1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,022 The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare 2 00:00:04,022 --> 00:00:06,536 under a Creative Commons license. 3 00:00:06,536 --> 00:00:09,050 Additional information about our license and MIT 4 00:00:09,050 --> 00:00:12,570 OpenCourseWare in general is available at ocw.mit.edu. 5 00:00:16,090 --> 00:00:17,500 PROFESSOR: There's no new handout today. 6 00:00:17,500 --> 00:00:18,990 We're working off the old handout. 7 00:00:18,990 --> 00:00:20,780 If you don't have the old handout you'll probably 8 00:00:20,780 --> 00:00:22,210 survive without it. 9 00:00:24,850 --> 00:00:32,150 The last thing to say before I say something is that between 10 00:00:32,150 --> 00:00:35,760 this morning and this afternoon I changed the end of 11 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:36,740 the lecture. 12 00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:40,780 I decided I had a new idea and we will discover whether it 13 00:00:40,780 --> 00:00:42,980 turns out to be a new idea when I hear it 14 00:00:42,980 --> 00:00:44,940 coming out of my mouth. 15 00:00:44,940 --> 00:00:48,990 But if it slightly confuses the handout I'm sorry, it's 16 00:00:48,990 --> 00:00:52,650 the product of actual thought. 17 00:00:52,650 --> 00:00:56,130 All right, it is my belief, somebody remind me if I'm 18 00:00:56,130 --> 00:01:00,390 wrong that we had gotten to the incidence part of this 19 00:01:00,390 --> 00:01:04,010 story about coercive sexual behavior and we had not gotten 20 00:01:04,010 --> 00:01:05,510 to the etyology part. 21 00:01:05,510 --> 00:01:08,360 Does that sound about right to people? 22 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:09,610 Yep, OK. 23 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:16,410 Let me see then. 24 00:01:16,410 --> 00:01:23,430 What I want to do is to talk about some risk factors then 25 00:01:23,430 --> 00:01:27,890 and rather like the eating disorders story, risk factors 26 00:01:27,890 --> 00:01:29,140 are risk factors. 27 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:36,420 They're not by themselves causative. 28 00:01:36,420 --> 00:01:39,490 And again, most of this is coming off of survey data. 29 00:01:39,490 --> 00:01:45,530 So for example, one of the things that turns out to be a 30 00:01:45,530 --> 00:01:53,200 risk factor for some sort of coercive relations taking 31 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:57,180 place is who pays for dinner. 32 00:01:57,180 --> 00:02:03,010 And this is not because guys who pay for dinner are 33 00:02:03,010 --> 00:02:09,920 rapists, it's because some small fraction of folks who 34 00:02:09,920 --> 00:02:12,230 pay for dinner somehow think they paid for 35 00:02:12,230 --> 00:02:13,570 something else perhaps. 36 00:02:13,570 --> 00:02:17,480 It's not clear what the actual causality is, but if you go 37 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:22,620 and take some giant body of data and you ask, what's 38 00:02:22,620 --> 00:02:29,180 correlated with something that looks like date rape as the 39 00:02:29,180 --> 00:02:30,550 end product? 40 00:02:30,550 --> 00:02:33,360 One of the correlated factors turns out to be 41 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:37,130 things like, who pays? 42 00:02:37,130 --> 00:02:40,750 A similarly, not terribly powerful correlation is found 43 00:02:40,750 --> 00:02:45,460 with whose car it is or whose room it is or things like-- 44 00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:47,370 these are issues of control. 45 00:02:47,370 --> 00:02:53,520 That it's more likely that again, as sort of a weak 46 00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:57,570 correlative bit of data, his car is more dangerous than her 47 00:02:57,570 --> 00:02:58,950 car from that point. 48 00:02:58,950 --> 00:03:01,710 Does it mean that everybody with a car is a rapist? 49 00:03:01,710 --> 00:03:06,280 No of coure not, doesn't mean anything of the sort. 50 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:07,840 But there's a correlation there. 51 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:10,930 These are smallish effects. 52 00:03:10,930 --> 00:03:16,110 If you want a big effect go for alcohol. 53 00:03:16,110 --> 00:03:19,020 If you read this literature-- 54 00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:21,320 this somewhat depressing literature-- but if you read 55 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:31,790 this literature you find that at least a majority of cases 56 00:03:31,790 --> 00:03:35,770 reported seemed to involve consumption of alcohol. 57 00:03:35,770 --> 00:03:38,280 Generally, fairly large amounts of alcohol. 58 00:03:41,890 --> 00:03:46,500 In several of the studies it's anywhere between 50% and 75% 59 00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:52,180 of cases involve consumption of alcohol. 60 00:03:57,190 --> 00:04:04,590 This is alarming if it's taken along with the rise in binge 61 00:04:04,590 --> 00:04:06,170 drinking on college campuses. 62 00:04:06,170 --> 00:04:08,900 That's something that's risen over the last twenty years and 63 00:04:08,900 --> 00:04:14,020 if you assume that a big risk factor for coercive sexual 64 00:04:14,020 --> 00:04:16,590 relations is alcohol it's not going to be a good thing if 65 00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:19,570 there's a lot of binge drinking around. 66 00:04:19,570 --> 00:04:26,590 Some of this appears to be, in a sense, deliberate where some 67 00:04:26,590 --> 00:04:31,050 guys pressure some women to drink too much in the 68 00:04:31,050 --> 00:04:35,220 interests of promoting sexual activity of some variety. 69 00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:42,150 But mostly, this is a case of what Floyd Alexander-- is it 70 00:04:42,150 --> 00:04:42,930 Floyd or Lloyd? 71 00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:43,550 I can't remember. 72 00:04:43,550 --> 00:04:45,296 It says on the handout, right? 73 00:04:45,296 --> 00:04:46,250 AUDIENCE: Floyd. 