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PROFESSOR: I'm not actually
going to use because I've

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discovered that-- and I need the
CD player later, but I did

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promise Simon, age eight, that
I would tell you all that he

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loaned me this boom box and
that you should know

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that this was his.

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And that I should
bring it back.

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We were talking in the last
lecture about multiple

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personality disorder and my
recollection is that I left

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off discussing the question
of whether or

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not it's a real thing.

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And I'd say that the burden of
evidence is that there really

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is a real problem there
of some sort.

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You know, people showing up at
their therapist's office

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saying, I don't remember this
big chunk of time in my life

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and then weird stuff
happened and so on.

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Those sorts of things point
to a real phenomenon.

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But there's this troubling
business that the disorder is

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new, relatively new.

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That there were very few such
cases in the 1970s.

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They start showing
up in the 80s.

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They're extremely popular
in the 90s.

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I'm not sure if they're still as
popular, but that there's a

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big upsurge.

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Now look, if there's a big
upsurge in flu this year we

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sort of think we
understand it.

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Some chicken in Thailand got a
new version of the flu and

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then we all get sick.

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But when that happens with a
psychiatric disorder there's

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no sense in which we think that
there's a pathogen out

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there doing it.

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What's the explanation?

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So I put the bones-- the bare
bones of one account on the

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handout there.

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The first of them is that while
multiple personality

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disorder might be
a new entity.

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Or newly popular entity,
dissociation is not.

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That dissociatve disorders
have a long history.

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They have a long history in
psychiatry and they have an

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even longer history if you
start poking around in

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literature looking for evidence
of it in the past.

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It's just that Point 2 as
I recall on the handout.

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You get some choice in
the way that you

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manifest your mental illness.

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The current way to manifest or
one of the leading current

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ways to manifest, whatever the
underlying problem is in

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dissociatve disorders is
multiple personality disorder.

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In prior eras or in other places
in the world the same

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underlying problem seems
to have shown up

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in different ways.

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Multiple personality disorder--
one of the ways

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that it comes to our attention
is when somebody says look, I

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know you caught me doing this,
but I'm not guilty

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because it wasn't me.

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It was this other piece that
somehow is not me.

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And therefore, I don't
have personal

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responsibility for that act.

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That's an interesting question
in the interface between the

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law and psychology.

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How should we understand that?

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Does it make sense to say, you
don't need to go to jail for

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this crime because it was done
by something that looks like

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you, but isn't you
in some sense.

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That's an interesting topic
for recitation perhaps.

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Things of a similar sort occur
throughout history.

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So for instance, think back into
medieval culture or into

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various parts of the world
today where the idea of

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demonic posession let's say
is taken as a real option.

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Why did you do X?

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I did this because I was
possessed or the cliche, which

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I can't remember which TV show
it was where that the tagline

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was "the devil made me do it".

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That's sort of a modern pop
version of a seriously

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considered hypothesis that's
been popular in western

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civilization and elsewhere
in the world.

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I don't have anything particular
to say about

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whether or not there is such a
thing as the real entity of

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demonic possession, but you
got to see the possibility

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that something external takes
control of you and makes you

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do things that you wouldn't
otherwise do as having a very

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similar shape to what
we now call

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multiple personality disorder.

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Or if you go into the 19th
century there are lots of

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literary cases, you may have
read some of these in novels

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where a dead relative typically
takes over a living

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person's body.

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You know, somebody's soul is
unquiet and their spirit is

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wandering the world and they
take over somebody else and

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you do stuff that you hadn't
particularly intended to do.

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Again, this notion of an
external something taking over

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what would normally be the
volitional, conscious part of

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your mind and making
you do stuff.

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So it's possible that multiple
personality disorder is merely

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the current version of, if you
like, trick of the mind that

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has existed for a long time.

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Now why did it disappear?

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Why did the dissociative

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disorders as a whole disappear?

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It disappeared in American and
European psychology early mid

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20th century.

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Perhaps the best way to
say it would be that

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Freud made a mistake.

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Freud was seeing patients with
similar sorts of problems, but

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he saw something else
he thought.

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To explain that it'll help to
say a bit first of all, about

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what causes multiple personality
disorder and then

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to say a lot more about
what Freud thought.

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Multiple personality disorder,
like the other dissociative

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disorders is associated
with stress.

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It's a disorder of severe
stress, but one of the things

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you see in patient account after
patient account is a

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particular kind of stress,
specifically childhood abuse

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and very frequently
within that set,

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childhood sexual abuse.

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One way of describing multiple
personality disorder--

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I'm roughly quoting I think,
from a therapist named Ross,

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is that multiple personality
disorder is a little girl

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saying that the abuse is
happening to somebody else.

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Why a little girl?

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Multiple personality disorder is
a diagnosis that has about

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a 9:1 female to male ratio.

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It's a very heavily
female diagnosis.

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This is not to say--

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there are a bunch of disorders
where there's great asymmetry

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in which sex manifests
the disorder.

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This isn't to say that women
are somehow the fragile sex

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whose self is going to crack up
while us strong guys, you

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know, are doing all right.

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If you were looking for a male
disorder, what might that be?

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AUDIENCE: Alcoholism?

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PROFESSOR: Alcoholism, I'm
not sure is actually.

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I don't know, but I don't think
that it's particularly

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heavily divided between
male and female.

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Yes?

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AUDIENCE: Autism?

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PROFESSOR: Autism.

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I think that's right, but these
days we tend to think of

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that less as a psychiatric then
as a neuropsych disorder.

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Any autism experts?

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Autism is heavily male?

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Yeah, that sounds right.

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Yes?

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AUDIENCE: Serial killers.

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PROFESSOR: Serial killers.

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How many female serial killer--
well, you don't even

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have to be serial about it.

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Just regular old killer
will do, right?

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Now it's interesting that we
don't tend to typically think

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of these primarily as a
psychiatric diagnosis, but if

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you ask who gets in trouble
for aggression that's very

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heavily males.

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So sexual assault, murder,
various other forms of

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assault-- very heavily
populated by males.

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Dissociative disorders in the
present era, at least, heavily

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populated by females.

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So why might this history--
well, I already gave you a

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hint about why this history of
child and sexual abuse might

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be causative.

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One way of thinking about
multiple personality disorder

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is as a maladaptive,
adaptive response.

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What the world's that mean?

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Suppose something really
terrible is happening to you

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and certainly childhood sexual
assault would count.

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And there's nothing you
can do about it.

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Well one way to deal with that
intolerable situation would be

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to somehow make it something
that's happening not to you,

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to some other entity
that is not you.

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Now this isn't obviously
a conscious choice.

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You don't sit there as an abused
child and say, oh look,

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I think I'll create a
sequestered piece of my psyche

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that I can put all this pain on
and if I'm clever not even

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remember that it
happened to me.

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This is something that
happens rather than

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something that is chosen.

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And it has a certain adaptive
value in protecting, if you

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like, some core of the self.

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But it's also obviously, not an
ideal way of dealing with

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stress, problems, pain and
becomes even less ideal if it

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becomes a sort of a trope, a
trick that you use repeatedly.

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All right, well, this
worked for this

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disaster of my childhood.

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Now if I'm having
relationships,

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they're kind of stressful.

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So maybe I'll wall off
relationship person here.

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You know, calculus, that's
pretty tough and so on.

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You could imagine that you
develop this trick of saying,

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you know, we all talk about
people who compartmentalize.

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Well, this is a case of
compartmentalizing where

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you're cracking up, literally.

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You're taking an otherwise
unitary self and breaking it

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into little pieces.

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The fundamental mistake Freud
made was that he also, his

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clientele, his primary
clientele

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probably were young women.

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And they also were telling
him tales of

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childhood sexual abuse.

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He concluded they were wrong.

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He concluded that this
was a delusion.

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Why?

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There are a number of possible
reasons why he got it wrong.

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Not the least of which, is that
these were the daughters

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of men of his own
social class--

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his neighbors, his friends,
people he knew in many cases,

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and he simply and perhaps,
in some sense, lacked the

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imagination.

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Sort of the horror movie
imagination to imagine that

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these women had been abused by
the men in their lives who he

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in fact knew or knew
people like them.

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He just didn't think that
that was plausible.

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Plus, he had a theoretical
framework that gave him a

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different understanding of what
was going on and we'll

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come back to that in-- well, no
we won't come back to that.

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We'll do that right now.

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Look, one of the things that
Frued believed fundamentally

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was that the mind was unified.

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He didn't see disassociation
because he didn't think that

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disassociation was something
that really happened.

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He thought that the mind was--

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well, here, if this is the
dissociation model here's a

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sort of a Freudian model.

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It's not actually his metaphor,
but it'll work.

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Freud thought that the mind
was a unitary whole.

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That there was a conscious
part of this whole--

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that's this little
king or queen on

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the top of the castle.

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Ain't it beautiful?

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And then this conscious guy got
access to a lot of stuff,

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so here's the pre-conscious
and it's sort of like

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long-term memory or the big
semantic network that you've

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got up in your head or
something like that.

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It's the stuff that
you got access to.

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So at this event this Thursday
they're going to serve what?

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AUDIENCE: Ice cream.

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PROFESSOR: Ice cream, right.

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OK, you weren't sitting there
the whole time that I've been

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talking unless you're a pretty
weird, obsessive sort going

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ice cream, ice cream.

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Ice cream's in my conscious.

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No, it was there.

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You could get to it.

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00:15:04,330 --> 00:15:05,580
It's in your pre-conscious.

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Freud acknowledged certainly
that there was stuff that you

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didn't have access to and that
was what was living in the

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Freudian unconscious, which
I will put down--

248
00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:23,800
unconsciousness--

249
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:27,360
which I will put down here
sort of in the dungeon.

250
00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:33,480
That's the stairs down.

251
00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:38,440
Somewhat different, both similar
and different to the

252
00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:41,310
unconscious processes that we've
talked about so far.

253
00:15:41,310 --> 00:15:45,310
We've already talked about, in
many aspects of the course,

254
00:15:45,310 --> 00:15:48,090
the notion that there are
processes that go on outside

255
00:15:48,090 --> 00:15:52,610
of your awareness.

256
00:15:52,610 --> 00:16:00,270
Freud's unconscious will turn
out to be somewhat different.

257
00:16:00,270 --> 00:16:03,350
Before I launch into explaining
that though, I

258
00:16:03,350 --> 00:16:05,800
ought to explain more generally
why I'm going to

259
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:10,980
talk about Freud as much
as I am all together.

260
00:16:10,980 --> 00:16:13,440
The reason I need to explain
that is that if you were

261
00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:20,150
taking this course
at most other--

262
00:16:20,150 --> 00:16:24,090
probably a majority of other
fine institutions of higher

263
00:16:24,090 --> 00:16:26,380
learning around the country,
you'd probably get less Freud

264
00:16:26,380 --> 00:16:27,510
than you're getting here.

265
00:16:27,510 --> 00:16:31,610
I'm out on one end of the
distribution on that.

266
00:16:31,610 --> 00:16:35,320
Many people in academic
psychology subscribe to the

267
00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:40,300
line attributed to some
professor of this course at a

268
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,880
big midwestern state university
who said, look,

269
00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,720
there's only two things you
need to know about Freud.

270
00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:50,400
He's wrong and he's dead.

271
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:54,790
Now I wouldn't try that as
the answer on the final.

272
00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:57,090
Though both of those
statements are in

273
00:16:57,090 --> 00:16:59,550
indisputably true.

274
00:17:03,770 --> 00:17:07,240
So all right, why
talk about him?

275
00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:08,460
There are a couple of reasons.

276
00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:14,540
One reason is that the influence
of Freud is so

277
00:17:14,540 --> 00:17:20,840
widespread in the culture that
it would be a disservice to

278
00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:25,000
people taking an introductory
level course not to talk about

279
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:30,430
it at some length because we
all use the vocabulary.

280
00:17:30,430 --> 00:17:33,230
We all sit around yacking
about our friends and

281
00:17:33,230 --> 00:17:40,720
neighbors saying, my he's got
a big ego and she is so anal

282
00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:46,420
and both of them are
in denial and--

283
00:17:46,420 --> 00:17:48,190
oh, I could keep going.

284
00:17:48,190 --> 00:17:52,540
There's a whole vocabulary that
is borrowed from Freud.

285
00:17:52,540 --> 00:17:57,680
It's often used in ways that
would cause Freud to cringe,

286
00:17:57,680 --> 00:18:01,770
no doubt if he heard us using
the way we do today, but

287
00:18:01,770 --> 00:18:04,240
that's where the language
comes from.

