:33,650 --> 00:53:36,500
the refrigerator
light problem.

941
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:38,820
Is the refrigerator
light on when the

942
00:53:38,820 --> 00:53:40,010
refrigerator is closed?

943
00:53:40,010 --> 00:53:41,360
AUDIENCE: No.

944
00:53:41,360 --> 00:53:45,510
PROFESSOR: Well you know that
the answer is really no and

945
00:53:45,510 --> 00:53:49,080
look-- even most philosophers
know that.

946
00:53:49,080 --> 00:53:55,730
But that's because you have
some sort of a deeper

947
00:53:55,730 --> 00:53:59,100
understanding of
refrigerators.

948
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:01,280
But if you're just faced with
this thing and the question

949
00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,530
is, is the light on when
the door is closed?

950
00:54:04,530 --> 00:54:05,750
How would you know?

951
00:54:05,750 --> 00:54:07,810
Open the door, light's on.

952
00:54:07,810 --> 00:54:09,990
It's always on.

953
00:54:09,990 --> 00:54:12,240
Every time I open it up the
light is on, it's cool.

954
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:18,680
People seriously entertain the
possibility that consciousness

955
00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:19,070
is like that.

956
00:54:19,070 --> 00:54:22,010
It feels continuous because
every time you ask yourself in

957
00:54:22,010 --> 00:54:24,930
any fashion about whether or
not you're conscious, not

958
00:54:24,930 --> 00:54:28,180
counting the guys who were out
cold and well, they can't ask

959
00:54:28,180 --> 00:54:31,740
themselves anyway, you feel
conscious, right?

960
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:40,420
The closest you can get to a
sort of a feeling that there

961
00:54:40,420 --> 00:54:46,440
might be an issue here is
there's a phenomenon known to

962
00:54:46,440 --> 00:54:50,910
long haul drivers where you're
driving down the interstate,

963
00:54:50,910 --> 00:54:54,060
you get from point A to point B
and you have no recollection

964
00:54:54,060 --> 00:54:56,120
of having done that.

965
00:54:56,120 --> 00:54:57,360
The good thing is if
you're doing that

966
00:54:57,360 --> 00:54:57,950
while you're asleep.

967
00:54:57,950 --> 00:55:00,770
Asleep is a different problem.

968
00:55:00,770 --> 00:55:08,910
It's a very serious problem, but
the greatest number of car

969
00:55:08,910 --> 00:55:12,300
accidents per mile is not like
in downtown Boston where you

970
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:13,490
would think it ought to be.

971
00:55:13,490 --> 00:55:20,170
But it's like way out West
because 600 miles, the road

972
00:55:20,170 --> 00:55:22,720
doesn't even turn.

973
00:55:22,720 --> 00:55:27,500
The problem is the 601 mile it
makes a 10 degrees slant off

974
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:29,950
to one side and you're
semi doesn't.

975
00:55:29,950 --> 00:55:32,320
And you're straight into the
sage brush or something like

976
00:55:32,320 --> 00:55:33,410
that because you've
gone to sleep.

977
00:55:33,410 --> 00:55:36,380
But the less dire version of
this is you can get into a

978
00:55:36,380 --> 00:55:39,200
sort of a "nnnnn" kind of
state driving down the

979
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:42,940
interstate where you really seem
to lose a chunk of time

980
00:55:42,940 --> 00:55:44,970
and you ask yourself, was
I conscious during that?

981
00:55:44,970 --> 00:55:48,170
I must have been awake because
I didn't crash the car, but

982
00:55:48,170 --> 00:55:50,830
there's nothing there.

983
00:55:50,830 --> 00:55:52,960
Whether or not you were
conscious or not I can't speak

984
00:55:52,960 --> 00:55:54,990
to because of this refrigerator
light problem.

985
00:55:54,990 --> 00:55:58,850
If we asked you while you were
in the midst of the state, are

986
00:55:58,850 --> 00:55:59,440
you conscious?

987
00:55:59,440 --> 00:56:00,910
You'd say, "Of course
I'm conscious.

988
00:56:00,910 --> 00:56:04,500
That's a stupid question."

989
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:10,260
If you're interested, one
of the projects--

990
00:56:10,260 --> 00:56:12,310
one of the more interesting
neuroscience projects out

991
00:56:12,310 --> 00:56:14,540
there is to decide which bits
of brain are important for

992
00:56:14,540 --> 00:56:15,750
consciousness.

993
00:56:15,750 --> 00:56:19,750
Christof Koch at Caltech has
done a lot of work on this,

994
00:56:19,750 --> 00:56:23,050
wrote an interesting new book,
which I would've put on the

995
00:56:23,050 --> 00:56:25,250
handout if I could have quickly
found the reference,

996
00:56:25,250 --> 00:56:29,840
but if you go to my website
you can find my one page

997
00:56:29,840 --> 00:56:31,770
review of the book-- which tells
you what the books about

998
00:56:31,770 --> 00:56:34,250
without you actually having to
read it, but it would also

999
00:56:34,250 --> 00:56:37,180
give you the reference
to the book.

1000
00:56:37,180 --> 00:56:40,370
But Christof refers to the
neural correlate of

1001
00:56:40,370 --> 00:56:41,060
consciousness.

1002
00:56:41,060 --> 00:56:43,190
The question is, which
bits of brain do

1003
00:56:43,190 --> 00:56:45,910
you need to be conscious?

1004
00:56:45,910 --> 00:56:49,850
And then you can go on from
there to ask, what that

1005
00:56:49,850 --> 00:56:52,500
consciousness might
actually be for?

1006
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:56,140
It's very clear that we can do
an awful lot of stuff without

1007
00:56:56,140 --> 00:56:58,440
being conscious.