74 00:04:46,250 --> 00:04:46,720 PROFESSOR: Floyd. 75 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:47,950 Where'd he go? 76 00:04:47,950 --> 00:04:48,830 Franz. 77 00:04:48,830 --> 00:04:50,510 Well, it's neither Floyd nor Lloyd. 78 00:04:50,510 --> 00:04:52,540 No, Lloyd Alexander-- 79 00:04:52,540 --> 00:04:55,760 that's a lovely blend. 80 00:04:55,760 --> 00:05:01,750 Lloyd Alexander is an author of young adult fantasy novels, 81 00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:04,070 which some of you may have read. 82 00:05:04,070 --> 00:05:08,670 Franz Alexander is the American Freudian. 83 00:05:08,670 --> 00:05:11,780 So if you put Franz and Lloyd together apparently you get 84 00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:13,860 Floyd Alexander, who's nobody. 85 00:05:13,860 --> 00:05:18,380 But Franz Alexander, this early American Freudian, had 86 00:05:18,380 --> 00:05:21,110 the felicitous line that the superego 87 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:22,700 is soluble in alcohol. 88 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:30,010 We might be more inclined today to look at the 89 00:05:30,010 --> 00:05:33,560 neuroimaging data that says "Oh look, here's this chunk of 90 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:34,950 the frontal lobe. 91 00:05:34,950 --> 00:05:37,560 It seems to monitor errors. 92 00:05:37,560 --> 00:05:41,690 Oh look, here's this chunk of the frontal lobe on alcohol. 93 00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:47,480 Wow, it's really suppressed." Alcohol has an inhibitory 94 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:48,690 effect on the nervous system. 95 00:05:48,690 --> 00:05:51,630 It has a particularly strong inhibitory effect on the chunk 96 00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:56,010 of the brain that, to the best of our knowledge, is there for 97 00:05:56,010 --> 00:05:57,930 doing things like error monitoring. 98 00:05:57,930 --> 00:06:02,360 If your error monitoring device is off all sorts of 99 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:04,830 stupid things happen. 100 00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:08,750 If you're error monitoring is off in the context of sexual 101 00:06:08,750 --> 00:06:13,030 activity all sorts of stupid sexual activity sorts of 102 00:06:13,030 --> 00:06:14,060 things happen. 103 00:06:14,060 --> 00:06:18,960 That looks to be the most likely path for 104 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:20,570 the effects of alcohol. 105 00:06:20,570 --> 00:06:26,570 It's simply makes people do stupid things. 106 00:06:26,570 --> 00:06:28,760 Both the man and the woman. 107 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,740 It's an equal opportunity stupidifier. 108 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:38,400 While it is an equal opportunity stupidifier, 109 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:47,800 suppose that she subsequently thinks or-- 110 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:49,560 well, let's suppose this ends up in court. 111 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:56,000 She charges him with date rape in some fashion or other. 112 00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:00,040 If everybody's drunk, what's the chance that there's a 113 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:01,290 conviction? 114 00:07:03,590 --> 00:07:05,760 Grr, That's about right. 115 00:07:11,290 --> 00:07:15,550 You don't end up getting a conviction typically if 116 00:07:15,550 --> 00:07:20,470 there's a lot of alcohol involved and if everybody's 117 00:07:20,470 --> 00:07:25,900 drunk, blame tends to migrate to the woman in 118 00:07:25,900 --> 00:07:27,050 these sorts of cases. 119 00:07:27,050 --> 00:07:29,970 I'm not arguing that that is the right thing or anything, 120 00:07:29,970 --> 00:07:35,910 it's just an interesting factoid about responsibility. 121 00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:38,410 It turns out, at least in legal settings, to be very 122 00:07:38,410 --> 00:07:43,800 difficult to get a conviction for any of this if everybody 123 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:46,190 is apparently drunk. 124 00:07:46,190 --> 00:07:51,970 These days in a dubious sort of progress we can improve on 125 00:07:51,970 --> 00:07:57,330 alcohol with so called date rape drugs. 126 00:07:57,330 --> 00:08:01,580 I put the name of the date rape drug, I mean, one gets 127 00:08:01,580 --> 00:08:04,390 sort of labeled that on the handout. 128 00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:10,380 But there's a whole class of these out there. 129 00:08:10,380 --> 00:08:13,770 The one on the handout in particular is part of a family 130 00:08:13,770 --> 00:08:18,580 of tranquilizers that are like Valium, basically. 131 00:08:18,580 --> 00:08:22,640 Their effects are to produce disinhibition, relaxation of 132 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:27,160 voluntary muscles, and great amnesia. 133 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,040 They produce an anterograde amnesia. 134 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:30,300 Review time. 135 00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,600 Anterograde amnesia-- that's amnesia from after the point 136 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:34,640 of the insult. 137 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:36,760 So in this case, getting hit over the head is taking the 138 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:41,570 drug so you have an amnesia for events subsequent to 139 00:08:41,570 --> 00:08:43,950 taking the drug. 140 00:08:43,950 --> 00:08:47,060 So you're disinhibited, stuff happens, 141 00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:49,410 and you don't remember. 