288
00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:07,340
The influence is so widespread
that you need

289
00:18:07,340 --> 00:18:08,790
to know about it.

290
00:18:08,790 --> 00:18:11,530
The other reason is I think
that while Freud is

291
00:18:11,530 --> 00:18:18,260
demonstrably wrong on point
after point after point he is

292
00:18:18,260 --> 00:18:22,210
right or at least interesting
on a number of large scale

293
00:18:22,210 --> 00:18:28,060
issues that deserve
consideration.

294
00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:33,960
He's wrong in the way that
Darwin is wrong.

295
00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:37,770
Or the way-- pick your favorite
18th, 19th century

296
00:18:37,770 --> 00:18:40,330
giant of science-- they're
all wrong.

297
00:18:40,330 --> 00:18:41,580
They're also all dead.

298
00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:47,940
But the way we play the science
game of course is that

299
00:18:47,940 --> 00:18:49,530
we build on--

300
00:18:49,530 --> 00:18:50,650
yeah, yeah, yeah, all right.

301
00:18:50,650 --> 00:18:53,310
So Darwin didn't get this bit
right, but I can modify

302
00:18:53,310 --> 00:18:57,010
Darwin's theory and I can be a
neo-Darwinian or something and

303
00:18:57,010 --> 00:18:58,010
build on it.

304
00:18:58,010 --> 00:19:05,410
The problem with Freud was that
his disciples and the

305
00:19:05,410 --> 00:19:09,830
word is chosen deliberately,
treated his writings--

306
00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:13,670
particularly after he was no
longer around to revise them--

307
00:19:13,670 --> 00:19:19,450
more closely as holy writ than
as scientific theory.

308
00:19:19,450 --> 00:19:24,330
With the result that they're
developed in psychology--

309
00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:27,690
particularly in the sort of
clinical side of psychology,

310
00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:31,150
this sort of you're either with
us or against us notion.

311
00:19:31,150 --> 00:19:35,360
That if you questioned one of
the tenants of the master you

312
00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:38,560
were not just another scientist
attempting to revise

313
00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:41,860
Darwin or Newton or whoever
you want to be revising.

314
00:19:41,860 --> 00:19:45,380
You were an anti-Freudian.

315
00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:49,410
So there ended up being this
split between the people who

316
00:19:49,410 --> 00:19:53,370
thought that the canon was fixed
in some sense and the

317
00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:58,170
people who didn't and once you
get passed as you're the

318
00:19:58,170 --> 00:20:02,460
opposition well, you just sit
down and check off why he's

319
00:20:02,460 --> 00:20:03,700
dead and he's wrong and
we don't need to

320
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:05,370
think about it anymore.

321
00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:08,080
So there's a sort of
a historical--

322
00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:10,670
it's not an accident-- but it's
sort of an accidental

323
00:20:10,670 --> 00:20:15,690
reason why he's fallen
out of favor.

324
00:20:15,690 --> 00:20:21,950
My hunch is that were Freud
still alive that he would be

325
00:20:21,950 --> 00:20:24,050
more than happy to
say, oh yeah.

326
00:20:24,050 --> 00:20:26,220
Got it wrong big time on
this, this, and this.

327
00:20:26,220 --> 00:20:28,360
Let's see what we can salvage
of the theory

328
00:20:28,360 --> 00:20:31,220
and move bits around.

329
00:20:31,220 --> 00:20:33,680
I put one Drew Westen quote
on the handout.

330
00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:37,060
The other good Drew Westen quote
from the same article is

331
00:20:37,060 --> 00:20:41,370
that "since Freud's death in
1939 he has been slow to

332
00:20:41,370 --> 00:20:44,870
revise his theory."
And that's true.

333
00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,680
And that's perhaps a pity.

334
00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:57,620
What Freud was trying
to do-- well, look.

335
00:20:57,620 --> 00:21:00,510
It says what Freud
was trying to do.

336
00:21:00,510 --> 00:21:03,110
He was trying to understand why
we do things and why we

337
00:21:03,110 --> 00:21:07,400
think things that we don't seem
to want to do or think.

338
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:09,360
Well look, so was he
on to something?

339
00:21:09,360 --> 00:21:15,240
Has anybody here ever done
something that they didn't

340
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:16,490
want to do?

341
00:21:18,810 --> 00:21:20,510
Yeah, I know people who weren't
putting up their hands

342
00:21:20,510 --> 00:21:21,710
are the ones who are
still reading The

343
00:21:21,710 --> 00:21:23,200
Tech there or something.

344
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:23,820
Right?

345
00:21:23,820 --> 00:21:25,600
Of course, everybody
does that.

346
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:28,160
Well you can need to do that
because somebody's going to

347
00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:29,100
hit you if you--

348
00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:29,950
how many people?

349
00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:31,850
So OK, saw lots of
hands there.

350
00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,210
How many people have ever done
something they didn't want to

351
00:21:34,210 --> 00:21:40,800
do even without any obvious
overt coercion?

352
00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:42,820
Or failed to do something that
they did want to do?

353
00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:48,880
You didn't talk to her or
you did talk to her.

354
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:50,850
How many people have ever just
done something they didn't

355
00:21:50,850 --> 00:21:52,790
want to do and there
wasn't anybody

356
00:21:52,790 --> 00:21:56,070
with a gun or anything.

357
00:21:56,070 --> 00:21:58,710
So, Freud's onto something
there, right?

358
00:21:58,710 --> 00:22:04,140
I mean, this is a serious
question why people-- and I

359
00:22:04,140 --> 00:22:08,640
should note that this doesn't
mean that you're nuts.

360
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,970
It doesn't mean that your self
has fractured into little

361
00:22:12,970 --> 00:22:16,400
pieces and that the reason that
you did whatever it is--

362
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:25,780
you ate the M&M's or you drank
the two espressos at midnight

363
00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:26,990
when you thought you were
going to bed or

364
00:22:26,990 --> 00:22:27,920
something like that.

365
00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:33,360
You know, whatever it is, you
didn't do it because Irving--

366
00:22:33,360 --> 00:22:37,500
the other piece of you--
suddenly took over.

367
00:22:37,500 --> 00:22:40,740
It's just the way
we seem to be.

368
00:22:40,740 --> 00:22:43,570
For all that we think that we're
king of the castle or

369
00:22:43,570 --> 00:22:46,640
queen of the castle we don't
seem to have the degree of

370
00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:50,710
control over ourselves
that we might want.

371
00:22:50,710 --> 00:22:52,090
Why is that?

372
00:22:55,140 --> 00:22:57,210
That's the fundamental
scientific problem that Freud

373
00:22:57,210 --> 00:22:59,470
was trying to get at.

374
00:22:59,470 --> 00:23:02,920
And he was particularly
interested in the cases where

375
00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:07,010
this went sufficiently off the
rails that people were doing

376
00:23:07,010 --> 00:23:11,800
things that they didn't want to
do that we're getting them

377
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,910
into real or at least,
psychological trouble.

378
00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:16,940
They were in psychological
pain of some variety and

379
00:23:16,940 --> 00:23:18,800
needed to deal with this.

380
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:22,110
Most of us are just doing things
we don't want to do and

381
00:23:22,110 --> 00:23:24,380
surviving well enough
with that.

382
00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:27,830
Thank you.

383
00:23:27,830 --> 00:23:32,500
In the case of multiple
personality disorder or of

384
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:35,220
these patients who came to Freud
saying that they'd been

385
00:23:35,220 --> 00:23:40,580
sexually abused in many cases,
Freud concluded that this was

386
00:23:40,580 --> 00:23:44,820
a delusional thought on the
part of his patients.

387
00:23:44,820 --> 00:23:54,150
What he thought was that these
were women saying that I--

388
00:23:54,150 --> 00:24:01,250
or not saying, I desire my
father or some other male in

389
00:24:01,250 --> 00:24:03,690
an inappropriate
kind of a way.

390
00:24:03,690 --> 00:24:06,300
That that would be an
unacceptable desire.

391
00:24:06,300 --> 00:24:09,650
And what they had done to defend
themselves against this

392
00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:13,440
unacceptable thought was to
engage in what Freud called

393
00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:21,900
projection; an act of the mind
where you flip the actors, the

394
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:24,500
subject and the object in
that sentence around.

395
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:29,870
So he was thinking he was
hearing daddy wants me and he

396
00:24:29,870 --> 00:24:35,290
was concluding that what the
woman was saying really was, I

397
00:24:35,290 --> 00:24:36,650
want daddy.

398
00:24:36,650 --> 00:24:40,100
He was probably wrong about
that, but was he completely

399
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:42,090
wrong about the notion that
there's something like

400
00:24:42,090 --> 00:24:42,710
projection.

401
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:44,700
How wacko is that?

402
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:47,250
Well, all right here, think
of the following:

403
00:24:47,250 --> 00:24:50,840
How many people here can think
back into typically sort of

404
00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:53,310
like elementary school,
though it could be

405
00:24:53,310 --> 00:24:56,350
college, it'll work--

406
00:24:56,350 --> 00:25:01,330
where you had a teacher
who hated you.

407
00:25:01,330 --> 00:25:03,320
How many people at least
remember thinking that their

408
00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:05,430
teacher hated them?

409
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:06,260
All right, now look.

410
00:25:06,260 --> 00:25:08,900
Odds are that most of you have
always been pretty good

411
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:10,710
students, by the way, right?

412
00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:13,870
You didn't get here by being
the sort of students who

413
00:25:13,870 --> 00:25:18,220
teachers routinely hate even if
teachers do hate students,

414
00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:20,160
which I don't think they
do all that much.

415
00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:22,420
Otherwise nobody in their
right mind would

416
00:25:22,420 --> 00:25:24,560
teach middle school.

417
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:27,600
If you were inclined to hate
students you'd run screaming

418
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:29,750
from that assignment after
the first week.

419
00:25:29,750 --> 00:25:34,070
But anyway, so if you think
about that teacher who hated

420
00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:37,620
you, you know, odds
are they didn't.

421
00:25:37,620 --> 00:25:39,360
But where does this idea come?

422
00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:43,300
You must have been in some
conflict with this teacher, at

423
00:25:43,300 --> 00:25:45,030
least in your own mind.

424
00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:48,080
It is possible that you conjured
up in your mind at

425
00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:53,340
some place in your mind the
thought, I don't like Mrs.

426
00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:55,770
McDonald, my third
grade teacher.

427
00:25:58,940 --> 00:26:03,410
But then some other little chunk
of my mind says, that's

428
00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:05,290
not a good thought
for me to have.

429
00:26:05,290 --> 00:26:08,420
I'm not the kind of person
who hates my teacher.

430
00:26:08,420 --> 00:26:12,430
So Mrs. McDonald hates me.

431
00:26:15,850 --> 00:26:18,650
That's why she gives me bad
marks in penmanship.

432
00:26:18,650 --> 00:26:23,080
I was so glad when penmanship
went off the report card.

433
00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:25,140
Which, it was there all the way
through elementary school

434
00:26:25,140 --> 00:26:27,790
and it was always the black mark
on my-- because nobody

435
00:26:27,790 --> 00:26:30,160
could read what I was writing.

436
00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:34,440
But anyway, so projection, even
if Freud got it wrong

437
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:38,400
about the notion that even if
he ended up systematically

438
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,300
denying the possibility that
his patients were actually

439
00:26:41,300 --> 00:26:45,670
abused, the notion that you
could have a trick of mind

440
00:26:45,670 --> 00:26:50,850
that would do this, you know,
subject object reversal that's

441
00:26:50,850 --> 00:26:58,120
not as unlikely as it might
otherwise sound.

442
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,670
So he systematically didn't
believe in dissociation.

443
00:27:03,670 --> 00:27:05,750
It wasn't that dissociation
wasn't known.

444
00:27:05,750 --> 00:27:09,990
If we didn't know about Freud,
if Freud had not existed I

445
00:27:09,990 --> 00:27:12,710
would probably be giving a sort
of working historical

446
00:27:12,710 --> 00:27:16,200
lecture about Pierre Janet
who was the leading--

447
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:19,520
in France he was a leading
psychologist.

448
00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:21,820
I think, actually wrote a
book with a title like

449
00:27:21,820 --> 00:27:22,920
Dissociation.

450
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:26,000
Dissociation was something that
19th century psychology

451
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:31,420
believed in and Freud killed
off for awhile.