1008
00:56:58,440 --> 00:57:01,030
This is an important wrinkle
on this issue of agency.

1009
00:57:01,030 --> 00:57:03,850
There's an interesting body of
research that suggests that

1010
00:57:03,850 --> 00:57:06,760
when you feel like you are
making a decision--

1011
00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:11,130
which one of these things do you
want-- the brain, we can

1012
00:57:11,130 --> 00:57:14,410
pick up a lecture of
physiological indications that

1013
00:57:14,410 --> 00:57:17,100
you have made the decision
before you, the owner of the

1014
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:18,900
brain, know that you've
made the decision.

1015
00:57:22,670 --> 00:57:25,840
One can wrap oneself in
philosophical knots trying to

1016
00:57:25,840 --> 00:57:28,970
ask yourself what that means
about the agency of

1017
00:57:28,970 --> 00:57:30,690
your acts, are you--

1018
00:57:30,690 --> 00:57:33,430
the conscious you-- committing
those acts or are you merely

1019
00:57:33,430 --> 00:57:34,940
reporting on them afterwards?

1020
00:57:34,940 --> 00:57:37,220
But there is this interesting
data that suggests that you

1021
00:57:37,220 --> 00:57:39,660
have made the decision
before you know that

1022
00:57:39,660 --> 00:57:42,040
you've made the decision.

1023
00:57:42,040 --> 00:57:51,610
In any case, what we can't find
is clear evidence of a

1024
00:57:51,610 --> 00:57:56,170
single, little piece of neural
tissue that is you.

1025
00:57:56,170 --> 00:57:59,900
No single lesion seems to leave
everything else intact,

1026
00:57:59,900 --> 00:58:01,530
but take you out.

1027
00:58:01,530 --> 00:58:04,960
So what I want to do now is to
switch from neuropathology to

1028
00:58:04,960 --> 00:58:06,210
psychopathology.

1029
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:16,260
But I will do that after you
take a brief stretch here and

1030
00:58:16,260 --> 00:58:17,590
then we'll talk about
that a bit.

1031
00:58:17,590 --> 00:58:27,740
[INTERPOSING VOICES]

1032
00:58:41,695 --> 00:58:44,924
AUDIENCE: I had a question about
the syndrome that you

1033
00:58:44,924 --> 00:58:46,660
talked about where you can't
recognize who you are.

1034
00:58:46,660 --> 00:58:50,221
Is it visual?

1035
00:58:50,221 --> 00:58:52,070
Like so if you look
in the mirror--

1036
00:58:52,070 --> 00:58:52,750
PROFESSOR: Oh, no.

1037
00:58:52,750 --> 00:58:56,100
You know perfectly well looking
in the mirror that

1038
00:58:56,100 --> 00:58:58,100
that looks exactly like me.

1039
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:04,710
The weird thing is
it just isn't me.

1040
00:59:04,710 --> 00:59:08,190
If I had a photograph of you,
you would know that was you

1041
00:59:08,190 --> 00:59:10,820
and you would also know
that it wasn't you.

1042
00:59:10,820 --> 00:59:15,220
I mean, it's not you, you're
this person right here.

1043
00:59:15,220 --> 00:59:17,660
Now if I had a photograph of
your mother you would know

1044
00:59:17,660 --> 00:59:22,270
that this was a representation
of your mother, but wasn't

1045
00:59:22,270 --> 00:59:24,580
necessarily your
mother, per se.

1046
00:59:24,580 --> 00:59:27,710
The weird thing about Capgras
is if I had your mother here

1047
00:59:27,710 --> 00:59:31,220
you would have the same sort of
sense of it being it looks

1048
00:59:31,220 --> 00:59:35,060
like mother, but
it just isn't.

1049
00:59:35,060 --> 00:59:39,855
It's one of those things where
it'd be cool if you could have

1050
00:59:39,855 --> 00:59:42,620
this reversibly just to know
what it felt like.

1051
00:59:42,620 --> 00:59:45,710
It'd be very hard to wrap you
brain around what that

1052
00:59:45,710 --> 00:59:49,010
particular delusion
must feel like.

1053
00:59:49,010 --> 00:59:52,760
There are visual disorders
where you don't recognize

1054
00:59:52,760 --> 00:59:54,150
faces, that's prosopagnosia.

1055
00:59:54,150 --> 00:59:55,790
I think I talked
about earlier.

1056
00:59:55,790 --> 00:59:58,910
Where I look at you, I
say, two eyes, nose,

1057
00:59:58,910 --> 00:59:59,930
mouth, it's a face.

1058
00:59:59,930 --> 01:00:00,460
Whose is it?

1059
01:00:00,460 --> 01:00:02,580
I don't know.

1060
01:00:02,580 --> 01:00:05,130
This is in some sense
the opposite, a

1061
01:00:05,130 --> 01:00:06,350
complement of that.

1062
01:00:06,350 --> 01:00:08,630
I know exactly who it
is, I just don't

1063
01:00:08,630 --> 01:00:12,098
believe it in some sense.

1064
01:00:12,098 --> 01:00:16,640
AUDIENCE: Well I mean, if
I have that disorder and

1065
01:00:16,640 --> 01:00:17,930
[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].

1066
01:00:17,930 --> 01:00:20,690
PROFESSOR: Your hand.

1067
01:00:20,690 --> 01:00:20,900
That's interesting.

1068
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:24,260
I'm not sure I've ever read
anything about whether people

1069
01:00:24,260 --> 01:00:29,540
deny their own-- in neglect you
would deny it was your own

1070
01:00:29,540 --> 01:00:32,200
hand, but in neglect typically
the hand would be paralyzed.

1071
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,140
You wouldn't be doing anything
with it because of the nature

1072
01:00:35,140 --> 01:00:36,830
of the stroke.