142 00:08:49,410 --> 00:08:55,760 Here there are repeated reports of cases of drinks 143 00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:59,400 being spiked with drugs and things of that sort. 144 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:01,860 So there is more of a sense that these may be being used 145 00:09:01,860 --> 00:09:07,480 in a deliberate sort of a sense. 146 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:10,090 The alcohol by the way, potentially aids the effects 147 00:09:10,090 --> 00:09:11,480 of these sort of tranquilizers. 148 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:17,410 So a mixture of alcohol and one of these drugs is a really 149 00:09:17,410 --> 00:09:20,350 potent way to end up doing things that you don't have any 150 00:09:20,350 --> 00:09:23,480 intention of doing and would not to do were all of your 151 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:27,950 neurons functioning in a halfway reasonable fashion. 152 00:09:27,950 --> 00:09:28,520 Let's see. 153 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:33,210 Other risk factors that I put on the handout. 154 00:09:33,210 --> 00:09:36,070 What do you do with time a is a risk factor for time b it 155 00:09:36,070 --> 00:09:38,460 says on the handout. 156 00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:46,840 That just says what your nervous aunt used to say or 157 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:48,700 something like that. 158 00:09:48,700 --> 00:09:51,950 If you're holding hands with somebody the next thing you 159 00:09:51,950 --> 00:09:53,350 know you're hugging them. 160 00:09:53,350 --> 00:09:55,680 And if you're hugging them the next thing you know-- 161 00:09:55,680 --> 00:10:00,170 so each progressive act increases the likelihood of 162 00:10:00,170 --> 00:10:01,360 the next act. 163 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:03,860 Again, that's just the sort of thing that you're going to 164 00:10:03,860 --> 00:10:05,540 pull out of correlative data. 165 00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:11,290 The other biggie in risk factors is miscommunication. 166 00:10:11,290 --> 00:10:16,660 Did anybody talk to anybody in the process of this 167 00:10:16,660 --> 00:10:19,500 interaction? 168 00:10:19,500 --> 00:10:23,490 Just as you get in report after report you get reports 169 00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:29,200 of alcohol use, you also hear a recurring litany-- 170 00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:31,680 she said, he said sorts of reports. 171 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:36,510 She thought she said this, he thought he heard that. 172 00:10:36,510 --> 00:10:39,820 So there's some variety of miscommunication there. 173 00:10:39,820 --> 00:10:44,340 This raises the issue of consent. 174 00:10:44,340 --> 00:10:46,490 That the notion is-- 175 00:10:46,490 --> 00:10:48,830 the foundational notion is that you want all sexual 176 00:10:48,830 --> 00:10:51,470 relations to be consenual in some fashion. 177 00:10:51,470 --> 00:10:55,130 Most people will sign onto that notion in a pretty 178 00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:57,460 straightforward kind of manner. 179 00:10:57,460 --> 00:11:00,370 But exactly what consent means is rather 180 00:11:00,370 --> 00:11:05,220 difficult to make concrete. 181 00:11:05,220 --> 00:11:08,490 If you're in a laboratory situation consent is 182 00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:10,450 spectacularly concrete. 183 00:11:10,450 --> 00:11:12,560 You have to fill out forms. 184 00:11:12,560 --> 00:11:18,580 But nobody fills out forms in sexual relations. 185 00:11:18,580 --> 00:11:22,090 Every now and then you get some well- meaning-- 186 00:11:24,730 --> 00:11:31,650 Antioch College had a behavior code that boiled down to a 187 00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:36,660 consent form for interpersonal relations. 188 00:11:36,660 --> 00:11:42,580 But nobody really runs their life that way. 189 00:11:42,580 --> 00:11:45,750 Hi, I think our relationship has gotten to a certain point, 190 00:11:45,750 --> 00:11:48,920 would you please sign the following sixteen page form? 191 00:11:52,250 --> 00:11:55,720 It doesn't quite ring true. 192 00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:59,640 Though in fact, it might be a marvel-- 193 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,130 most of these efforts sound a little like softcore porn for 194 00:12:03,130 --> 00:12:06,630 the academic class. 195 00:12:06,630 --> 00:12:11,460 You know, long, written out forms that describe in detail, 196 00:12:11,460 --> 00:12:16,080 who's going to do what to whose body? 197 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:18,300 It might be a kind of an interesting exercise, but 198 00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:21,820 suffice it to say that communication in intimate 199 00:12:21,820 --> 00:12:24,760 relationships doesn't look like that. 200 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:28,750 And the possibilities are ripe for miscommunication and when 201 00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:34,720 you ask in survey data about relationships that became 202 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:39,370 coercive in some fashion, what you find out is that there 203 00:12:39,370 --> 00:12:44,290 often seems to be a core chunk of miscommunication. 204 00:12:44,290 --> 00:12:47,100 So this gives us some sort of an 205 00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:49,590 epidemiological look at the problem. 206 00:12:49,590 --> 00:12:51,910 It doesn't have any explanatory power in itself. 207 00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:55,030 It just says that look, there are these things 208 00:12:55,030 --> 00:12:57,670 that are risk factors. 209 00:12:57,670 --> 00:13:01,740 It's more likely that if you're drunk in the back of 210 00:13:01,740 --> 00:13:03,690 his car that something's going to happen. 