452
00:27:31,420 --> 00:27:35,220
What Freud did was to--

453
00:27:35,220 --> 00:27:39,100
so if we stick with this sort of
metaphor land, dissociation

454
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:42,000
proposed that there was
rebellion in the kingdom of

455
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,690
the self and that province's
seceded.

456
00:27:45,690 --> 00:27:50,180
What Freud put up in place of
that was a dungeon in the

457
00:27:50,180 --> 00:27:54,450
castle of the self where stuff
was being imprisioned.

458
00:27:54,450 --> 00:27:59,040
It wasn't different from you,
but it was kept away from the

459
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:01,960
conscious self.

460
00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:04,580
Now why did he come
up with this idea?

461
00:28:04,580 --> 00:28:06,840
To understand that you've got
to know a little bit about

462
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,150
what Freud thought he was--

463
00:28:09,150 --> 00:28:11,350
what Freud was out
trying to cure.

464
00:28:11,350 --> 00:28:16,030
His patients, a lot of his
patients came to him with

465
00:28:16,030 --> 00:28:19,130
hysterical symptoms.

466
00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:23,750
Hysteria, which we these days
sort use to talk about

467
00:28:23,750 --> 00:28:25,000
hysterical--

468
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:26,760
something that's hysterical
is very, very funny.

469
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:30,020
That's a change in
the meaning.

470
00:28:30,020 --> 00:28:38,170
A hysterical symptom was a
physical symptoms with no good

471
00:28:38,170 --> 00:28:39,550
organic cause.

472
00:28:39,550 --> 00:28:44,150
The classic Freudian or 19th
century hysterical symptom is

473
00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:46,890
something like a glove
anesthesia.

474
00:28:46,890 --> 00:28:50,380
A patient who comes to you
saying, Doc I can't feel

475
00:28:50,380 --> 00:28:52,100
anything in my hand.

476
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,910
It's like I've got a glove
on to here, let's say.

477
00:28:54,910 --> 00:28:57,730
Everything above this
line is numb.

478
00:28:57,730 --> 00:29:03,740
Well, there is no lesion
that will do that.

479
00:29:03,740 --> 00:29:06,170
That if you cut nerves
you get very

480
00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:08,800
different patterns of numbness.

481
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:12,050
You don't get this sort
of glove anesthesia.

482
00:29:12,050 --> 00:29:14,920
So in the absence of an organic
cause these are the

483
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,140
things that got labeled
hysterical symptoms.

484
00:29:17,140 --> 00:29:21,440
They could be other things,
a cough with no good

485
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,090
explanation.

486
00:29:23,090 --> 00:29:25,460
Even headaches with no
good expiration.

487
00:29:25,460 --> 00:29:29,330
Symptoms with no good organic
explanation were deemed to be

488
00:29:29,330 --> 00:29:30,150
hysterical.

489
00:29:30,150 --> 00:29:33,930
Anybody know where the
word comes from?

490
00:29:33,930 --> 00:29:35,986
The root of hysterical?

491
00:29:35,986 --> 00:29:37,600
AUDIENCE: The wandering
uterus.

492
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:39,100
PROFESSOR: Oh, we know
lots about this.

493
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:43,620
Yeah, the root comes from
the word for uterus.

494
00:29:43,620 --> 00:29:47,840
And it was in fact a serious
discussion in the 19th century

495
00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:53,420
about whether men could be
hysterics because in case you

496
00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:57,330
were sleeping that week in high
school health men don't

497
00:29:57,330 --> 00:29:59,170
got uteruses right?

498
00:29:59,170 --> 00:30:01,710
Or uteri or whatever the
plural might be.

499
00:30:07,380 --> 00:30:09,460
This is a very old idea.

500
00:30:09,460 --> 00:30:15,940
The old idea going back to
Egyptian writings was that the

501
00:30:15,940 --> 00:30:22,640
uterus could come loose and
wander around the body and

502
00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,980
produce weird symptoms, which
you can sort of imagine it

503
00:30:25,980 --> 00:30:28,670
would if this actually
happened.

504
00:30:28,670 --> 00:30:32,780
To my knowledge it doesn't
actually happen a lot.

505
00:30:32,780 --> 00:30:36,850
But there are a lot of terms in
the language that we still

506
00:30:36,850 --> 00:30:42,560
maintain by the way, that echo
the various ancient theories

507
00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:44,230
about psychology.

508
00:30:44,230 --> 00:30:47,400
I think I may have mentioned the
doctorine of the 4 humors.

509
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,770
So somebody melancholic was
melancholy because he had too

510
00:30:51,770 --> 00:30:52,850
much black bile.

511
00:30:52,850 --> 00:30:57,750
You were sanguine because
you had excess blood.

512
00:30:57,750 --> 00:31:00,410
If you were phlegmatic
it's because you

513
00:31:00,410 --> 00:31:02,650
had too much phlegm.

514
00:31:02,650 --> 00:31:05,940
And if you were choleric it was
because you had too much

515
00:31:05,940 --> 00:31:09,110
yellow bile and the balance
between these-- it's rather

516
00:31:09,110 --> 00:31:11,640
like the big five in personality
theory--

517
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:17,000
that the balance of these big
four humors was mainstream

518
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,010
European personality theory.

519
00:31:20,010 --> 00:31:26,270
I don't know, probably from
Rome up through 16th, 17th

520
00:31:26,270 --> 00:31:29,370
century or so.

521
00:31:29,370 --> 00:31:33,000
And those words, to be choleric,
to be melancholy are

522
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:40,290
still in the language and
reflect this older psychology.

523
00:31:40,290 --> 00:31:46,760
So Freud was there trying to
treat hysterical symptoms.

524
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:50,960
He was by no means the first
person to try to do this

525
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:53,500
because hysteria didn't
start with Freud.

526
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:55,270
I mean, there were lots of
people running around.

527
00:31:55,270 --> 00:31:59,080
It was very popular in the 19th
century, these disorders

528
00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:00,470
and even before.

529
00:32:04,410 --> 00:32:08,660
It's worth spending a
little time on at

530
00:32:08,660 --> 00:32:10,880
least one earlier effort.

531
00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:14,760
Actually, we will now pause
for the musical portion of

532
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,360
today's lecture if the CD
player wants to work.

533
00:32:20,970 --> 00:32:29,090
And let's see-- push the button,
play with the volume.

534
00:32:29,090 --> 00:32:30,270
I don't hear nothing.

535
00:32:30,270 --> 00:32:34,760
I hear very little.

536
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:36,330
Play you silly machine.

537
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:38,380
You don't want to play,
let's try this one.

538
00:32:38,380 --> 00:32:41,470
You play.

539
00:32:41,470 --> 00:32:41,870
That worked.

540
00:32:41,870 --> 00:32:50,830
[MUSIC PLAYING]

541
00:32:50,830 --> 00:32:52,790
PROFESSOR: Here comes the
doctor, ecco il medico.

542
00:32:52,790 --> 00:32:54,690
That's what you're
listening for.

543
00:32:54,690 --> 00:32:59,570
[MUSIC PLAYING]

544
00:32:59,570 --> 00:33:00,820
PROFESSOR: That's the doctor.

545
00:33:03,340 --> 00:33:04,330
Those are the girlfriends.

546
00:33:04,330 --> 00:33:25,360
[MUSIC PLAYING]

547
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:29,570
PROFESSOR: Same girlfriends.

548
00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:34,070
This is diagnosis.

549
00:33:37,860 --> 00:33:39,390
For those of you with
fluent Italian--

550
00:33:39,390 --> 00:33:45,930
[MUSIC PLAYING]

551
00:33:45,930 --> 00:33:49,330
PROFESSOR: I'm waiting for
the important line here.

552
00:33:49,330 --> 00:34:12,050
[MUSIC PLAYING]

553
00:34:12,050 --> 00:34:15,090
PROFESSOR: All right,
treatment time.

554
00:34:15,090 --> 00:34:19,020
Which in one production I saw
involved a giant horseshoe

555
00:34:19,020 --> 00:34:22,390
magnet, which turns out
to be important.

556
00:34:22,390 --> 00:34:24,210
And this is the critical line.

557
00:34:24,210 --> 00:34:37,340
[MUSIC PLAYING]

558
00:34:37,340 --> 00:34:41,210
PROFESSOR: She said is, I'm
going to cure them with

559
00:34:41,210 --> 00:34:43,320
Mesmer's magic stone.

560
00:34:46,110 --> 00:34:49,920
Which in a modern production
might be this

561
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:53,830
giant horseshoe magnet.

562
00:34:53,830 --> 00:34:54,710
The girlfriend's are singing.

563
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:56,410
The boyfriend's aren't singing
because they're lying on the

564
00:34:56,410 --> 00:34:59,280
ground here and that music
is nee-ee-ee-ee-ee.

565
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:03,980
Now they're singing, oh
they're twitching.

566
00:35:03,980 --> 00:35:06,380
They're writhing.

567
00:35:06,380 --> 00:35:09,380
All sorts of stuff
is happening.

568
00:35:09,380 --> 00:35:11,120
And the doctor says,
stand back.

569
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:32,440
[MUSIC PLAYING]

570
00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:33,330
PROFESSOR: Well, that's good.

571
00:35:33,330 --> 00:35:37,530
That worked, as you could
tell of course.

572
00:35:37,530 --> 00:35:38,560
And they're very excited.

573
00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:40,810
They're saying, this doctor
is worth more than

574
00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:42,240
all the gold in Peru.

575
00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:49,040
Oh, now where's the stop?

576
00:35:49,040 --> 00:35:49,559
Stop.

577
00:35:49,559 --> 00:35:51,116
No, stop.

578
00:35:51,116 --> 00:35:52,366
Die.

579
00:35:54,230 --> 00:35:58,600
All right, I think I got it.

580
00:35:58,600 --> 00:35:59,170
There we go.

581
00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:00,540
That's a lovely opera.

582
00:36:04,980 --> 00:36:05,730
AUDIENCE: What opera?

583
00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:08,890
PROFESSOR: Well, of course
that's the question.

584
00:36:08,890 --> 00:36:10,770
I gave away part of
the answer here.

585
00:36:10,770 --> 00:36:13,820
You know, I've played
this before and I

586
00:36:13,820 --> 00:36:14,780
asked, what was that?

587
00:36:14,780 --> 00:36:16,220
And somebody says, opera.

588
00:36:16,220 --> 00:36:17,080
I know that.

589
00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:20,940
OK, so anybody know wrote it?

590
00:36:20,940 --> 00:36:21,420
Yeah?

591
00:36:21,420 --> 00:36:22,020
AUDIENCE: Mozart.

592
00:36:22,020 --> 00:36:23,450
PROFESSOR: Oh, good.

593
00:36:23,450 --> 00:36:26,270
All right, you don't turn out
to be like a person one year

594
00:36:26,270 --> 00:36:28,140
who sang the role?

595
00:36:28,140 --> 00:36:28,420
AUDIENCE: No.

596
00:36:28,420 --> 00:36:29,950
PROFESSOR: OK.

597
00:36:29,950 --> 00:36:32,150
I thought that was
pretty cool.

598
00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:36,350
This is definitely Mozart.

599
00:36:36,350 --> 00:36:40,415
OK, now for the $200 question,
do you know which opera?

600
00:36:40,415 --> 00:36:42,250
AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE
PHRASE]

601
00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:42,830
PROFESSOR: She's good.

602
00:36:42,830 --> 00:36:44,090
Giver her a round of applause.

603
00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:51,780
With an e, right?

604
00:36:51,780 --> 00:36:53,030
Not an i?

605
00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:59,590
And of course, the relevant
question here is, why?

606
00:36:59,590 --> 00:37:04,670
And for that I got to tell you
a little bit of the plot.

607
00:37:04,670 --> 00:37:11,490
So what's going on here, we'll
do this in good MIT terms.

608
00:37:11,490 --> 00:37:16,620
So we need some equations
I think.

609
00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:20,650
Or at least symbolic
representations of the plot.

610
00:37:20,650 --> 00:37:35,880
What we have is two guys
and two women and

611
00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:38,590
the X factor here.

612
00:37:38,590 --> 00:37:40,830
So they're together.

613
00:37:40,830 --> 00:37:44,120
They're in love, they sing
beautiful stuff.

614
00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:49,460
And their buddy comes along and
tells the guys, women are

615
00:37:49,460 --> 00:37:51,470
all fickle.

616
00:37:51,470 --> 00:37:53,120
The cosi fan tutte means
something like

617
00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,450
they're all like that.