1073
01:00:39,620 --> 01:00:40,150
I don't know.

1074
01:00:40,150 --> 01:00:43,990
I thought you were going to ask
whether I could look at

1075
01:00:43,990 --> 01:00:46,920
that water bottle and deny it
was my water bottle and it

1076
01:00:46,920 --> 01:00:49,190
doesn't seem to extend
to objects.

1077
01:00:49,190 --> 01:00:54,220
It seems to be a very person
specific kind of delusion.

1078
01:00:54,220 --> 01:00:57,390
That it's about people and about
people with whom you

1079
01:00:57,390 --> 01:01:01,270
have strong affective
relations.

1080
01:01:01,270 --> 01:01:05,650
Very sad kind of thing because
you read these anecdotes about

1081
01:01:05,650 --> 01:01:08,710
how would you feel because
typically somebody is in tough

1082
01:01:08,710 --> 01:01:10,240
shape for one reason
or another when

1083
01:01:10,240 --> 01:01:12,910
they've got this disorder.

1084
01:01:12,910 --> 01:01:15,460
So you're visiting your kid
in hospital said he's busy

1085
01:01:15,460 --> 01:01:19,610
declaring you're an evil agent
who's disguised as Daddy.

1086
01:01:19,610 --> 01:01:23,550
You know, that must
be heartbreaking.

1087
01:01:23,550 --> 01:01:27,620
And I remember reading one
account where Daddy, in an

1088
01:01:27,620 --> 01:01:31,460
effort to cure the kid, comes
back and declares.

1089
01:01:31,460 --> 01:01:35,050
I did it, I killed him.

1090
01:01:35,050 --> 01:01:38,090
And I think the story was it
provided some temporary relief

1091
01:01:38,090 --> 01:01:41,120
and then it didn't stick.

1092
01:01:41,120 --> 01:01:44,970
But very weird stuff and very,
small, it's rare stuff; small

1093
01:01:44,970 --> 01:01:46,220
literature.

1094
01:01:52,490 --> 01:01:56,590
I just realized I suppose it
didn't matter, but I just

1095
01:01:56,590 --> 01:02:00,660
realized that if I'm going to
mike myself having discussions

1096
01:02:00,660 --> 01:02:03,390
during the break could
be a little risky.

1097
01:02:03,390 --> 01:02:05,580
I got to make sure that I'm just
talking about the details

1098
01:02:05,580 --> 01:02:08,940
of Capgras syndrome, which we
were as opposed to having a

1099
01:02:08,940 --> 01:02:12,000
discussion about--

1100
01:02:12,000 --> 01:02:14,420
I hate my TA.

1101
01:02:14,420 --> 01:02:16,270
Oh yeah, what's the
name of your TA?

1102
01:02:20,190 --> 01:02:20,870
That wouldn't work.

1103
01:02:20,870 --> 01:02:25,640
Or I love my TA,
and nevermind.

1104
01:02:25,640 --> 01:02:26,890
Let's get onto psychopathology--

1105
01:02:29,550 --> 01:02:32,410
my own and others.

1106
01:02:32,410 --> 01:02:34,580
The first thing to do is to
say something about the

1107
01:02:34,580 --> 01:02:36,390
distinction between a
neuropathology and a

1108
01:02:36,390 --> 01:02:39,110
psychopathology, which might
seem a little weird in a

1109
01:02:39,110 --> 01:02:43,670
course that began by asserting
the mind is

1110
01:02:43,670 --> 01:02:44,680
what the brain does.

1111
01:02:44,680 --> 01:02:49,870
I mean, in what sense can you
talk about neuropathology on

1112
01:02:49,870 --> 01:02:52,550
one side and a psychopathology
on the other?

1113
01:02:52,550 --> 01:02:56,580
I decided today and I'll see if
I still think tomorrow that

1114
01:02:56,580 --> 01:03:00,270
it's a useful distinction to
think of it sort of like a

1115
01:03:00,270 --> 01:03:03,930
hardware bugs versus
software bugs.

1116
01:03:03,930 --> 01:03:09,140
Same computer not working in
some interesting fashion or

1117
01:03:09,140 --> 01:03:12,510
other, but you can have a
problem because some piece of

1118
01:03:12,510 --> 01:03:15,180
the equipment is broken.

1119
01:03:15,180 --> 01:03:19,620
And you can have a problem
because the program running

1120
01:03:19,620 --> 01:03:23,620
over that equipment is
not working properly.

1121
01:03:23,620 --> 01:03:26,860
Now I realize as I'm saying that
that there is one problem

1122
01:03:26,860 --> 01:03:31,060
with that analogy, which is that
if I have a hardware bug

1123
01:03:31,060 --> 01:03:33,790
I'm going to be inclined to fix
the hardware and if I have

1124
01:03:33,790 --> 01:03:37,790
a software bug I'm going to be
inclined to fix the software.

1125
01:03:37,790 --> 01:03:39,810
That distinction is by
no means as clear in

1126
01:03:39,810 --> 01:03:42,010
psychopathology versus
neuropathology.

1127
01:03:42,010 --> 01:03:48,860
So you can have a brain lesion
where the treatment is

1128
01:03:48,860 --> 01:03:52,470
essentially behavioral because
you want to do some sort of

1129
01:03:52,470 --> 01:03:55,740
retraining of the brain that
you've got left and you can

1130
01:03:55,740 --> 01:03:58,630
have a psychopathology, a
problem if you like with the

1131
01:03:58,630 --> 01:04:00,990
way that the software is running
where the intervention

1132
01:04:00,990 --> 01:04:04,120
is to give somebody a drug
that's doing its work

1133
01:04:04,120 --> 01:04:05,820
essentially on the hardware.

1134
01:04:05,820 --> 01:04:09,480
So the metaphor is not perfect,

1135
01:04:09,480 --> 01:04:13,480
but it gets at something.