211 00:13:06,390 --> 00:13:09,490 How can we understand this from a more 212 00:13:09,490 --> 00:13:14,330 theoretical point of view? 213 00:13:14,330 --> 00:13:16,110 Well, that's why it says theories on 214 00:13:16,110 --> 00:13:17,560 the handout, I see. 215 00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:22,780 Again, one of the reasons we're talking about this is 216 00:13:22,780 --> 00:13:25,480 that gives me a lovely chance to go back and review the 217 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:26,530 entire course. 218 00:13:26,530 --> 00:13:29,370 The theories run the usual run that you should be extremely 219 00:13:29,370 --> 00:13:30,620 familiar with at this point. 220 00:13:33,210 --> 00:13:35,370 Well, since we're in the chunk of course on abnormal 221 00:13:35,370 --> 00:13:38,010 psychology there are psychopathological theories 222 00:13:38,010 --> 00:13:43,400 that say that the guys who end up accused of 223 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:47,140 date rape are sick. 224 00:13:47,140 --> 00:13:51,510 That they are mentally ill in some fashion. 225 00:13:51,510 --> 00:13:55,630 That is not a bad theory for what's known as blitz rape. 226 00:13:55,630 --> 00:13:58,500 For the stranger in the bushes kind of rape. 227 00:13:58,500 --> 00:14:02,530 Those guys, and again, it's overwhelmingly males who 228 00:14:02,530 --> 00:14:05,640 commit stranger-- 229 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:11,360 well, blitz rape is the term for some stranger grabs a 230 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:13,440 person and rapes them. 231 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:19,030 Those guys, those rapists when they are studied don't look 232 00:14:19,030 --> 00:14:22,890 psychologically normal, typically, as a population. 233 00:14:22,890 --> 00:14:24,020 They look deviant. 234 00:14:24,020 --> 00:14:29,820 However, there's nothing in these date rape population 235 00:14:29,820 --> 00:14:33,470 that looks like that. 236 00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,560 The standard description in a court case, I think I 237 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:37,460 mentioned is, oh, just a regular guy. 238 00:14:37,460 --> 00:14:39,480 Just the guy next door and that really 239 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:41,340 seems to be the case. 240 00:14:41,340 --> 00:14:44,100 There's some evidence for instance, that they might 241 00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:50,390 drink more than the population as a whole, but that's not 242 00:14:50,390 --> 00:14:53,320 telling you very much. 243 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:58,750 So if it's not an individual pathology there are a class of 244 00:14:58,750 --> 00:15:01,650 theories out there that suggest that 245 00:15:01,650 --> 00:15:04,140 it's a gender pathology. 246 00:15:04,140 --> 00:15:08,290 That it's a problem of guys in general. 247 00:15:08,290 --> 00:15:12,470 The name, at least that I most closely associate with this 248 00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:16,180 is, Thornhill or Thornhill and Thornhill since there appear 249 00:15:16,180 --> 00:15:18,080 to be two of them from the reference on the handout. 250 00:15:21,230 --> 00:15:24,110 I think only one of them wrote the book, two of them wrote 251 00:15:24,110 --> 00:15:25,030 the article. 252 00:15:25,030 --> 00:15:31,860 There's an MIT Press book that made quite a bit of a stir in 253 00:15:31,860 --> 00:15:37,440 the media-- oh, must be five years ago now or so-- 254 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:41,050 that addressed the argument, the evolutionary psych 255 00:15:41,050 --> 00:15:47,350 argument that rape is adaptive. 256 00:15:47,350 --> 00:15:49,330 Again, to explain is not to condone. 257 00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:52,470 This is not that Thornhill was busy saying it's 258 00:15:52,470 --> 00:15:54,930 adaptive, so it's good. 259 00:15:54,930 --> 00:15:59,410 They're saying that it's got an evolutionary, adaptive 260 00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:03,550 function to it and it doesn't take a genius to figure this 261 00:16:03,550 --> 00:16:05,580 out if you were following the earlier arguments. 262 00:16:05,580 --> 00:16:10,020 If a male's goal is well, let's go propagate our genes-- 263 00:16:12,890 --> 00:16:16,170 and because he doesn't get pregnant and she does there's 264 00:16:16,170 --> 00:16:17,090 this asymmetry. 265 00:16:17,090 --> 00:16:19,730 She wants somebody who's going to have commitment to the 266 00:16:19,730 --> 00:16:20,460 whole project. 267 00:16:20,460 --> 00:16:25,040 He just wants to impregnate women and get those genes into 268 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:27,040 the next generation. 269 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:31,830 Taken to the extreme, somebody who goes out and just forcibly 270 00:16:31,830 --> 00:16:36,540 goes and impregnates people has a chance of getting more 271 00:16:36,540 --> 00:16:44,070 of their genes into the next generation and 272 00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:47,330 maybe that's adaptive. 273 00:16:47,330 --> 00:16:53,310 One can argue that there is no specific adaptation toward 274 00:16:53,310 --> 00:16:55,880 sexual violence, but that it is the 275 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:59,610 combination of a general-- 276 00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:06,290 males are on average, more aggressive than females. 277 00:17:06,290 --> 00:17:08,860 There's lots of data for this. 278 00:17:08,860 --> 00:17:12,440 At the start of the women's movement there was a fairly 279 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:17,890 strenuous effort to argue that the differences in aggression 280 00:17:17,890 --> 00:17:22,170 between males and females were all just driven by culture. 