618
00:37:55,450 --> 00:38:00,040
And you can't trust them
and the guys sing

619
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:01,570
for another few hours.

620
00:38:01,570 --> 00:38:05,650
No, no our girlfriends are
good and true and stuff.

621
00:38:05,650 --> 00:38:06,830
So here's what we'll do.

622
00:38:06,830 --> 00:38:10,180
You guys pretend you've been
called up to go to war and

623
00:38:10,180 --> 00:38:16,180
then you sneak back into town
disguised as Albanian soldiers

624
00:38:16,180 --> 00:38:21,490
and we'll try the cross product
or something like

625
00:38:21,490 --> 00:38:22,740
that, right?

626
00:38:26,050 --> 00:38:27,950
We'll see if we can
make this work.

627
00:38:33,050 --> 00:38:39,000
And so a pile more singing
ensues and the girls are being

628
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:40,440
very faithful.

629
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:43,180
And so the guys decide they're
going to resort

630
00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:47,140
to desperate measures.

631
00:38:47,140 --> 00:38:49,210
Well, not terribly desperate,
semi-desperate.

632
00:38:49,210 --> 00:38:53,340
They'll fake taking poison and
because there's so much of

633
00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:55,200
[UNINTELLIGIBLE] take
[UNINTELLIGIBLE] they're dead.

634
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:59,740
And so the women are
very upset by this.

635
00:38:59,740 --> 00:39:04,380
And so they need to
cure these guys.

636
00:39:04,380 --> 00:39:13,320
Now there's a maid whose name
is Despina, so she can be D.

637
00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:15,015
That's who you heard singing
as the doctor.

638
00:39:15,015 --> 00:39:17,100
She pretends to be a doctor.

639
00:39:20,090 --> 00:39:24,630
It's a comic role rather than
a terribly tragic-- we've

640
00:39:24,630 --> 00:39:25,870
taken poison thing.

641
00:39:25,870 --> 00:39:32,160
And what she's doing is
attempting, she's claiming to

642
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:37,040
cure them with Mesmer's
magic stone, which

643
00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:39,350
is basically a magnet.

644
00:39:39,350 --> 00:39:44,160
Now you've heard the
term mesmerize--

645
00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:46,490
to mesmerize somebody.

646
00:39:46,490 --> 00:39:52,430
That actually comes from one
Franz Anton Mesmer who was

647
00:39:52,430 --> 00:39:55,830
working in Vienna and then later
in Paris at the same

648
00:39:55,830 --> 00:39:56,850
time as Mozart.

649
00:39:56,850 --> 00:40:00,240
In fact, he was a friend
of the Mozart families.

650
00:40:00,240 --> 00:40:04,640
And this was a time of a lot of
scientific advances in the

651
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:06,410
study of magnetism.

652
00:40:06,410 --> 00:40:10,590
And Mesmer concluded that there
were magnetic forces

653
00:40:10,590 --> 00:40:11,780
everywhere.

654
00:40:11,780 --> 00:40:17,020
And the planets in particular,
had important magnetic forces

655
00:40:17,020 --> 00:40:21,250
and that these could be
channeled if you were an

656
00:40:21,250 --> 00:40:25,140
appropriately receptive
individual.

657
00:40:25,140 --> 00:40:27,760
You've heard of animal
magnetism, right?

658
00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:30,570
Well animal magnetism, a term
which has also lost its

659
00:40:30,570 --> 00:40:35,220
original meaning-- animal
magnetism, which today is sort

660
00:40:35,220 --> 00:40:39,580
of like I'm awash in musk,
or something like that.

661
00:40:39,580 --> 00:40:43,190
You know, I've got great animal
magnetism or whatever.

662
00:40:43,190 --> 00:40:47,220
It originally is Mesmer's term
for the notion that you could

663
00:40:47,220 --> 00:40:51,520
channel or specifically that
he could channel these

664
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:55,380
magnetic forces of the heavens
and channel them

665
00:40:55,380 --> 00:40:57,680
for curative purposes.

666
00:40:57,680 --> 00:41:03,330
And he set himself up with a
clinic in Vienna and then in

667
00:41:03,330 --> 00:41:05,470
Paris to do just that.

668
00:41:08,810 --> 00:41:12,080
It sounds like it must have
been quite a scene.

669
00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:13,690
If you went to Mesmer's--

670
00:41:13,690 --> 00:41:16,400
Mesmer would have liked this
room actually because he was

671
00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,700
in to purple, apparently
from what I read.

672
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:22,850
But in any case, you'd come into
Mesmer's sort of waiting

673
00:41:22,850 --> 00:41:32,250
room and there would be a string
band playing quiet

674
00:41:32,250 --> 00:41:35,590
music on magnetized
instruments.

675
00:41:35,590 --> 00:41:40,080
And a tub often, in some
of his establishments.

676
00:41:40,080 --> 00:41:45,750
A big tub filled with magnetized
water and people

677
00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:50,060
could sit in the tub or there
were sort of like metal rods

678
00:41:50,060 --> 00:41:56,150
coming out of the tub that you
would poke into the part of

679
00:41:56,150 --> 00:42:00,300
your body that was afflicted.

680
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,320
But this was all sort
of warm up.

681
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:05,120
The critical piece
was when Mesmer

682
00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:07,250
himself would sweep in--

683
00:42:07,250 --> 00:42:09,760
from all the descriptions-- like
something out of Harry

684
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:15,910
Potter in flowing purple robes
with a purple hat on.

685
00:42:15,910 --> 00:42:20,950
Extremely charismatic guy to all
appearances and then what

686
00:42:20,950 --> 00:42:25,125
he would do is he'd come in
and lay-- in fear you'll

687
00:42:25,125 --> 00:42:30,110
forgive me-- lay hands on you
and you having bought into

688
00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:34,000
this general notion and rather
like this notion that you

689
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,960
would know what the options are
for going insane you would

690
00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:45,460
also know that your job here was
to have a seizure and to

691
00:42:45,460 --> 00:42:46,770
lose consciousness.

692
00:42:46,770 --> 00:42:50,480
So you don't need to
do that, it's OK.

693
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:52,350
You'd then be carried off to
another room where you would

694
00:42:52,350 --> 00:42:57,690
recover and with luck, your
symptoms would be ameliorated.

695
00:42:57,690 --> 00:43:01,210
Now what Mesmer had discovered
or rediscovered since the

696
00:43:01,210 --> 00:43:05,260
various forms of it over
history was hypnosis.

697
00:43:05,260 --> 00:43:10,200
To mesmerize and to hypnotize
have all a similar kind of

698
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:18,690
meaning to them, particularly in
the earlier literature and

699
00:43:18,690 --> 00:43:21,800
it probably didn't do much for
the people who came to him

700
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:25,570
with cancer and various other
things that 18th Century

701
00:43:25,570 --> 00:43:27,710
science couldn't do
anything about.

702
00:43:27,710 --> 00:43:30,880
But the people who came to him
with hysterical symptoms

703
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:33,460
apparently got some
degree of relief.

704
00:43:33,460 --> 00:43:37,690
Now hypnosis fell
into disfavor.

705
00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:43,450
In part because he was a bit
of an act and the Paris

706
00:43:43,450 --> 00:43:45,710
scientific establishment was
very dubious of him.

707
00:43:45,710 --> 00:43:48,070
They put together a panel
to investigate him.

708
00:43:48,070 --> 00:43:50,480
The panel is an interesting
one in its own right.

709
00:43:50,480 --> 00:43:55,870
Its members included Benjamin
Franklin then U.S.

710
00:43:55,870 --> 00:43:58,190
Ambassador to Paris.

711
00:43:58,190 --> 00:44:05,230
The chemist Levousier and one
Dr. Guillotine, later famous

712
00:44:05,230 --> 00:44:07,040
for a different invention.

713
00:44:10,310 --> 00:44:12,400
But they concluded that
he was a quack

714
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,150
and he died in disgrace.

715
00:44:15,150 --> 00:44:17,530
And hypnosis has come in
and out of fashion.

716
00:44:17,530 --> 00:44:19,480
As we talked about in the
context of multiple

717
00:44:19,480 --> 00:44:26,290
personality disorder it's
considered an important tool

718
00:44:26,290 --> 00:44:28,830
for some therapists today.

719
00:44:28,830 --> 00:44:32,930
In the late 19th Century it was
revived, again, in Paris.

720
00:44:32,930 --> 00:44:37,030
Particularly, by a psychiatrist
named Charcot.

721
00:44:40,010 --> 00:44:45,010
Charcot was at the leading
French Parisian mental

722
00:44:45,010 --> 00:44:45,990
institution.

723
00:44:45,990 --> 00:44:50,800
Had some very disturbed patients
and was working to

724
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:57,150
treat them with hypnosis by
inducing symptoms in them and

725
00:44:57,150 --> 00:45:00,550
then suggesting-- well,
basically putting them under

726
00:45:00,550 --> 00:45:03,610
hypnosis and telling
them how to be.

727
00:45:03,610 --> 00:45:06,480
It was essentially
manipulating a

728
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:08,110
passive kind of a patient.

729
00:45:08,110 --> 00:45:10,540
Now Freud was in Vienna
at the time.

730
00:45:10,540 --> 00:45:13,920
Came to Paris to study with
Charcot because Freud wasn't

731
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:15,980
sure what to do with
his patients.

732
00:45:15,980 --> 00:45:18,990
Let me tell you about
one of his patients.

733
00:45:18,990 --> 00:45:24,420
Known in the literature as Anna
O. And she's known in the

734
00:45:24,420 --> 00:45:27,130
literature as Anna O. because
when Freud wrote about her he

735
00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:30,470
attempted to preserve
her privacy by

736
00:45:30,470 --> 00:45:32,170
giving her a pseudonym.

737
00:45:32,170 --> 00:45:34,460
Her real name is Bertha
Pappenheim.

738
00:45:34,460 --> 00:45:38,480
I'm not actually violating
patient confidentiality here,

739
00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:42,370
like almost every important
patient Freud ever had, she

740
00:45:42,370 --> 00:45:44,480
wrote a memoir.

741
00:45:44,480 --> 00:45:46,240
You can spend your
life reading the

742
00:45:46,240 --> 00:45:47,870
memoirs of Freud's patients.

743
00:45:47,870 --> 00:45:51,900
Anyway, she was Bertha
Pappenheim, but known in the

744
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:55,620
literature as Anna O. She was
a grab bag of hysterical

745
00:45:55,620 --> 00:46:02,990
symptoms precipitated most
immediately by the crisis of

746
00:46:02,990 --> 00:46:07,330
attending her father through
his final illness.

747
00:46:07,330 --> 00:46:10,110
And she was actually being
treated originally not by

748
00:46:10,110 --> 00:46:14,340
Freud but by Freud's colleague,
Josef Breuer whose

749
00:46:14,340 --> 00:46:17,300
name I think I put
on the handout.

750
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,350
Yes, there we go.

751
00:46:20,350 --> 00:46:22,690
And they took to using hypnosis,
but they took to

752
00:46:22,690 --> 00:46:24,990
using hypnosis in the new way.

753
00:46:24,990 --> 00:46:28,895
Rather than using it to
manipulate the patient or to

754
00:46:28,895 --> 00:46:31,310
cause a seizure or something
like that they used it in the

755
00:46:31,310 --> 00:46:35,970
context of what Anna herself
called a talking cure.

756
00:46:35,970 --> 00:46:38,890
They talked to her.

757
00:46:38,890 --> 00:46:46,290
Under hypnosis she seemed to
be able to recover memories

758
00:46:46,290 --> 00:46:50,220
that she could not
reach otherwise.

759
00:46:50,220 --> 00:46:53,580
That these memories were often
accompanied by violent

760
00:46:53,580 --> 00:46:55,580
emotional reactions.

761
00:46:55,580 --> 00:47:01,790
And that this emotional eruption
had an effect of

762
00:47:01,790 --> 00:47:04,820
purging the symptom.

763
00:47:04,820 --> 00:47:09,330
Borrowing a term from
Greek tragedy,

764
00:47:09,330 --> 00:47:12,920
Freud called this catharsis.

765
00:47:12,920 --> 00:47:15,415
Borrowing a term from the
neighbors or something, Anna

766
00:47:15,415 --> 00:47:18,040
O. called this chimney
sweeping.

767
00:47:22,530 --> 00:47:26,550
The difficulty was that it
seemed in her case to be

768
00:47:26,550 --> 00:47:27,900
rather temporary business.