1136
01:04:13,480 --> 01:04:14,730
Psychopathologies are...

1137
01:04:17,330 --> 01:04:19,760
it's worth thinking of as
problems with the way that the

1138
01:04:19,760 --> 01:04:24,070
program is using the brain.

1139
01:04:24,070 --> 01:04:25,810
Are there psychopathologies
that

1140
01:04:25,810 --> 01:04:29,140
specifically attack the self?

1141
01:04:29,140 --> 01:04:30,220
The answer is yes.

1142
01:04:30,220 --> 01:04:32,330
Those are what's known
in the trade as

1143
01:04:32,330 --> 01:04:34,850
dissociative disorders.

1144
01:04:34,850 --> 01:04:42,480
Much beloved of various and
sundry literary outlets, so

1145
01:04:42,480 --> 01:04:47,480
the cleanest one if you like
is psychogenic amnesia or

1146
01:04:47,480 --> 01:04:48,730
depersonalization.

1147
01:04:51,360 --> 01:04:56,650
Occasionally resorted to by soap
opera writers who have

1148
01:04:56,650 --> 01:04:59,120
backed themselves
into a corner.

1149
01:04:59,120 --> 01:05:02,910
That's the get a knock on the
head and I don't know who I

1150
01:05:02,910 --> 01:05:05,780
am, I don't know where I am.

1151
01:05:05,780 --> 01:05:08,160
And that allows you to do
a certain amount of plot

1152
01:05:08,160 --> 01:05:11,540
twiddling as needed.

1153
01:05:11,540 --> 01:05:13,570
Oh, let me say a word about--

1154
01:05:13,570 --> 01:05:15,890
now that we're talking about
psychopathology--

1155
01:05:15,890 --> 01:05:20,760
I need to say something about
psychiatric hypochondria,

1156
01:05:20,760 --> 01:05:26,320
which is psychogenic amnesia.

1157
01:05:26,320 --> 01:05:30,220
Very rare, it's not going
to happen to you.

1158
01:05:30,220 --> 01:05:32,440
It's not even going to happen
to you after I tell you we

1159
01:05:32,440 --> 01:05:34,620
don't really know what the cause
is, but the best we know

1160
01:05:34,620 --> 01:05:38,430
about it is that it's a response
to severe stress.

1161
01:05:38,430 --> 01:05:43,770
The problem is, you say that
and people say "huhh!".

1162
01:05:43,770 --> 01:05:45,820
I'm under more stress than I've
ever been all my life.

1163
01:05:45,820 --> 01:05:48,700
I'm going to wake up tomorrow
and not going

1164
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:49,110
to know who I am.

1165
01:05:49,110 --> 01:05:51,520
Not going to happen,
very rare stuff.

1166
01:05:51,520 --> 01:05:57,990
But this is a close kin, this is
the intro psych kin, to med

1167
01:05:57,990 --> 01:06:01,980
student hypochondria which is a
very real known phenomenon.

1168
01:06:01,980 --> 01:06:04,890
Med students are always coming
down with spectacularly rare

1169
01:06:04,890 --> 01:06:07,220
diseases, at least in
their own minds.

1170
01:06:07,220 --> 01:06:10,630
You hear about some new set
of symptoms of some weird

1171
01:06:10,630 --> 01:06:16,540
tropical disorder and you can
kind of-- is that like a tape

1172
01:06:16,540 --> 01:06:17,830
worm right about there?

1173
01:06:17,830 --> 01:06:20,780
They worry about these
things a lot.

1174
01:06:20,780 --> 01:06:23,950
And in the same way that they
probably don't have that tape

1175
01:06:23,950 --> 01:06:26,410
worm because you just don't
pick them up at

1176
01:06:26,410 --> 01:06:28,740
Harvard Med, mostly.

1177
01:06:28,740 --> 01:06:31,200
You shouldn't worry about
whether tomorrow you're going

1178
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:34,130
to wake up without knowing
who you are.

1179
01:06:34,130 --> 01:06:37,980
Even though you may be under
a certain degree of stress.

1180
01:06:37,980 --> 01:06:41,040
That said, so let me
tell you one case.

1181
01:06:41,040 --> 01:06:42,900
A woman wakes up--

1182
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:47,600
a woman is found, actually in
a bad state under the bushes

1183
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:50,980
in Florida somewhere
back in 1980.

1184
01:06:50,980 --> 01:06:53,040
Doesn't know who she is.

1185
01:06:53,040 --> 01:06:57,580
Can't remember anything
about her past.

1186
01:06:57,580 --> 01:07:01,970
And eventually, in an effort to
figure out who she is and

1187
01:07:01,970 --> 01:07:06,040
they call her Jane Doe of
course, and then take her on

1188
01:07:06,040 --> 01:07:11,290
morning TV and ask basically,
does anybody know who I am?

1189
01:07:11,290 --> 01:07:15,370
And immediately got a string of
phone calls that suggested

1190
01:07:15,370 --> 01:07:16,580
that they knew exactly
who she was.

1191
01:07:16,580 --> 01:07:23,400
She had apparently left Ohio a
few years earlier and moved to

1192
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:24,680
Florida and then disappeared.

1193
01:07:24,680 --> 01:07:27,790
Her parents hadn't heard from
her for several years.

1194
01:07:27,790 --> 01:07:30,970
And unclear what happened
in this particular case,

1195
01:07:30,970 --> 01:07:32,890
atypically she did not
recover her memory.

1196
01:07:32,890 --> 01:07:37,320
Typically, these global amnesias
are transient.

1197
01:07:37,320 --> 01:07:39,530
In her case, at least at the
time of the report I was

1198
01:07:39,530 --> 01:07:43,200
reading, she had not recovered
her memory.