281 00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:25,910 That little boys were trained to be soldiers and little 282 00:17:25,910 --> 00:17:27,800 girls were trained-- 283 00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:29,680 they were playing with the dolls and the guys were 284 00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:35,390 playing with the guns and so in the 70s, 80s that thing you 285 00:17:35,390 --> 00:17:40,610 did if you were a parent of feminist sort of inclinations 286 00:17:40,610 --> 00:17:43,230 is you made sure that your little girl had guns and your 287 00:17:43,230 --> 00:17:47,920 little boy had dolls and the experience over the course of, 288 00:17:47,920 --> 00:17:52,620 I suppose, the generation or so now is that if you're a 289 00:17:52,620 --> 00:17:56,350 little boy you can make a gun out of Barbie too, if you hold 290 00:17:56,350 --> 00:17:58,600 her just right she looks like a submachine gun. 291 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:09,140 To recapitulate a large literature in a line or so 292 00:18:09,140 --> 00:18:15,990 there is plenty of evidence at this point that human males 293 00:18:15,990 --> 00:18:21,900 are bigger and more aggressive than human females. 294 00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:24,390 Not true across the entire animal kingdom. 295 00:18:24,390 --> 00:18:29,510 I don't think I've told you about the octopus. 296 00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:33,730 The greatest case of sexual asymmetry in the animal 297 00:18:33,730 --> 00:18:39,980 kingdom as far as I know is some seagoing octopus that I 298 00:18:39,980 --> 00:18:43,660 think was actually only discovered as a species within 299 00:18:43,660 --> 00:18:44,760 the last decade or so. 300 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:54,530 But this is an octopus where the male is small enough that 301 00:18:54,530 --> 00:18:58,430 he could fit into her eye. 302 00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:01,080 So this is an asymmetrical species. 303 00:19:05,430 --> 00:19:06,700 It's not clear-- 304 00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:09,510 and his goal in life-- 305 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:15,250 he's a little octopus harpoon. 306 00:19:15,250 --> 00:19:18,820 And his goal in life is to impregnate one of these 307 00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:22,860 gigantic [UNINTELLIGIBLE] octopuses swimming around. 308 00:19:22,860 --> 00:19:25,570 It's abundantly unclear that she knows what's happened at 309 00:19:25,570 --> 00:19:27,050 all, right? 310 00:19:27,050 --> 00:19:28,300 [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] 311 00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:33,030 Oh look, we've got babies or something. 312 00:19:33,030 --> 00:19:33,540 I don't know. 313 00:19:33,540 --> 00:19:35,380 Do octopus bear live young or not? 314 00:19:35,380 --> 00:19:36,300 I don't remember. 315 00:19:36,300 --> 00:19:42,030 Anyway, very dramatic asymmetry 316 00:19:42,030 --> 00:19:43,710 running the other direction. 317 00:19:50,270 --> 00:19:52,210 There are plenty of species where the female is the more 318 00:19:52,210 --> 00:19:55,460 aggressive species-- did I tell you about spiders? 319 00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:58,310 Yeah, I told you about spiders. 320 00:19:58,310 --> 00:20:00,440 Praying mantises are good too. 321 00:20:03,390 --> 00:20:06,650 Praying mantis sexual relations apparently involve 322 00:20:06,650 --> 00:20:13,250 her biting off his head, which apparently doesn't impair his 323 00:20:13,250 --> 00:20:15,530 functions as a mate at all. 324 00:20:15,530 --> 00:20:19,040 One of the great advantages of a distributed nervous system, 325 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:23,680 the head is overrated in praying mantises apparently. 326 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:30,260 Everything is out there, but in humans it's clear that 327 00:20:30,260 --> 00:20:32,190 males are more aggressive. 328 00:20:32,190 --> 00:20:34,760 Between being more aggressive and being inclined to have 329 00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:38,460 more sexual partners again, probably because of 330 00:20:38,460 --> 00:20:41,420 evolutionary forces. 331 00:20:41,420 --> 00:20:46,510 You could imagine that rather than having sexual aggression 332 00:20:46,510 --> 00:20:52,180 as a specific adaptation it ends up being sort of a 333 00:20:52,180 --> 00:20:57,970 byproduct of other facts that occur. 334 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:07,020 The notion that rape is sort of a male pathology, a gender 335 00:21:07,020 --> 00:21:11,080 wide pathology doesn't only show up in biological theories 336 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:15,010 it also shows up in very sociological theories of 337 00:21:15,010 --> 00:21:15,920 sexual behavior. 338 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:20,140 Notably, in feminist theories. 339 00:21:20,140 --> 00:21:25,140 One version of these would be the theory that-- 340 00:21:25,140 --> 00:21:29,320 this I'm borrowing from a book by [? Sandais ?] 341 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:31,540 that rape is the means by which men are 342 00:21:31,540 --> 00:21:32,910 programmed for violence. 343 00:21:32,910 --> 00:21:36,630 A way to induct younger men into masculine roles. 344 00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:38,580 That it's somehow a training ground. 345 00:21:38,580 --> 00:21:44,250 She argues that in cultures where everybody sort of lives 346 00:21:44,250 --> 00:21:49,610 at harmony with nature and the mother child bond is sacred 347 00:21:49,610 --> 00:21:52,630 and things like that, that this doesn't happen. 348 00:21:52,630 --> 00:21:57,000 That rape happens in cultures where you need guys to go out 349 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,320 and deal with the dangerous world. 350 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:04,430 They gotta go out and do in the bears and the lions or 351 00:22:04,430 --> 00:22:07,280 something and that rape is in some sense, a 352 00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:09,690 training ground for that. 353 00:22:09,690 --> 00:22:14,730 It's an odd theory on two grounds actually, this one. 354 00:22:14,730 --> 00:22:18,120 One reason is it's desperately unclear that there are any of 355 00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,710 these lovely pastoral societies out there. 