769
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,690
In fact, Freud abandoned
hypnosis eventually because of

770
00:47:30,690 --> 00:47:31,770
this problem.

771
00:47:31,770 --> 00:47:35,810
That hypnosis seemed to be
useful for treating symptoms,

772
00:47:35,810 --> 00:47:38,670
but somehow not getting at
whatever the underlying cause

773
00:47:38,670 --> 00:47:46,030
was because she'd go away, her
symptom cured and then

774
00:47:46,030 --> 00:47:47,450
something else would
pop up and she'd be

775
00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:51,860
back for another round.

776
00:47:51,860 --> 00:47:57,450
Now the reason we know about
Freud and not Breuer is that

777
00:47:57,450 --> 00:48:01,090
Breuer ended up running away
from this and Freud ended up

778
00:48:01,090 --> 00:48:03,660
jumping into it.

779
00:48:03,660 --> 00:48:10,110
What Breuer ran away from was
Anna coming back with a new

780
00:48:10,110 --> 00:48:15,020
symptom and this new symptom
was a hysterical pregnancy.

781
00:48:15,020 --> 00:48:17,560
Which is to say, she thought
she was pregnant.

782
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:21,330
She was convinced she was
pregnant and she was convinced

783
00:48:21,330 --> 00:48:24,300
Breuer was the father.

784
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:29,030
Now there's no particular
evidence that Breuer was

785
00:48:29,030 --> 00:48:33,700
sexually involved with her at
all, but you've got to imagine

786
00:48:33,700 --> 00:48:41,890
being a psychiatrist with a
practice with young women, you

787
00:48:41,890 --> 00:48:45,240
know what's it going to do to
your reputation if one of

788
00:48:45,240 --> 00:48:48,150
these young women
even mistakenly

789
00:48:48,150 --> 00:48:50,520
thinks she's pregnant?

790
00:48:50,520 --> 00:48:52,650
Doesn't matter that she's
not pregnant.

791
00:48:52,650 --> 00:48:58,220
Matters that she thinks she
knows how she got pregnant and

792
00:48:58,220 --> 00:48:58,980
that's just trouble.

793
00:48:58,980 --> 00:49:01,650
And he said, I can't
see you anymore.

794
00:49:01,650 --> 00:49:05,180
But Freud on the other hand, I
believe actually continued to

795
00:49:05,180 --> 00:49:09,070
treat her, but more to the
point, what Freud became

796
00:49:09,070 --> 00:49:13,800
interested in were the more
fundamental questions like

797
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:18,980
look, if there really are these
memories here somewhere

798
00:49:18,980 --> 00:49:24,090
that we're only getting to by
this hypnotic technique in

799
00:49:24,090 --> 00:49:29,990
this particular case, where
are those memories?

800
00:49:29,990 --> 00:49:33,770
And why do they only come out
when we're doing this

801
00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:36,660
psychotherapy with her?

802
00:49:36,660 --> 00:49:38,080
Why are they hidden?

803
00:49:38,080 --> 00:49:42,660
And what's their connection
with the symptoms?

804
00:49:45,450 --> 00:49:47,850
Those were the questions that
he really wanted to

805
00:49:47,850 --> 00:49:48,830
know the answer to.

806
00:49:48,830 --> 00:49:52,020
He wanted to be able to treat
patients too, but this was the

807
00:49:52,020 --> 00:49:55,120
sort of underlying interesting,
scientific

808
00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:58,210
questions that he wanted
to get to.

809
00:49:58,210 --> 00:50:01,070
And he came to the conclusion
that there was something that

810
00:50:01,070 --> 00:50:04,030
was actively interfering
with these memories.

811
00:50:04,030 --> 00:50:10,670
It wasn't just like you can't
remember the answer to some

812
00:50:10,670 --> 00:50:13,810
multiple choice question on the
final because you're just

813
00:50:13,810 --> 00:50:15,520
having a retrieval problem.

814
00:50:15,520 --> 00:50:18,240
He thought that in these cases
there was something that was

815
00:50:18,240 --> 00:50:25,580
actively fighting against you
remembering anything, and he

816
00:50:25,580 --> 00:50:28,830
wanted to know what
that might be.

817
00:50:31,780 --> 00:50:37,180
The heart of his depth
psychology was the idea that

818
00:50:37,180 --> 00:50:40,670
these thoughts that they were
dredging up were thoughts that

819
00:50:40,670 --> 00:50:45,610
had been locked away in the
Freudian unconscious.

820
00:50:45,610 --> 00:50:48,220
Different, if you like, from the
cognitive unconscious from

821
00:50:48,220 --> 00:50:49,430
earlier in the term.

822
00:50:49,430 --> 00:50:52,940
These things had been
deliberately locked away down

823
00:50:52,940 --> 00:50:58,120
here and kept away from
consciousness.

824
00:50:58,120 --> 00:51:00,260
He didn't invent the idea
of the unconscious.

825
00:51:00,260 --> 00:51:02,820
It existed as sort of a literary
metaphor in 19th

826
00:51:02,820 --> 00:51:06,450
century European writings,
for instance.

827
00:51:06,450 --> 00:51:12,990
But he gave it a place in
a theory of the mind.

828
00:51:15,620 --> 00:51:24,070
And he had an explanation for
why it was populated with

829
00:51:24,070 --> 00:51:27,570
these thoughts that were somehow
hidden from the user.

830
00:51:27,570 --> 00:51:31,490
I'll tell you about
that at 3 o'clock.

831
00:51:51,266 --> 00:51:54,290
AUDIENCE: If, like you said,
if most of the psychology

832
00:51:54,290 --> 00:51:58,810
functions on Freud was wrong,
then why are psychologists and

833
00:51:58,810 --> 00:52:01,250
scientists still so
obsessed with

834
00:52:01,250 --> 00:52:03,360
proving that he was wrong?

835
00:52:09,340 --> 00:52:12,190
PROFESSOR: I think most would
answer, they're not.

836
00:52:12,190 --> 00:52:13,660
That at this point
it's a done deal.

837
00:52:16,670 --> 00:52:20,640
But to the extent that they
are-- no, to the extent that

838
00:52:20,640 --> 00:52:26,790
they are it's because Freud is
still, you go out on the

839
00:52:26,790 --> 00:52:33,260
street and ask people, tell me
the first ten things that come

840
00:52:33,260 --> 00:52:35,380
to your mind if I
say psychology.

841
00:52:35,380 --> 00:52:37,980
One of them is going to be Freud
and two others will be

842
00:52:37,980 --> 00:52:39,590
terms that have something
to do with Freud.

843
00:52:39,590 --> 00:52:44,630
And if you think that that's all
hooey it's going to drive

844
00:52:44,630 --> 00:52:47,920
you nuts and if this is your
own particular area you're

845
00:52:47,920 --> 00:52:53,450
going to work to kill
it off, I suppose.

846
00:52:53,450 --> 00:52:55,930
AUDIENCE: Because when I was
writing my paper and I was

847
00:52:55,930 --> 00:53:00,070
reading all these books about
sex and sexual orientation and

848
00:53:00,070 --> 00:53:03,220
how it comes to be developed--
like half the books were like

849
00:53:03,220 --> 00:53:06,360
well, Freud is wrong.

850
00:53:06,360 --> 00:53:07,970
PROFESSOR: That'll depend a
little on how old the books

851
00:53:07,970 --> 00:53:09,110
were that you were--

852
00:53:09,110 --> 00:53:12,640
but Freud was actually, if
you're talking about sexual

853
00:53:12,640 --> 00:53:16,830
orientation, Freud was actually
more interesting than

854
00:53:16,830 --> 00:53:18,860
his followers.

855
00:53:18,860 --> 00:53:25,740
Freud regarded homosexuality as
not as a biological issue,

856
00:53:25,740 --> 00:53:29,720
but as a developmental issue.

857
00:53:29,720 --> 00:53:32,790
But did not think that
it was abnormal.

858
00:53:32,790 --> 00:53:35,890
He thought it was a variance.

859
00:53:35,890 --> 00:53:40,290
There's a famous letter written
to the mother of a gay

860
00:53:40,290 --> 00:53:46,760
man where he says basically,
it's not the mainline path,

861
00:53:46,760 --> 00:53:48,030
but don't worry about it.

862
00:53:48,030 --> 00:53:52,160
It's just one of the ways
that things work out.

863
00:53:52,160 --> 00:53:56,130
The American psychological
establishment then declared it

864
00:53:56,130 --> 00:53:58,990
to be a disorder and
only in the '70s

865
00:53:58,990 --> 00:54:02,850
declared that it was not.

866
00:54:02,850 --> 00:54:06,470
But Freud in that sense was--
well, assuming that we are

867
00:54:06,470 --> 00:54:10,130
right at this point, that it is
biological in its roots he

868
00:54:10,130 --> 00:54:16,340
was wrong, but he would have
been cool about that, I think.

869
00:54:16,340 --> 00:54:20,200
AUDIENCE: I have a question
about hypnosis.

870
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:23,026
Is it true that they can't make
you do something that you

871
00:54:23,026 --> 00:54:25,050
don't want to do?

872
00:54:25,050 --> 00:54:27,380
PROFESSOR: I would lecture about
that a bit, but I'd run

873
00:54:27,380 --> 00:54:30,970
out of-- my hunch is that
it's not really true.

874
00:54:36,710 --> 00:54:39,290
I think that it's a little
like this Mesmer thing.

875
00:54:39,290 --> 00:54:41,670
That we have a set of things
that we believe about what

876
00:54:41,670 --> 00:54:42,630
hypnosis does.

877
00:54:42,630 --> 00:54:45,370
It can make me behave like a
child, it can make me behave

878
00:54:45,370 --> 00:54:50,220
like a chicken, it can't
make me murder you.

879
00:54:50,220 --> 00:54:52,750
I don't know of any clear
evidence, one way or

880
00:54:52,750 --> 00:54:56,060
the other on that.

881
00:54:56,060 --> 00:55:01,110
I mean, it's not complete
sucession of the will in some

882
00:55:01,110 --> 00:55:04,230
sense, so there is some chunk
of you saying, I'm

883
00:55:04,230 --> 00:55:06,010
not going do that.

884
00:55:06,010 --> 00:55:10,610
But could you make somebody do
something modestly wrong?

885
00:55:10,610 --> 00:55:12,410
I bet you could.

886
00:55:12,410 --> 00:55:14,820
But anyway, very interesting
topic.

887
00:55:23,910 --> 00:55:27,670
Freud's understanding about what
was going on or what was

888
00:55:27,670 --> 00:55:33,620
stuffed away down here in the
dungeon of the unconscious

889
00:55:33,620 --> 00:55:37,790
starts with Freud's
understanding of what it means

890
00:55:37,790 --> 00:55:41,650
to be a baby.

891
00:55:41,650 --> 00:55:43,680
He thought that babies
came into the

892
00:55:43,680 --> 00:55:46,300
world as amoral creatures.

893
00:55:49,470 --> 00:55:52,530
Certainly his contemporaries
at the time tended to

894
00:55:52,530 --> 00:55:55,950
misunderstand this to
mean that he meant

895
00:55:55,950 --> 00:55:58,270
that babies were immoral.

896
00:55:58,270 --> 00:55:59,790
That wasn't what he meant.

897
00:55:59,790 --> 00:56:06,780
What he was really doing, had
he taken my version of intro

898
00:56:06,780 --> 00:56:12,510
psych he probably would have
drawn one of those little

899
00:56:12,510 --> 00:56:16,330
developmental pictures that I
was drawing when we were doing

900
00:56:16,330 --> 00:56:20,940
development and said, well
look, here's units of

901
00:56:20,940 --> 00:56:22,580
moralness or something.

902
00:56:22,580 --> 00:56:25,900
Here's time.

903
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:29,680
Here's the adult state
and I, Freud, am

904
00:56:29,680 --> 00:56:31,860
asserting that babies--

905
00:56:31,860 --> 00:56:33,860
that the starting
place is here.

906
00:56:33,860 --> 00:56:37,490
And that there's some function
that gets you up to the adult

907
00:56:37,490 --> 00:56:40,790
state and isn't that
interesting.

908
00:56:40,790 --> 00:56:47,470
The naive, probably Victorian
Era notion was probably

909
00:56:47,470 --> 00:56:50,890
something more like
babies start here.

910
00:56:50,890 --> 00:56:54,980
They are pure, they have little
wings and only when

911
00:56:54,980 --> 00:56:58,420
they grow up do they become
sinful, nasty things

912
00:56:58,420 --> 00:57:00,480
like you and me.