1199
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:45,990
That's the most global,
if you like, of these

1200
01:07:45,990 --> 01:07:47,260
dissociative disorders.

1201
01:07:50,030 --> 01:07:58,820
Fugue states, from the Latin
word "to fly" are related.

1202
01:07:58,820 --> 01:08:02,080
Again, it's presumed to be a
response to severe stress.

1203
01:08:02,080 --> 01:08:05,540
There's a very nice case
described by William James in

1204
01:08:05,540 --> 01:08:09,040
his great Principles of
Psychology-- the best intro

1205
01:08:09,040 --> 01:08:14,110
text ever written in 1890,
so we can't still use it.

1206
01:08:14,110 --> 01:08:18,020
But he talks about the Reverend
Ansel Bourne who took

1207
01:08:18,020 --> 01:08:19,600
some money out of the
bank in Providence,

1208
01:08:19,600 --> 01:08:22,580
Rhode Island and vanished.

1209
01:08:22,580 --> 01:08:28,680
He reappeared-- well, he woke
up one morning in, I think,

1210
01:08:28,680 --> 01:08:33,250
Norristown, Pennsylvania and
discovered that for the past

1211
01:08:33,250 --> 01:08:36,490
two months he had been running
a store in the

1212
01:08:36,490 --> 01:08:39,830
name of A.J. Brown.

1213
01:08:39,830 --> 01:08:44,390
He had no recollection of the
preceding two months.

1214
01:08:44,390 --> 01:08:48,270
Hypnosis turns out to be a
useful, if somewhat mysterious

1215
01:08:48,270 --> 01:08:49,600
tool in such cases.

1216
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:52,280
And James, who was very
interested in hypnosis found

1217
01:08:52,280 --> 01:08:54,940
that under hypnosis he
could sort of call up

1218
01:08:54,940 --> 01:08:56,360
either Brown or Bourne.

1219
01:08:56,360 --> 01:09:01,500
They didn't seem to know each
other, but what seems to have

1220
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:02,970
happened was--

1221
01:09:02,970 --> 01:09:04,960
that the characteristic of
a fugue state is that you

1222
01:09:04,960 --> 01:09:08,300
disappear to another location
and pick up another identity.

1223
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:10,280
Now one of the interesting
things about this and it's

1224
01:09:10,280 --> 01:09:15,000
actually a theme that will
recur through a lot of

1225
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:17,540
discussions of psychopathology.

1226
01:09:17,540 --> 01:09:23,110
Is that a fugue state is in a
sense an abnormal version of

1227
01:09:23,110 --> 01:09:28,690
something that we all understand
as a normal story.

1228
01:09:28,690 --> 01:09:33,230
In fact, most of us in our
family histories somewhere

1229
01:09:33,230 --> 01:09:39,810
have somebody back in Germany
or Poland or China or Russia

1230
01:09:39,810 --> 01:09:43,980
or Korea or somewhere who was
under a lot of stress in the

1231
01:09:43,980 --> 01:09:48,680
Old Country, picked up, and
developed a whole new identity

1232
01:09:48,680 --> 01:09:53,560
in the U.S. The major difference
of course, is that

1233
01:09:53,560 --> 01:09:56,250
grandpa remembered
the old country.

1234
01:09:56,250 --> 01:09:59,700
Grandpa hadn't suddenly just
gone poof and hey, now I'm

1235
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:02,140
running a store in Brooklyn.

1236
01:10:02,140 --> 01:10:03,200
Nothing like that.

1237
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:07,170
But the notion that a response
to an intolerable situation

1238
01:10:07,170 --> 01:10:10,970
here might be to move
here is sort of like

1239
01:10:10,970 --> 01:10:12,590
the American story.

1240
01:10:12,590 --> 01:10:18,800
The pathological aspect is if
you don't remember what had

1241
01:10:18,800 --> 01:10:20,530
happened before.

1242
01:10:20,530 --> 01:10:25,060
Now by the time you've got
a couple of different

1243
01:10:25,060 --> 01:10:28,340
characters, particularly, who
can be called in and out of

1244
01:10:28,340 --> 01:10:31,860
awareness under hypnosis, you
are very close to everybody's

1245
01:10:31,860 --> 01:10:34,710
favorite dissociative disorder,
long known as

1246
01:10:34,710 --> 01:10:36,800
multiple personality disorder.

1247
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:40,220
Now more officially known
as dissociative identity

1248
01:10:40,220 --> 01:10:42,940
disorder, but I will continue
to refer to it as multiple

1249
01:10:42,940 --> 01:10:46,490
personality disorder because
if I think multiple

1250
01:10:46,490 --> 01:10:49,030
personality disorder I know
what I mean immediately.

1251
01:10:49,030 --> 01:10:51,380
If I say dissociative identity
disorder I have

1252
01:10:51,380 --> 01:10:53,290
to think about it.

1253
01:10:53,290 --> 01:10:56,040
They are essentially
the same thing.

1254
01:10:56,040 --> 01:11:02,540
This is the situation in which
two or more personalities

1255
01:11:02,540 --> 01:11:08,500
appear to occupy the
same individual.

1256
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:17,870
Popular with popular supermarket
psych books.

1257
01:11:17,870 --> 01:11:20,300
The great movie of my youth
was a movie called

1258
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:21,400
Three Faces of Eve.

1259
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:23,310
Has anybody ever seen it?

1260
01:11:23,310 --> 01:11:27,260
Oh good, must still be playing
in reruns on some old--

1261
01:11:27,260 --> 01:11:29,530
scared the wits out of
me when I was little.

1262
01:11:29,530 --> 01:11:33,265
Can't remember anything about
it except that I mean, she

1263
01:11:33,265 --> 01:11:34,700
didn't have really three faces,
she did have three

1264
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:35,360
personalities.