356 00:22:20,710 --> 00:22:24,970 We used to think people like Margaret Mead had told us that 357 00:22:24,970 --> 00:22:27,970 down in the South Seas there were-- in Samoa-- there were 358 00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:31,540 people without sexual hang-ups, everybody got along 359 00:22:31,540 --> 00:22:37,340 marvelously and it was all lovely. 360 00:22:37,340 --> 00:22:39,840 The data don't look so good when you go back and look. 361 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:42,980 Subsequently, she saw a little bit of what she wanted to see 362 00:22:42,980 --> 00:22:45,000 and if you go and look at-- 363 00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:50,310 when you go and look at these nice simple cultures-- you get 364 00:22:50,310 --> 00:22:53,150 these reports from time to time of hunter-gatherer 365 00:22:53,150 --> 00:22:54,900 cultures that live in harmony with nature 366 00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:55,490 and stuff like that. 367 00:22:55,490 --> 00:22:57,300 When you actually go look at it it turns out they murder 368 00:22:57,300 --> 00:22:59,480 and rape each other at exactly the sort of rates that we 369 00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,100 murder and rape each other. 370 00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:07,460 There is no Garden of Eden out there, at least not anymore 371 00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:10,410 where everybody's living in beautiful harmony. 372 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:17,250 Another problem with the theory that it's got a general 373 00:23:17,250 --> 00:23:23,600 role is that the culture as a whole, at least explicitly, 374 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,950 says that rape is illegal and says that rape is bad. 375 00:23:26,950 --> 00:23:32,340 That makes it hard to argue that the entire male gender is 376 00:23:32,340 --> 00:23:35,900 in on some plan to use this as a training ground for going 377 00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:38,820 out and killing the bears or something of that sort. 378 00:23:38,820 --> 00:23:42,750 A much more interesting, it seems to me, feminist account 379 00:23:42,750 --> 00:23:48,780 of what's going on is that rape is a giant protection 380 00:23:48,780 --> 00:23:50,840 racket run by males. 381 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:58,120 If you read feminist tracts on this I think they write as 382 00:23:58,120 --> 00:24:03,720 though there's some group of guys sitting around somehow 383 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,630 deciding explicitly that this is the way things are. 384 00:24:07,630 --> 00:24:10,000 But the theory makes more sense if you think of it 385 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:10,830 implicitly. 386 00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:13,540 Rather like if you think about it in terms 387 00:24:13,540 --> 00:24:15,190 of the cuckoo story. 388 00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:15,930 Remember cuckoos? 389 00:24:15,930 --> 00:24:20,530 Cuckoos are going and cheating and laying eggs in other 390 00:24:20,530 --> 00:24:21,790 bird's nests. 391 00:24:21,790 --> 00:24:24,590 But you can't have too many cuckoos. 392 00:24:24,590 --> 00:24:26,940 The argument runs-- 393 00:24:26,940 --> 00:24:30,080 because if you have too many cuckoos everybody dies, right? 394 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:33,720 The argument runs in a similar kind of way in this argument. 395 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,100 You can't have all males being rapists. 396 00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:45,440 That just isn't a recipe for civilization. 397 00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:54,170 But if the society condones or spits up or creates a cadre of 398 00:24:54,170 --> 00:25:00,230 rapists then the rest of the guys can take on the role of 399 00:25:00,230 --> 00:25:05,430 protecting women from those bad guys. 400 00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:09,140 The argument is that rape is condoned in the society, 401 00:25:09,140 --> 00:25:12,780 perhaps implicitly rather than explicitly. 402 00:25:12,780 --> 00:25:14,340 I've got a useful, normal curve here. 403 00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:19,680 You know, we'll have a few guys out here who are bad and 404 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,940 we, the rest of us, us good guys can now protect women 405 00:25:23,940 --> 00:25:25,370 from those bad guys. 406 00:25:25,370 --> 00:25:26,830 Well, what's that going to mean? 407 00:25:26,830 --> 00:25:29,220 Well, it might mean gee, you shouldn't go 408 00:25:29,220 --> 00:25:31,220 out much, for instance. 409 00:25:31,220 --> 00:25:33,510 You know, you should stay at home. 410 00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:42,160 Or you should not be seen by men, you should not wear this, 411 00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:43,470 you should not do this. 412 00:25:43,470 --> 00:25:49,640 In any case, feminist argument argues that it can be a tool 413 00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:55,280 of control over women even if you only have a very small 414 00:25:55,280 --> 00:26:02,530 minority of males engaging in the activity. 415 00:26:02,530 --> 00:26:08,910 That strikes me as actually a fairly clever argument. 416 00:26:08,910 --> 00:26:15,960 I don't know if it's true, but it's an interesting argument. 417 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:23,460 The feminist arguments often point towards pornography as a 418 00:26:23,460 --> 00:26:31,800 culprit here, as a training ground in the sense that if 419 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:38,340 you took the earlier notion that the mind gets to pick its 420 00:26:38,340 --> 00:26:41,730 abnormality-- gets to pick how to go insane if you like, from 421 00:26:41,730 --> 00:26:46,100 the menu that's provided by the broader culture. 