913
00:57:00,480 --> 00:57:06,170
And so this notion of babies
as amoral agents was not

914
00:57:06,170 --> 00:57:08,200
something that his
contemporaries were really

915
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:10,730
thrilled with.

916
00:57:10,730 --> 00:57:12,870
Freud was probably wrong
about this, right?

917
00:57:12,870 --> 00:57:17,050
We've already seen that babies
seem to have some rudiments of

918
00:57:17,050 --> 00:57:21,180
something like empathy, so all
right, let's start them there.

919
00:57:21,180 --> 00:57:25,640
But the larger point-- that
babies do not come into the

920
00:57:25,640 --> 00:57:32,950
world with anything like adult
moral reasoning is an

921
00:57:32,950 --> 00:57:36,700
interesting one because you've
got to imagine as Freud did,

922
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:41,020
what's going on in the
little kid's brain.

923
00:57:41,020 --> 00:57:43,510
Sorry, little kid's mind.

924
00:57:43,510 --> 00:57:46,830
So here you are, your little
amoral baby, let's give that

925
00:57:46,830 --> 00:57:52,030
to Freud for the time being and
I don't know, a year later

926
00:57:52,030 --> 00:57:54,080
there's a new baby.

927
00:57:56,790 --> 00:57:59,580
New baby wants stuff.

928
00:57:59,580 --> 00:58:03,440
Wants stuff that you used to
get all the time, like Mom,

929
00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:05,590
for instance.

930
00:58:05,590 --> 00:58:12,778
So you're amoral, there's a
baby, what do you want to do?

931
00:58:12,778 --> 00:58:14,690
AUDIENCE: Get rid of the baby.

932
00:58:14,690 --> 00:58:15,390
PROFESSOR: Get rid
of the baby.

933
00:58:15,390 --> 00:58:17,428
Well, how we going to do that?

934
00:58:17,428 --> 00:58:18,436
AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]

935
00:58:18,436 --> 00:58:20,030
PROFESSOR: Eat it, that
might be good.

936
00:58:22,730 --> 00:58:25,660
We'll kill it in some fashion,
the details aren't terribly

937
00:58:25,660 --> 00:58:27,320
important if you're
a one year-old.

938
00:58:27,320 --> 00:58:29,480
Let's just kill it.

939
00:58:29,480 --> 00:58:31,840
The nice thing is it's not easy
for you to do that so

940
00:58:31,840 --> 00:58:35,460
that your little brother
grows up anyway.

941
00:58:35,460 --> 00:58:40,150
You know, there's lots of things
like that in your life

942
00:58:40,150 --> 00:58:48,740
where not a late little baby
brother, but like Dad.

943
00:58:48,740 --> 00:58:49,740
Dad's a problem.

944
00:58:49,740 --> 00:58:54,330
Man, he comes home and I've
spent all day with Mom and

945
00:58:54,330 --> 00:58:57,910
Mom's been nice and everything
and then Dad comes home and

946
00:58:57,910 --> 00:58:59,550
Mom's ignoring me.

947
00:58:59,550 --> 00:59:02,550
Let's kill Dad.

948
00:59:02,550 --> 00:59:05,150
And let's take Mom all for
ourselves, stuff like that.

949
00:59:09,370 --> 00:59:12,260
So what's driving the baby?

950
00:59:12,260 --> 00:59:16,290
Freud proposed that what's
driving infants and young

951
00:59:16,290 --> 00:59:18,630
children is what he called
the pleasure principle.

952
00:59:18,630 --> 00:59:21,040
Doesn't take an awful
lot to decode that.

953
00:59:21,040 --> 00:59:23,280
Freud thought, baby wants
pleasure, baby

954
00:59:23,280 --> 00:59:27,090
wants it now, right?

955
00:59:27,090 --> 00:59:31,990
But look, you're going to work
your way up, if you end up as

956
00:59:31,990 --> 00:59:35,780
an adult in that
state you are a

957
00:59:35,780 --> 00:59:37,520
psychologically deformed adult.

958
00:59:37,520 --> 00:59:39,840
An amoral adult is
a real problem.

959
00:59:39,840 --> 00:59:42,180
An adult who's governed entirely
by something like the

960
00:59:42,180 --> 00:59:43,730
pleasure principle is
a real problem.

961
00:59:43,730 --> 00:59:44,770
It's not going to work.

962
00:59:44,770 --> 00:59:48,120
So you're working your way up
there and you've got to

963
00:59:48,120 --> 00:59:52,940
imagine someday you wake up and
you've moved to the next

964
00:59:52,940 --> 00:59:55,360
moral level in some fashion.

965
00:59:55,360 --> 00:59:59,100
Now how do you know
who you are?

966
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,210
Well, you ask yourself, what
kind of a person am I?

967
01:00:02,210 --> 01:00:06,760
And you go and examine this
stuff and you say, I'm a good,

968
01:00:06,760 --> 01:00:09,320
honest, loving person except
for that time.

969
01:00:11,840 --> 01:00:15,770
All right, so you wake up, you
look in your head and ask,

970
01:00:15,770 --> 01:00:17,020
what kind of a person am I?

971
01:00:17,020 --> 01:00:19,060
And you go rummaging
around and you

972
01:00:19,060 --> 01:00:22,330
say, kill little brother.

973
01:00:22,330 --> 01:00:24,260
Kill Daddy.

974
01:00:24,260 --> 01:00:28,520
Hurt Daddy, grab Mommy.

975
01:00:28,520 --> 01:00:31,010
Hurt mommy because Mommy
didn't like to be gra--

976
01:00:31,010 --> 01:00:31,810
wait a second.

977
01:00:31,810 --> 01:00:34,060
I don't like this.

978
01:00:34,060 --> 01:00:38,110
This is not a me that
I can live with.

979
01:00:38,110 --> 01:00:39,130
A me who is--

980
01:00:39,130 --> 01:00:41,660
look, or imagine this.

981
01:00:41,660 --> 01:00:46,000
Suppose you woke up tomorrow
with your head full of

982
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:52,300
thoughts that said, I'm going
to kill my roommate.

983
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:54,680
This is how I'm going
to do it.

984
01:00:54,680 --> 01:00:57,700
I've been thinking about
this through.

985
01:00:57,700 --> 01:01:02,850
If I'm describing you, by the
way well, we should talk.

986
01:01:06,610 --> 01:01:13,450
But you would be deeply
disturbed if you had what felt

987
01:01:13,450 --> 01:01:18,430
to you like an obsessive set
of thoughts about going off

988
01:01:18,430 --> 01:01:21,760
and doing harm to somebody.

989
01:01:21,760 --> 01:01:25,300
Or sexual thoughts.

990
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:29,410
Every time your mind is
completely filled with

991
01:01:29,410 --> 01:01:35,780
thoughts about doing something
with somebody and it's for

992
01:01:35,780 --> 01:01:38,170
some reason either
inappropriate,

993
01:01:38,170 --> 01:01:39,450
unlikely, or whatever.

994
01:01:39,450 --> 01:01:42,500
If you got a brain full of
thoughts like that, it's going

995
01:01:42,500 --> 01:01:45,780
to be disturbing and Freud
figured that that's basically

996
01:01:45,780 --> 01:01:47,710
what happened as
kids got older.

997
01:01:47,710 --> 01:01:51,440
They found that they had a mind
full of these infantile

998
01:01:51,440 --> 01:01:54,810
thoughts that were simply
unacceptable and they stuffed

999
01:01:54,810 --> 01:01:56,030
them down here.

1000
01:01:56,030 --> 01:01:57,960
That's Freudian repression.

1001
01:01:57,960 --> 01:02:00,810
They repressed these thoughts.

1002
01:02:00,810 --> 01:02:03,500
Now that seems stupid.

1003
01:02:03,500 --> 01:02:04,650
Why do that?

1004
01:02:04,650 --> 01:02:07,120
Why don't we just
get rid of them?

1005
01:02:07,120 --> 01:02:11,310
Well, you have only rather
limited abilities to actually

1006
01:02:11,310 --> 01:02:14,500
deliberately forget stuff--

1007
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:17,260
as you've probably discovered
at various emotional

1008
01:02:17,260 --> 01:02:18,170
times in your life.

1009
01:02:18,170 --> 01:02:21,760
You know, you break up with
somebody and you think, I'm

1010
01:02:21,760 --> 01:02:25,180
just going to wash that man
right out of my hair or

1011
01:02:25,180 --> 01:02:26,120
something like that.

1012
01:02:26,120 --> 01:02:29,100
It turns out to not be
quite that easy.

1013
01:02:29,100 --> 01:02:36,890
And there are probably good
reasons for that like waking

1014
01:02:36,890 --> 01:02:41,120
up-- well, not waking -- going
to class, getting back the

1015
01:02:41,120 --> 01:02:48,740
calculus test with the score
on it in single digits and

1016
01:02:48,740 --> 01:02:52,120
thinking, oh man, I hate this.

1017
01:02:52,120 --> 01:02:56,940
I wish I could just forget
calculus completely.

1018
01:02:56,940 --> 01:02:59,090
Oh man.

1019
01:02:59,090 --> 01:03:01,710
No, it wouldn't be good
if that worked.

1020
01:03:01,710 --> 01:03:04,980
That's why your computer asks
you, do you want to erase your

1021
01:03:04,980 --> 01:03:07,210
disk drive?

1022
01:03:07,210 --> 01:03:11,400
And your version of this is to
simply not have that ability

1023
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:14,000
in any very comprehensive
fashion.

1024
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:15,800
So you don't have the option
of just getting

1025
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:17,030
rid of these thoughts.

1026
01:03:17,030 --> 01:03:20,170
They're there, so you stuff
them down here.

1027
01:03:20,170 --> 01:03:24,140
Now an important piece of this
is that what Freud is

1028
01:03:24,140 --> 01:03:27,380
describing is his
view of normal.

1029
01:03:30,540 --> 01:03:35,480
Again, Freudian jargon that we
tend to use out on the street,

1030
01:03:35,480 --> 01:03:39,820
you say somebody-- oh,
he's so repressed.

1031
01:03:39,820 --> 01:03:42,630
Sounding like that's wrong.

1032
01:03:42,630 --> 01:03:46,370
Freud thought that this sort of
repression was absolutely

1033
01:03:46,370 --> 01:03:53,340
required for adult psychological
human life.

1034
01:03:53,340 --> 01:03:56,360
You know, maybe not if you're
a chimp or something like

1035
01:03:56,360 --> 01:03:57,670
that, or a gorilla.

1036
01:03:57,670 --> 01:04:00,580
But if you were going to be a
human, you were going to need

1037
01:04:00,580 --> 01:04:03,000
to repress this stuff
because--

1038
01:04:06,750 --> 01:04:09,490
the patients he was seeing in
his vew were patients where

1039
01:04:09,490 --> 01:04:12,380
this had gone bad in some
fashion, where it wasn't

1040
01:04:12,380 --> 01:04:13,140
working for them.

1041
01:04:13,140 --> 01:04:16,420
But all of us, in Freud's view
are built like this.

1042
01:04:16,420 --> 01:04:19,810
And all of us have an
unconscious that's filled with

1043
01:04:19,810 --> 01:04:23,890
these unacceptable thoughts and
all of those unacceptable

1044
01:04:23,890 --> 01:04:26,760
thoughts, there is no capital
punishment down here.

1045
01:04:26,760 --> 01:04:29,040
You may be able to forget
everything that I taught you

1046
01:04:29,040 --> 01:04:31,100
in psychology, but
it turns out --

1047
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:33,250
according to Freud-- that you're
not forgetting any of

1048
01:04:33,250 --> 01:04:33,760
this stuff.

1049
01:04:33,760 --> 01:04:37,005
It's there and it's like a
collection of prisoners who

1050
01:04:37,005 --> 01:04:38,940
are trying to make
a break for it.

1051
01:04:38,940 --> 01:04:41,200
They always want out.

1052
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:46,070
So if you, the king, got this
jail full of characters who

1053
01:04:46,070 --> 01:04:49,980
want to get out and trash the
castle, you'd better have

1054
01:04:49,980 --> 01:04:53,430
guards and the defense
mechanisms like projection

1055
01:04:53,430 --> 01:04:59,910
that I talked about before are
the guards who are there to

1056
01:04:59,910 --> 01:05:09,900
keep the repressed material
repressed or to channel its

1057
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:13,690
energies in ways that
are harmless to you.