1265
01:11:35,360 --> 01:11:36,420
Let me tell you instead
about Billy

1266
01:11:36,420 --> 01:11:39,780
Milligan, a convicted rapist.

1267
01:11:39,780 --> 01:11:42,040
Not a nice person.

1268
01:11:42,040 --> 01:11:49,060
But one who attempted to get off
his conviction by claiming

1269
01:11:49,060 --> 01:11:51,240
a lack of responsibility
due to a

1270
01:11:51,240 --> 01:11:53,040
multiple personality disorder.

1271
01:11:53,040 --> 01:11:55,470
Depending on which of the
multiple accounts you read of

1272
01:11:55,470 --> 01:11:58,870
this he had anywhere between
10 and 24 personalities

1273
01:11:58,870 --> 01:12:02,860
including Arthur, a sort of
master personality who knew

1274
01:12:02,860 --> 01:12:06,800
all the others rattling
around inside him.

1275
01:12:06,800 --> 01:12:09,600
Arthur is reputed to know Arabic
and to be self- taught

1276
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:11,910
in physics and chemistry.

1277
01:12:11,910 --> 01:12:17,270
Regen was aggressive, fluent in
Serbo-Croatian, spoke with

1278
01:12:17,270 --> 01:12:20,980
a thick accent and was reported
to be the initiator

1279
01:12:20,980 --> 01:12:22,890
of the sexual assaults.

1280
01:12:22,890 --> 01:12:28,230
Adalana is a shy, introverted
lesbian with a spontaneous

1281
01:12:28,230 --> 01:12:32,000
nystagmus, reported to
be the actual rapist.

1282
01:12:32,000 --> 01:12:36,500
Now there's a whole collection
of weird stuff there.

1283
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:39,120
One point is that there's no
guarantee that all the

1284
01:12:39,120 --> 01:12:41,040
personalities are
the same gender.

1285
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:46,900
A perhaps more salient point
here is this spontaneous

1286
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:49,050
nystagmus thing.

1287
01:12:49,050 --> 01:12:52,340
And nystagmus is a beating
movement of the eyes.

1288
01:12:52,340 --> 01:12:55,530
It's hard to fake.

1289
01:12:55,530 --> 01:12:57,920
There's an argument about
whether multiple personality

1290
01:12:57,920 --> 01:13:00,010
disorder is for real.

1291
01:13:00,010 --> 01:13:02,610
And even if it is for real
there's always an argument in

1292
01:13:02,610 --> 01:13:04,670
a court case for whether or not
somebody's just trying to

1293
01:13:04,670 --> 01:13:07,240
get off the hook by faking it.

1294
01:13:07,240 --> 01:13:09,530
This spontaneous nystagmus
is important because

1295
01:13:09,530 --> 01:13:11,010
it's hard to fake.

1296
01:13:11,010 --> 01:13:13,970
If you sit there and try to
vibrate your eyes continuously

1297
01:13:13,970 --> 01:13:17,180
that's not easy.

1298
01:13:17,180 --> 01:13:20,420
So as Allen he's a con man,
Tommy knows electronics and

1299
01:13:20,420 --> 01:13:23,770
plays the sax, Samuel is an
Orthodox Jew and a woodcarver

1300
01:13:23,770 --> 01:13:26,230
and so on and so on and so on.

1301
01:13:26,230 --> 01:13:28,900
So it's very odd business.

1302
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:35,220
On the face of it it's a
fragmentation of the self.

1303
01:13:35,220 --> 01:13:38,390
If you think of the self as a
kingdom this is like a bunch

1304
01:13:38,390 --> 01:13:43,000
of the provinces have rebelled
and they have complicated

1305
01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:44,820
diplomatic relationships
with each other.

1306
01:13:44,820 --> 01:13:45,620
Who knows who?

1307
01:13:45,620 --> 01:13:46,530
Who's talking to who?

1308
01:13:46,530 --> 01:13:47,690
Who likes who?

1309
01:13:47,690 --> 01:13:50,990
Very complicated
construct here.

1310
01:13:50,990 --> 01:13:54,770
Oh, one important way to
distinguish a psychopathology,

1311
01:13:54,770 --> 01:13:57,570
which if it's for real--
it clearly is-- from a

1312
01:13:57,570 --> 01:14:03,880
neuropathology is nobody would
expect to put this guy in a

1313
01:14:03,880 --> 01:14:07,390
scanner and call up--

1314
01:14:07,390 --> 01:14:09,400
I don't know--

1315
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:13,870
Regen, the Serbo-Croatian rapist
and find, there he is.

1316
01:14:13,870 --> 01:14:16,180
That piece of brain and now the
other guy's over here and

1317
01:14:16,180 --> 01:14:17,420
this guy's over here.

1318
01:14:17,420 --> 01:14:22,050
Look, they're all making
use of the same brain.

1319
01:14:22,050 --> 01:14:27,510
They're all forming memories,
for instance, and using

1320
01:14:27,510 --> 01:14:29,690
presumably the same hippocampus
to do it.

1321
01:14:29,690 --> 01:14:32,910
This is a case of very
odd software

1322
01:14:32,910 --> 01:14:37,510
running over the hardware.

1323
01:14:37,510 --> 01:14:39,490
So it's a troubling pathology.

1324
01:14:39,490 --> 01:14:40,590
Yep, there's a question?

1325
01:14:40,590 --> 01:14:42,943
AUDIENCE: What's the deal with
the eye beating and why is

1326
01:14:42,943 --> 01:14:43,660
that hard to fake?

1327
01:14:43,660 --> 01:14:44,470
PROFESSOR: Why is
it hard to fake?