422 00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,290 So currently, if you want to have a dissociative disorder 423 00:26:49,290 --> 00:26:52,310 the way to have it is a multiple personality disorder. 424 00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:54,910 Couple hundred years ago it might have been to be 425 00:26:54,910 --> 00:26:56,320 possessed by a demon. 426 00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,840 These are the scripts if you like provided by the culture. 427 00:26:59,840 --> 00:27:03,050 Feminist writers argue that pornography and notably, 428 00:27:03,050 --> 00:27:09,590 violent pornography provides the script for coercive sex. 429 00:27:12,330 --> 00:27:15,350 A number of feminist legal scholars have worked hard-- 430 00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:17,690 Catherine MacKinnon is the most famous name here-- have 431 00:27:17,690 --> 00:27:22,760 worked hard to make at least some classes of pornography 432 00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:25,150 illegal on grounds that they are actually 433 00:27:25,150 --> 00:27:26,730 dangerous to women. 434 00:27:26,730 --> 00:27:32,640 That it's not a free speech issue, that it's really a 435 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:37,330 health and safety sort of issue. 436 00:27:37,330 --> 00:27:44,930 So you've got levels of explanation that occur at 437 00:27:44,930 --> 00:27:50,440 psychological, biological, sociological levels. 438 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:56,480 Well, let me give you a version that's perhaps a 439 00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:02,830 version that would fit the general ethos of this course, 440 00:28:02,830 --> 00:28:05,250 which is that the answer is never-- it's all biology or 441 00:28:05,250 --> 00:28:08,530 it's all sociology or something like that. 442 00:28:08,530 --> 00:28:12,240 It's some curious interaction that's taking place. 443 00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:14,390 Well, what's going on here? 444 00:28:14,390 --> 00:28:20,520 What occurred to me between this morning's version of this 445 00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:24,510 lecture and concourse and this afternoon's is that the job 446 00:28:24,510 --> 00:28:31,520 may be less to explain coercive sexual relations, 447 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:34,510 which you can see as-- 448 00:28:34,510 --> 00:28:37,480 like everything else, sexual relations are going to be 449 00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:40,240 distributed along some normal curve. 450 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:42,070 It's going to have multiple dimensions but this one could 451 00:28:42,070 --> 00:28:46,710 be on a scale from extremely consenual to 452 00:28:46,710 --> 00:28:49,510 extremely not consenual. 453 00:28:49,510 --> 00:28:53,800 I suppose the extremely consenual abnormality one is 454 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,870 the one where people really do sign forms or something like 455 00:28:56,870 --> 00:29:00,010 that and talk to each other in great detail about what's 456 00:29:00,010 --> 00:29:01,710 going to happen next. 457 00:29:01,710 --> 00:29:08,800 But the job may be not just to explain or to explain this the 458 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,660 extreme point on what's after all going to be a normal 459 00:29:11,660 --> 00:29:16,520 function, but to explain how the overall behavior gets put 460 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:18,270 in place all together. 461 00:29:21,050 --> 00:29:24,280 It's one of those behaviors where high school health class 462 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:28,810 not withstanding, nobody gives you much in the way of lessons 463 00:29:28,810 --> 00:29:32,230 and the lessons that you get are stupid lessons that you 464 00:29:32,230 --> 00:29:36,440 get from listening to your peers lie their heads off in 465 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,970 the locker room. 466 00:29:39,970 --> 00:29:42,460 Where is this behavior coming from? 467 00:29:42,460 --> 00:29:46,940 People are learning this behavior in some fashion, 468 00:29:46,940 --> 00:29:51,710 we're not after all, praying mantises where the whole 469 00:29:51,710 --> 00:29:55,950 business is just wired into some ganglion in your spinal 470 00:29:55,950 --> 00:29:58,390 cord and if you take off the head everything works just 471 00:29:58,390 --> 00:30:00,100 fine anyway. 472 00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:02,240 So where is this behavior coming from? 473 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:04,530 The pieces, fortunately, for the handout-- 474 00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,600 I'm not going to depart wildly from the handout-- 475 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,200 the pieces strike me as similar to the pieces I was 476 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:10,430 going to use anyway. 477 00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:14,680 One important piece and it's back to this idea that you get 478 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:21,430 to choose your disorder or just your behavior in some 479 00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,270 fashion from the set of behaviors that your culture 480 00:30:24,270 --> 00:30:25,580 presents to you. 481 00:30:25,580 --> 00:30:30,230 Part of that is what we can consider to be the power of 482 00:30:30,230 --> 00:30:34,980 narrative thought in these sorts of behaviors. 483 00:30:34,980 --> 00:30:36,340 What's narrative thought? 484 00:30:36,340 --> 00:30:38,670 To review, I think. 