1058
01:05:13,690 --> 01:05:21,320
To avoid exposing to you
the stuff that would be

1059
01:05:21,320 --> 01:05:23,650
unacceptable.

1060
01:05:23,650 --> 01:05:26,150
So this stuff, the sitting here
protesting, how does it

1061
01:05:26,150 --> 01:05:27,180
make a break for freedom?

1062
01:05:27,180 --> 01:05:31,690
Typically, by association with
something in the outside

1063
01:05:31,690 --> 01:05:34,150
conscious kind of world.

1064
01:05:34,150 --> 01:05:37,500
So you know, you wanted to kill
off your little brother

1065
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:48,350
and now you're playing
football and--

1066
01:05:48,350 --> 01:05:50,240
I'm making this up--

1067
01:05:50,240 --> 01:05:54,840
and there's a little guy playing
football and some

1068
01:05:54,840 --> 01:05:58,460
chunk of all of this says,
association time.

1069
01:05:58,460 --> 01:05:59,650
Association time.

1070
01:05:59,650 --> 01:06:01,060
Reminds me of little brother.

1071
01:06:01,060 --> 01:06:01,790
Let's kill it.

1072
01:06:01,790 --> 01:06:04,690
Let's kill it.

1073
01:06:04,690 --> 01:06:07,240
A little bit of that
channeled --

1074
01:06:07,240 --> 01:06:10,000
when you channel it into sport
it's called sublimation in

1075
01:06:10,000 --> 01:06:11,490
Freudian terms.

1076
01:06:11,490 --> 01:06:13,580
But you know, that's OK.

1077
01:06:13,580 --> 01:06:15,190
Good, hard tackle
or something.

1078
01:06:15,190 --> 01:06:18,900
If you actually then pound him
into a pulp that's less good

1079
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:22,980
and you've got mechanisms there
to keep you from doing

1080
01:06:22,980 --> 01:06:25,620
that and to keep you from ever
recognizing any sort of

1081
01:06:25,620 --> 01:06:32,260
association with any of these
sort of infantile thoughts.

1082
01:06:32,260 --> 01:06:33,930
So I already mentioned
projection as

1083
01:06:33,930 --> 01:06:36,220
one of these devices.

1084
01:06:36,220 --> 01:06:41,660
You are angry at your brother
and you conclude that your

1085
01:06:41,660 --> 01:06:45,680
brother is angry at you.

1086
01:06:45,680 --> 01:06:46,580
There are a bunch of them.

1087
01:06:46,580 --> 01:06:47,640
They're talked about
in the book.

1088
01:06:47,640 --> 01:06:51,190
A bunch of them are rather
straightforward in the sense

1089
01:06:51,190 --> 01:06:55,360
that the term defines itself.

1090
01:06:55,360 --> 01:07:00,830
Denial, simply saying, no,
I don't think that.

1091
01:07:00,830 --> 01:07:02,530
I don't hate him, not me.

1092
01:07:02,530 --> 01:07:06,580
Or that rationalization.

1093
01:07:06,580 --> 01:07:08,715
The great rationalization
in my family

1094
01:07:08,715 --> 01:07:14,170
is a canon of stories.

1095
01:07:14,170 --> 01:07:20,060
I have twin sisters and one of
them reported to my mother

1096
01:07:20,060 --> 01:07:23,740
that she had pushed the other
one down the stairs on purpose

1097
01:07:23,740 --> 01:07:27,570
by mistake.

1098
01:07:27,570 --> 01:07:30,260
The nice thing about little kids
is sometimes-- you can

1099
01:07:30,260 --> 01:07:32,510
sort of understand where Freud
was coming from if you watch

1100
01:07:32,510 --> 01:07:36,560
little kids because sometimes
the mechanisms that Freud's

1101
01:07:36,560 --> 01:07:40,060
talking about are more
transparently visible.

1102
01:07:40,060 --> 01:07:45,640
So there she is giving some
sort of an account, a

1103
01:07:45,640 --> 01:07:50,200
rationalization of this act
that she doesn't want--

1104
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:52,390
not that a little kid is going
to say look, I really pushed

1105
01:07:52,390 --> 01:07:54,360
my sister down the stairs
because I have these deep

1106
01:07:54,360 --> 01:07:57,000
infantile, hostile, intents
towards her.

1107
01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,190
I'm really tired of having a
twin sister and I was trying

1108
01:07:59,190 --> 01:08:01,410
to kill her.

1109
01:08:01,410 --> 01:08:04,730
That wouldn't be something
that fortunately, my

1110
01:08:04,730 --> 01:08:08,430
sister would say.

1111
01:08:08,430 --> 01:08:15,310
Another example where you can
see this in action in little

1112
01:08:15,310 --> 01:08:17,580
kids, you can sort of see where
Freud was coming from,

1113
01:08:17,580 --> 01:08:20,700
is the defense mechanism
that he called--

1114
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:22,590
maybe it's his daughter who
actually named it-- but it's

1115
01:08:22,590 --> 01:08:24,230
reaction formation.

1116
01:08:24,230 --> 01:08:28,480
Reaction formation, it's easy
to confuse with projection.

1117
01:08:28,480 --> 01:08:36,020
Projection is you know, I hate
you is the truth and you hate

1118
01:08:36,020 --> 01:08:39,170
me is the result of the
projection defense mechanism.

1119
01:08:39,170 --> 01:08:41,810
I decide that you hate me.

1120
01:08:41,810 --> 01:08:43,970
In reaction formation the

1121
01:08:43,970 --> 01:08:45,360
flipping is a little different.

1122
01:08:45,360 --> 01:08:49,440
I hate you, but I decide
I really love you.

1123
01:08:49,440 --> 01:08:53,830
You flip the emotional around
to an acceptable emotion.

1124
01:08:53,830 --> 01:08:56,700
And the place to see this best--
how many of you have

1125
01:08:56,700 --> 01:08:59,510
younger siblings?

1126
01:08:59,510 --> 01:09:05,410
Can any of you remember an
occasion where you were told

1127
01:09:05,410 --> 01:09:11,230
to stop hugging your little
siblings so hard?

1128
01:09:11,230 --> 01:09:12,630
No, it doesn't ring any bells.

1129
01:09:12,630 --> 01:09:13,820
You see this all the time.

1130
01:09:13,820 --> 01:09:17,805
I just saw it with sisters--
three year-old and a one

1131
01:09:17,805 --> 01:09:23,110
year-old, and it's an absolute
classic if you're in a

1132
01:09:23,110 --> 01:09:23,930
Freudian frame of mind.

1133
01:09:23,930 --> 01:09:26,740
An absolutely classic
reaction formation--

1134
01:09:26,740 --> 01:09:30,360
I love you so much that
I'm going to hug you

1135
01:09:30,360 --> 01:09:31,660
till you turn blue.

1136
01:09:35,000 --> 01:09:37,330
And you know, what's
that about?

1137
01:09:37,330 --> 01:09:39,740
The kid doesn't do that.

1138
01:09:39,740 --> 01:09:45,275
The observation is that it is
unusual to see a kid take

1139
01:09:45,275 --> 01:09:47,971
their teddy bear, for
instance, and say,

1140
01:09:47,971 --> 01:09:50,098
I love you so much.

1141
01:09:50,098 --> 01:09:51,020
Squish, squish, squish.

1142
01:09:51,020 --> 01:09:51,950
Uh-uh.

1143
01:09:51,950 --> 01:09:56,540
It's a characteristic behavior
of older sibs to younger sibs.

1144
01:10:00,850 --> 01:10:06,030
So it kind of looks like Freud
might've been onto something.

1145
01:10:06,030 --> 01:10:11,190
Again, all normal stuff that
you've got to have.

1146
01:10:11,190 --> 01:10:14,760
It's not that reaction formation
is sick, weird stuff

1147
01:10:14,760 --> 01:10:20,930
or that denial means that you
are an emotional cripple or

1148
01:10:20,930 --> 01:10:21,910
something like that.

1149
01:10:21,910 --> 01:10:26,890
Freud says, the only way that
you can function is by having

1150
01:10:26,890 --> 01:10:31,010
a set of mechanisms to defend
yourself against this stuff.

1151
01:10:31,010 --> 01:10:35,080
And what he thought he was
seeing when he was seeing

1152
01:10:35,080 --> 01:10:38,170
patients is cases where this
didn't work so well.

1153
01:10:41,030 --> 01:10:45,230
Let's continue with my
football example.

1154
01:10:50,340 --> 01:10:53,170
There's this guy who somehow
reminded you of your little

1155
01:10:53,170 --> 01:10:57,230
brother, you've tackled him,
all right already, but now

1156
01:10:57,230 --> 01:11:01,790
you're reaching for the axe
that's conveniently located on

1157
01:11:01,790 --> 01:11:05,570
the sidelines or something like
that and these defense

1158
01:11:05,570 --> 01:11:09,900
mechanism are sitting there
working overtime saying, what

1159
01:11:09,900 --> 01:11:11,010
are you going to do here?

1160
01:11:11,010 --> 01:11:11,810
Can we make him love him?

1161
01:11:11,810 --> 01:11:13,250
No.

1162
01:11:13,250 --> 01:11:14,910
Man, we don't have
enough time.

1163
01:11:14,910 --> 01:11:17,070
Let's just repress
the whole thing.

1164
01:11:17,070 --> 01:11:18,260
We'll repress everything.

1165
01:11:18,260 --> 01:11:18,930
Forget it.

1166
01:11:18,930 --> 01:11:23,550
Forget all this business and
forget the whole arm too.

1167
01:11:23,550 --> 01:11:25,710
We got to act fast to
prevent a complete

1168
01:11:25,710 --> 01:11:27,070
disaster from happening.

1169
01:11:27,070 --> 01:11:32,560
And so you end up in Dr. Freud's
office saying, Doc, I

1170
01:11:32,560 --> 01:11:33,970
can't move my arm.

1171
01:11:33,970 --> 01:11:36,920
I have no idea why.

1172
01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:41,600
And the job of therapy, what
Freud decided once he

1173
01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:46,340
abandoned hypnosis was that what
was therapeutic was to

1174
01:11:46,340 --> 01:11:52,620
get that hidden material out
in a safe atmosphere where

1175
01:11:52,620 --> 01:11:56,410
it's energy could be dissipated
and that that would

1176
01:11:56,410 --> 01:11:57,580
be curative.

1177
01:11:57,580 --> 01:12:03,660
And his method of treatment
was designed to do that.

1178
01:12:03,660 --> 01:12:07,260
The idea of lying on a couch,
the great image that everybody

1179
01:12:07,260 --> 01:12:10,200
has of Freudian psychoanalysis
is of a patient lying on the

1180
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:14,670
couch with Freud behind him--
with the analyst behind him

1181
01:12:14,670 --> 01:12:17,690
not looking at him because
there's something different

1182
01:12:17,690 --> 01:12:21,640
and in a sense protected about
conversations where you're not

1183
01:12:21,640 --> 01:12:25,110
making eye contact
with the person.

1184
01:12:25,110 --> 01:12:27,960
The closest that most of us get
to this is conversations

1185
01:12:27,960 --> 01:12:29,920
had in the car.

1186
01:12:29,920 --> 01:12:31,870
I don't know if you've had this
experience, but where

1187
01:12:31,870 --> 01:12:35,170
both of you are sitting in the
car looking out the front

1188
01:12:35,170 --> 01:12:38,310
window, you can have
conversations that you just

1189
01:12:38,310 --> 01:12:42,340
don't have if you're looking at
each other over the dinner

1190
01:12:42,340 --> 01:12:45,190
table or something like that.

1191
01:12:45,190 --> 01:12:48,750
I certainly know that I've had
conversations with both my

1192
01:12:48,750 --> 01:12:51,680
parents and my children
of that form

1193
01:12:51,680 --> 01:12:53,240
where it really helps.

1194
01:12:53,240 --> 01:12:56,710
One of them is the passenger,
but the driver is not doing

1195
01:12:56,710 --> 01:13:00,580
this because you're
going to all die.

1196
01:13:00,580 --> 01:13:01,570
It makes a real difference.

1197
01:13:01,570 --> 01:13:03,000
All right, what do you
do then once you're

1198
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:05,100
lying on that couch?

1199
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:10,150
Well, what you don't do is lie
down and say Doc, my hand is

1200
01:13:10,150 --> 01:13:14,090
paralyzed and he says, well
do you hate your brother?

1201
01:13:14,090 --> 01:13:17,080
That's not the way it works.