1328
01:14:44,470 --> 01:14:47,100
Well, just sit yourself in
front-- well, you can't look

1329
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:48,820
at your own eyes moving
in the mirror, so you

1330
01:14:48,820 --> 01:14:50,600
can't try it that way.

1331
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,340
Pick a friend, look at a friend,
try to keep your eyes

1332
01:14:53,340 --> 01:14:58,670
beating rhythmically for five
minutes by an act of will.

1333
01:14:58,670 --> 01:15:00,810
Make sure you have
aspirin handy.

1334
01:15:00,810 --> 01:15:02,060
It's just very hard to do.

1335
01:15:05,090 --> 01:15:07,040
I can do all sorts of really
weird things with my eyes

1336
01:15:07,040 --> 01:15:09,610
actually, but that's
not a nystagmus.

1337
01:15:09,610 --> 01:15:13,800
That's some sort of weird,
spastic movement.

1338
01:15:13,800 --> 01:15:19,750
Even if you could produce
a movement any competent

1339
01:15:19,750 --> 01:15:23,400
opthamologist can look at a
nystagmus or you can record it

1340
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:29,710
and know whether this is a
plausible neurological sign or

1341
01:15:29,710 --> 01:15:33,260
something weird that
the guy's doing.

1342
01:15:33,260 --> 01:15:33,750
Who knows?

1343
01:15:33,750 --> 01:15:38,270
You know, maybe he's a genius at
this sort of thing, but it

1344
01:15:38,270 --> 01:15:39,520
would be a hard thing to fake.

1345
01:15:41,730 --> 01:15:43,780
I don't think there's
much more to be said

1346
01:15:43,780 --> 01:15:45,200
about it than that.

1347
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:47,930
But this issue of whether
it's fake or not--

1348
01:15:47,930 --> 01:15:51,110
one of the other arguments in
favor of the notion that there

1349
01:15:51,110 --> 01:15:56,220
is a real disorder is imagine
you've got 24 personalities or

1350
01:15:56,220 --> 01:16:00,100
imagine your parents
tell you--

1351
01:16:00,100 --> 01:16:05,190
how many parents when you were
little made up some sort of

1352
01:16:05,190 --> 01:16:08,790
long-running story that
they told you?

1353
01:16:08,790 --> 01:16:10,150
No?

1354
01:16:10,150 --> 01:16:11,880
Oh good.

1355
01:16:11,880 --> 01:16:14,430
The rest of you was deprived.

1356
01:16:14,430 --> 01:16:16,410
They were just reading
out of the books.

1357
01:16:16,410 --> 01:16:17,800
Anyway, I used to have a nice

1358
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:20,540
long-running story about bunnies.

1359
01:16:20,540 --> 01:16:22,560
Very complicated stuff.

1360
01:16:22,560 --> 01:16:26,840
The problem is once there were
like 24 bunnies or whatever, I

1361
01:16:26,840 --> 01:16:29,450
don't remember how many there
were-- the kids would keep

1362
01:16:29,450 --> 01:16:32,330
calling me on errors.

1363
01:16:32,330 --> 01:16:34,230
No, no, he lives over there.

1364
01:16:34,230 --> 01:16:37,250
It's very difficult to keep
all this stuff straight.

1365
01:16:37,250 --> 01:16:42,280
If you have a story with 24
characters in it that you're

1366
01:16:42,280 --> 01:16:44,855
making up as a fake in your
own head you've got

1367
01:16:44,855 --> 01:16:46,030
to keep that lie.

1368
01:16:46,030 --> 01:16:48,120
Well, you don't have
to do stories.

1369
01:16:48,120 --> 01:16:50,170
Think of a good lie.

1370
01:16:50,170 --> 01:16:52,950
How many times when you were a
kid did you get stuck because

1371
01:16:52,950 --> 01:16:56,900
the lie fell apart because
you told it wrong?

1372
01:16:56,900 --> 01:16:57,900
You changed the story.

1373
01:16:57,900 --> 01:16:59,800
If it's a truth it's easy enough
because you just go

1374
01:16:59,800 --> 01:17:03,600
back and refer to the Truth and
it's just kind of there.

1375
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:06,490
But the lie you have to remember
the details of and

1376
01:17:06,490 --> 01:17:08,930
there's an argument that the
same thing is going on here.

1377
01:17:08,930 --> 01:17:11,300
If you really had twenty-four
different personalities it'd

1378
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:14,480
be just very difficult to keep
them straight unless you were

1379
01:17:14,480 --> 01:17:16,590
just reporting on--

1380
01:17:16,590 --> 01:17:19,380
so here's Chuck, the
personality, who do you know?

1381
01:17:19,380 --> 01:17:20,820
I know boom, boom and boom.

1382
01:17:20,820 --> 01:17:22,380
If you're faking it--

1383
01:17:22,380 --> 01:17:25,420
you-- the owner of this whole
story have to think, Chuck,

1384
01:17:25,420 --> 01:17:27,100
Chuck-- oh God.

1385
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,940
I don't remember who Chuck
knows and so on.

1386
01:17:30,940 --> 01:17:35,260
Now a more troubling fact
perhaps, is that multiple

1387
01:17:35,260 --> 01:17:39,400
personality disorder was
practically not on the radar

1388
01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:40,480
screen twenty years ago.

1389
01:17:40,480 --> 01:17:42,900
When I first started talking
about multiple personality

1390
01:17:42,900 --> 01:17:45,890
disorder I could like read the
whole literature on this--

1391
01:17:45,890 --> 01:17:48,740
handful of cases from
a handful--

1392
01:17:48,740 --> 01:17:51,880
a handful of patients from
a handful of therapists.

1393
01:17:51,880 --> 01:17:53,680
In twenty years it's
skyrocketed.