1202
01:13:17,080 --> 01:13:22,470
The classic form of a
psychoanalytic session would

1203
01:13:22,470 --> 01:13:27,410
involve you lying there and just
talking, doing what Freud

1204
01:13:27,410 --> 01:13:30,380
called free association;
saying whatever

1205
01:13:30,380 --> 01:13:31,870
came into your mind.

1206
01:13:34,840 --> 01:13:40,680
So here's your mind and in here
somewhere is this nugget

1207
01:13:40,680 --> 01:13:42,940
that we're trying to find.

1208
01:13:42,940 --> 01:13:45,160
And Freud just sets you loose.

1209
01:13:48,220 --> 01:13:52,650
And you're wandering around in
semantic network space, if you

1210
01:13:52,650 --> 01:13:54,330
like, or something like that.

1211
01:13:54,330 --> 01:13:55,990
Oh you know, here I am.

1212
01:13:55,990 --> 01:14:02,520
I'm lecturing in intro psych and
that reminds me of other

1213
01:14:02,520 --> 01:14:06,740
forms of combat and oh yeah,
reminds me of playing

1214
01:14:06,740 --> 01:14:09,410
football, which I don't do.

1215
01:14:09,410 --> 01:14:12,500
Remember that time I was
playing the guy and he

1216
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,490
reminded me of my brother and
I thought I'd kill him-- no.

1217
01:14:15,490 --> 01:14:16,900
That's not what happens.

1218
01:14:16,900 --> 01:14:19,620
It's not that you somehow
get sucked into this.

1219
01:14:19,620 --> 01:14:22,840
You're wandering around and by
chance at some point you bump

1220
01:14:22,840 --> 01:14:25,680
up against this, and what Freud
was looking for was not

1221
01:14:25,680 --> 01:14:29,060
some flash of realization
that-- oh my goodness,

1222
01:14:29,060 --> 01:14:30,540
I just found it!

1223
01:14:30,540 --> 01:14:33,070
But you'd be going oh,
[UNINTELLIGIBLE]

1224
01:14:33,070 --> 01:14:34,360
and football.

1225
01:14:34,360 --> 01:14:36,750
You know, I have a really
interesting math problem I'd

1226
01:14:36,750 --> 01:14:40,160
like to tell you about.

1227
01:14:40,160 --> 01:14:41,670
Yeah, OK?

1228
01:14:41,670 --> 01:14:42,180
Tell me.

1229
01:14:42,180 --> 01:14:43,430
[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]

1230
01:14:47,820 --> 01:14:50,250
And all of a sudden you're going
that way and now you've

1231
01:14:50,250 --> 01:14:53,220
reversed completely.

1232
01:14:53,220 --> 01:14:56,040
What Freud was doing was
listening for places where you

1233
01:14:56,040 --> 01:14:59,720
ran into a barrier
of some sort.

1234
01:14:59,720 --> 01:15:02,740
Could be a jump in the
logic of the talk.

1235
01:15:02,740 --> 01:15:06,280
It could be sort of a reversal
in direction, if you like.

1236
01:15:06,280 --> 01:15:12,350
It could just be a pause.

1237
01:15:12,350 --> 01:15:15,060
That all of a sudden you
couldn't think of anything.

1238
01:15:15,060 --> 01:15:17,510
Why aren't you talking?

1239
01:15:17,510 --> 01:15:18,920
I got nothing to say.

1240
01:15:18,920 --> 01:15:22,280
Yeah, right.

1241
01:15:22,280 --> 01:15:26,000
Or it could be a speech error.

1242
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:27,980
Another place where I think
Freud was wrong, I don't

1243
01:15:27,980 --> 01:15:30,240
remember if he actually ever
said what's attributed to him

1244
01:15:30,240 --> 01:15:34,300
in this case, but Freud
certainly believed that speech

1245
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:35,150
errors were informative.

1246
01:15:35,150 --> 01:15:37,530
He may have said that
all speech errors

1247
01:15:37,530 --> 01:15:38,950
were Freudian slips.

1248
01:15:38,950 --> 01:15:40,420
I mean, he wouldn't have called
them Freudian slips,

1249
01:15:40,420 --> 01:15:46,710
but were the result of
a defense mechanism.

1250
01:15:46,710 --> 01:15:48,790
That's not right.

1251
01:15:48,790 --> 01:15:52,750
When your mother calls you by
the name of your sibling, it's

1252
01:15:52,750 --> 01:15:56,270
probably not that she loves the
sibling more than you, or

1253
01:15:56,270 --> 01:15:58,240
something like that.

1254
01:15:58,240 --> 01:16:02,610
It's probably just that they're
stored nearby and in

1255
01:16:02,610 --> 01:16:06,160
the effort to get speech out
you grab the wrong thing.

1256
01:16:06,160 --> 01:16:09,120
There are lots of speech errors
like that, but there's

1257
01:16:09,120 --> 01:16:13,620
no denying that there are
speech errors that seem

1258
01:16:13,620 --> 01:16:15,980
fraught with meaning.

1259
01:16:15,980 --> 01:16:22,310
So years ago there was a faculty
minicourse here given

1260
01:16:22,310 --> 01:16:25,970
by the course 21 folks where
faculty could go and we could

1261
01:16:25,970 --> 01:16:27,550
sit and read Shakespeare
together.

1262
01:16:27,550 --> 01:16:29,380
Lots of fun.

1263
01:16:29,380 --> 01:16:32,600
The then head of the literature
section of 21 was

1264
01:16:32,600 --> 01:16:34,260
lecturing about Measure
For Measure.

1265
01:16:34,260 --> 01:16:36,910
Measure For Measure
has a duke in it.

1266
01:16:36,910 --> 01:16:40,680
He wanted to talk about the evil
duke and out of his mouth

1267
01:16:40,680 --> 01:16:42,810
came a sentence about
the evil dean.

1268
01:16:45,450 --> 01:16:49,660
This was a man who everyone in
the audience knew was fighting

1269
01:16:49,660 --> 01:16:55,070
tooth and nail with the then
dean of humanities and you

1270
01:16:55,070 --> 01:16:59,720
listen to that and you just say
Freud was on to something.

1271
01:16:59,720 --> 01:17:05,260
But at the same time, almost
exactly the same era, I'm

1272
01:17:05,260 --> 01:17:08,400
walking down the street with
my wife, I look off to one

1273
01:17:08,400 --> 01:17:10,800
side, I say to my wife,
look at that

1274
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:13,970
beautiful bunch of lenses.

1275
01:17:13,970 --> 01:17:20,070
And my wife looks at me like,
oh there he goes again, but

1276
01:17:20,070 --> 01:17:22,910
then looks over there and
realizes that what I had seen

1277
01:17:22,910 --> 01:17:28,260
was a collection of irises,
the flower.

1278
01:17:28,260 --> 01:17:34,030
If you are a vision
researcher--

1279
01:17:34,030 --> 01:17:34,890
lenses--

1280
01:17:34,890 --> 01:17:35,870
you got it.

1281
01:17:35,870 --> 01:17:40,400
Look it is unlikely that what
that was doing was reaching

1282
01:17:40,400 --> 01:17:44,510
some deep unconscious desire of
mine to poke out my wife's

1283
01:17:44,510 --> 01:17:48,480
eyes or something unacceptable
like that.

1284
01:17:48,480 --> 01:17:51,660
It with just a speech error.

1285
01:17:51,660 --> 01:17:55,060
And I suspect Freud knew that at
some level too, whatever he

1286
01:17:55,060 --> 01:17:55,660
may have written.

1287
01:17:55,660 --> 01:18:01,300
But what his job was as a
therapist was to slowly,

1288
01:18:01,300 --> 01:18:06,250
painstakingly listen to his
patient and see if he could

1289
01:18:06,250 --> 01:18:09,510
find the lump.

1290
01:18:09,510 --> 01:18:14,920
It's like those things you do
at Halloween haunted houses.

1291
01:18:14,920 --> 01:18:16,950
You know, you stick your hand in
some place where you can't

1292
01:18:16,950 --> 01:18:22,440
see, it's always spaghetti
or something.

1293
01:18:22,440 --> 01:18:24,430
No, it's not spaghetti?

1294
01:18:24,430 --> 01:18:26,180
It really is brains?

1295
01:18:26,180 --> 01:18:28,420
Well, anyway, so you don't
know what it is.

1296
01:18:28,420 --> 01:18:31,410
You're feeling around, that
it's sort of like that.

1297
01:18:34,280 --> 01:18:38,720
Oh, and last bit, since I know
the terms are on the handout.

1298
01:18:38,720 --> 01:18:43,300
Two other clues that Freud
believed were useful were what

1299
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:45,450
he called transference and
countertransference.

1300
01:18:45,450 --> 01:18:53,580
In the protected environment
of the analytic session,

1301
01:18:53,580 --> 01:18:55,200
analysts train themselves--

1302
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:57,450
Freud trained himself to be as

1303
01:18:57,450 --> 01:18:59,510
emotionally neutral as possible.

1304
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:05,650
And have the setting as
neutral as possible.

1305
01:19:05,650 --> 01:19:08,690
And nevertheless he would hear
from time to time, with

1306
01:19:08,690 --> 01:19:13,090
actually some regularity,
accusations from his patient

1307
01:19:13,090 --> 01:19:17,930
like I'm having real trouble
dealing with the hostility

1308
01:19:17,930 --> 01:19:22,190
that I'm getting from you today
or something like that.

1309
01:19:22,190 --> 01:19:25,810
And he came to the conclusion
that what this was was a

1310
01:19:25,810 --> 01:19:29,630
transference of emotions from
the outside, from the real

1311
01:19:29,630 --> 01:19:33,260
problem onto the protected
setting of

1312
01:19:33,260 --> 01:19:35,230
the analytic session.

1313
01:19:38,200 --> 01:19:41,120
Anna O.'s hysterical pregnancy
could be seen as a sort of

1314
01:19:41,120 --> 01:19:42,750
transference here.

1315
01:19:42,750 --> 01:19:46,230
That a love or a romantic
attachment that might have

1316
01:19:46,230 --> 01:19:50,030
been appropriate out there
somewhere was being brought

1317
01:19:50,030 --> 01:19:55,880
into the analytic session.

1318
01:19:55,880 --> 01:20:00,900
Part of the idea of keeping
yourself emotionally neutral

1319
01:20:00,900 --> 01:20:05,120
was that you might catch
this feeling yourself.

1320
01:20:05,120 --> 01:20:08,140
Not hear it expressed directly
by the patient, but you might

1321
01:20:08,140 --> 01:20:11,510
find yourself feeling
somehow inexplicably

1322
01:20:11,510 --> 01:20:13,550
hostile to your patient.

1323
01:20:13,550 --> 01:20:15,300
That's countertransference.

1324
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:19,750
You might think of it as a sort
of a form of empathy.

1325
01:20:19,750 --> 01:20:21,620
But it's sort of an odd form
of empathy where you're

1326
01:20:21,620 --> 01:20:27,460
feeling emotions that you don't
think are really yours

1327
01:20:27,460 --> 01:20:28,240
as the analyst.

1328
01:20:28,240 --> 01:20:32,080
It's not that you love your
patient or that you hate your

1329
01:20:32,080 --> 01:20:34,680
patient or that you are
actually anxious.

1330
01:20:34,680 --> 01:20:37,750
It's that you're picking up
this as though you were an

1331
01:20:37,750 --> 01:20:40,510
antenna for your patient.

1332
01:20:40,510 --> 01:20:44,080
Now of course the difficulty is,
do you really think it's

1333
01:20:44,080 --> 01:20:47,000
possible to keep completely
neutral about somebody you're

1334
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:49,720
working with, maybe several
times a week?

1335
01:20:52,870 --> 01:20:56,170
How do you know when an emotion
that you're feeling is

1336
01:20:56,170 --> 01:21:00,680
really a countertransference,
you the analyst, or when it's

1337
01:21:00,680 --> 01:21:04,440
really just a lapse in
your own behavior?

1338
01:21:04,440 --> 01:21:08,770
These are the sorts of problems
that worried analysts

1339
01:21:08,770 --> 01:21:14,270
in their practice, but the
broader goal here is it's all

1340
01:21:14,270 --> 01:21:15,120
detective work.

1341
01:21:15,120 --> 01:21:18,530
You're looking for that lump so
you can bring it into the

1342
01:21:18,530 --> 01:21:23,575
open, diffuse it, and release
it so that it doesn't trash

1343
01:21:23,575 --> 01:21:25,130
the castle.