1394
01:17:53,680 --> 01:17:56,270
It became sort of flavor of
the month, everybody had a

1395
01:17:56,270 --> 01:17:59,180
multiple personality disorder
for a while.

1396
01:17:59,180 --> 01:18:03,030
That's faded off a bit since
then, but that's odd.

1397
01:18:03,030 --> 01:18:04,300
Why should that be?

1398
01:18:04,300 --> 01:18:11,230
One theory is that is that
it's a well- intentioned

1399
01:18:11,230 --> 01:18:15,070
delusion, cooked up between
a therapist and a patient.

1400
01:18:15,070 --> 01:18:17,780
Patient's got some real
problem, the therapist

1401
01:18:17,780 --> 01:18:21,990
believes in multiple personality
disorder, and

1402
01:18:21,990 --> 01:18:25,160
through the use of hypnosis,
which is a common tool for

1403
01:18:25,160 --> 01:18:29,270
therapists who treat multiple
personality disorder you come

1404
01:18:29,270 --> 01:18:30,960
to the conclusion--

1405
01:18:30,960 --> 01:18:34,400
you and the therapist come to
the conclusion that you have

1406
01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:37,630
more than one character rattling
around in there.

1407
01:18:37,630 --> 01:18:40,780
And that it wasn't real
before you came into

1408
01:18:40,780 --> 01:18:42,800
the therapist's office.

1409
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:46,240
The counter argument to that is
that what brings people in

1410
01:18:46,240 --> 01:18:54,770
often is that they're missing
chunks of their lives.

1411
01:18:54,770 --> 01:18:56,175
You come to the therapist's
office.

1412
01:18:56,175 --> 01:19:00,190
You say look, I have no idea
what I did Tuesday afternoon,

1413
01:19:00,190 --> 01:19:05,520
but there's a new dress in my
closet and there's a charge on

1414
01:19:05,520 --> 01:19:10,540
my Visa card and this
is disturbing.

1415
01:19:10,540 --> 01:19:12,910
If things were happening to you,
you just didn't remember

1416
01:19:12,910 --> 01:19:14,780
it might eventually get
you into therapy.

1417
01:19:19,470 --> 01:19:22,474
AUDIENCE: Well, couldn't
multiple personality disorder

1418
01:19:22,474 --> 01:19:25,811
popularity skyrocket after
that movie came out and

1419
01:19:25,811 --> 01:19:26,480
everyone saw it?

1420
01:19:26,480 --> 01:19:28,490
PROFESSOR: Oh yes.

1421
01:19:28,490 --> 01:19:32,580
To anticipate what I will
actually end up getting to do

1422
01:19:32,580 --> 01:19:36,510
in next Tuesday's-- since
there's no class on Thursday--

1423
01:19:36,510 --> 01:19:38,210
there is a sense in
which you get to

1424
01:19:38,210 --> 01:19:42,240
choose how to go insane.

1425
01:19:42,240 --> 01:19:48,730
The culture around you enables
certain forms of certain

1426
01:19:48,730 --> 01:19:51,400
patterns of mental disorder
and not others.

1427
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:57,880
And sure, there's a lot of this
sort of copycat cracking

1428
01:19:57,880 --> 01:19:59,420
up, if you'd like.

1429
01:19:59,420 --> 01:20:02,080
Let me say one last thing about
this issue of what gets

1430
01:20:02,080 --> 01:20:03,330
people into therapy.

1431
01:20:06,630 --> 01:20:10,080
It's one thing to find a
dress in your closet.

1432
01:20:10,080 --> 01:20:12,600
The sort of thing that drives
you to the therapist really

1433
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:18,590
quickly is you wake up in the
morning, there's a guy in bed

1434
01:20:18,590 --> 01:20:22,720
with you, it's pretty clear
that he's been there for

1435
01:20:22,720 --> 01:20:27,280
awhile and the suggestion is
that you've been doing stuff

1436
01:20:27,280 --> 01:20:32,390
of some sort and you don't
know who he is.

1437
01:20:32,390 --> 01:20:36,700
There's a lovely-- well,
lovely-- scary anecdote by one

1438
01:20:36,700 --> 01:20:41,640
patient where sort of a case
where bad girl/good girl

1439
01:20:41,640 --> 01:20:42,980
personalities.

1440
01:20:42,980 --> 01:20:45,703
The good girl didn't know the
bad girl personality, but the

1441
01:20:45,703 --> 01:20:48,110
bad girl knew the good girl and
the bad girl in therapy

1442
01:20:48,110 --> 01:20:50,210
said, oh, this is great.

1443
01:20:50,210 --> 01:20:52,370
She's such a prig.

1444
01:20:52,370 --> 01:20:56,900
So I take over and we go out
to a bar and pick up a guy.

1445
01:20:56,900 --> 01:21:00,470
I bring him home and you know,
we do stuff, and then I just

1446
01:21:00,470 --> 01:21:04,580
withdraw back into her and
watch the next morning.

1447
01:21:04,580 --> 01:21:08,960
It was great, man, she'd wake up
and she'd freak every time.

1448
01:21:08,960 --> 01:21:11,580
Well, you've got to imagine the
guy's point of view, too.

1449
01:21:11,580 --> 01:21:15,140
You know, guy comes home with
somebody, the next morning

1450
01:21:15,140 --> 01:21:17,500
she's ranting and raving that
she's never seen him before

1451
01:21:17,500 --> 01:21:18,210
and kicking him out the door.

1452
01:21:18,210 --> 01:21:20,680
It must be very strange for
all concerned, but is

1453
01:21:20,680 --> 01:21:23,310
certainly the sort of thing that
would land you wanting to

1454
01:21:23,310 --> 01:21:25,890
talk to somebody in the
mental health field.

1455
01:21:25,890 --> 01:21:28,290
All right, we'll pick
up next week.