485 00:30:38,670 --> 00:30:43,250 So propositional thought is moving symbols around and the 486 00:30:43,250 --> 00:30:47,290 sorts of things you might do in problem set land. 487 00:30:47,290 --> 00:30:52,040 Narrative thought is storytelling. 488 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:53,280 You got the stuff? 489 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:54,460 She's got the stuff. 490 00:30:54,460 --> 00:30:55,960 It's good. 491 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:59,700 This is the evaluation forms for later. 492 00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:04,550 So narrative thought is about telling stories to yourself. 493 00:31:04,550 --> 00:31:08,630 And it's about telling yourself who you are. 494 00:31:08,630 --> 00:31:12,380 If you ask, why did that happen? 495 00:31:12,380 --> 00:31:14,440 You know, you don't generally sit down and start writing 496 00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:15,700 equations about it. 497 00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:17,500 You run through stories in your head. 498 00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:19,360 If you ask, what's going to happen next? 499 00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:21,980 You very much start running stories in your head. 500 00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:26,800 If I ask her out, what's going to happen? 501 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:28,220 That's sort of narrative thought. 502 00:31:28,220 --> 00:31:30,950 Well, where did the narratives come from? 503 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:42,050 In the case of relations between the sexes-- well, let 504 00:31:42,050 --> 00:31:45,890 me give you a cartoon version of an answer to that. 505 00:31:45,890 --> 00:31:47,140 But I think it is illustrative. 506 00:31:49,940 --> 00:31:53,590 If you go to the romance aisle, I mean, if you want to 507 00:31:53,590 --> 00:31:56,530 understand the narrative about romance you might as well go 508 00:31:56,530 --> 00:32:00,420 to the aisle in Borders that says romance on it. 509 00:32:00,420 --> 00:32:04,200 I mean, if you go to the aisle that says engineering you can 510 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:05,610 find something different. 511 00:32:05,610 --> 00:32:08,550 So you go to the romance aisle and there's rack 512 00:32:08,550 --> 00:32:10,420 after rack of books. 513 00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:13,790 Conveniently enough I don't know what's in these books, by 514 00:32:13,790 --> 00:32:17,170 and large, because it's not a genre I read extensively, but 515 00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,080 I look at the covers and the covers seem pretty well 516 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:23,760 illustrative as it were. 517 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:30,500 What's on the cover of your typical romance novel? 518 00:32:30,500 --> 00:32:31,970 All right, we'll start with the basics. 519 00:32:31,970 --> 00:32:34,070 How many people are there on the cover of-- 520 00:32:34,070 --> 00:32:34,780 AUDIENCE: Twp. 521 00:32:34,780 --> 00:32:35,160 PROFESSOR: Two. 522 00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:37,060 That's a good number. 523 00:32:37,060 --> 00:32:38,430 OK. 524 00:32:38,430 --> 00:32:43,170 I'm sure somewhere that there is a genre of same sex romance 525 00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,480 novels, but they're not typically what's on the shelf 526 00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:49,910 at Borders or Barnes & Noble or something. 527 00:32:49,910 --> 00:32:52,440 There what you've got is you got two people. 528 00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:57,280 One of them is a male and one of them is a female. 529 00:32:57,280 --> 00:33:07,440 I will assert that in case after case it's the same 530 00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:11,080 picture more or less. 531 00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:13,630 Drawn in some gaudy kind of fashion, but the 532 00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:15,070 picture looks like this. 533 00:33:18,380 --> 00:33:19,330 Right? 534 00:33:19,330 --> 00:33:21,570 Yeah? 535 00:33:21,570 --> 00:33:24,390 OK, so we got two people. 536 00:33:24,390 --> 00:33:26,520 We got this picture. 537 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:29,167 Do we know which one is the guy? 538 00:33:29,167 --> 00:33:30,417 AUDIENCE: Yes. 539 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:34,870 PROFESSOR: So one person-- 540 00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:36,980 there's this guy. 541 00:33:36,980 --> 00:33:45,880 He's the guy-- the pirate, the sailor, sometimes the doctor 542 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:47,990 or something like that. 543 00:33:47,990 --> 00:33:49,750 You know, I don't think I've ever seen one where it was the 544 00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:50,750 college professor. 545 00:33:50,750 --> 00:33:54,450 Doesn't seem to be on the list at all. 546 00:33:57,430 --> 00:33:59,400 Then there's the woman who's having 547 00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:01,780 clothing issues typically. 548 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:09,470 And she's in this sort of supine position. 549 00:34:12,730 --> 00:34:16,460 This is telling you something. 550 00:34:16,460 --> 00:34:19,460 By the way, I was doing research on this-- 551 00:34:19,460 --> 00:34:20,710 I kid you not-- 552 00:34:23,520 --> 00:34:25,560 I thought I'd better check whether it's still true. 553 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,170 You know, it could that in this latter day, I mean, if 554 00:34:29,170 --> 00:34:31,790 you ask for instance-- 555 00:34:31,790 --> 00:34:33,150 actually, I should ask again because 556 00:34:33,150 --> 00:34:35,270 these things keep shifting. 557 00:34:35,270 --> 00:34:40,470 The standard model when I was, well, when I was in high 558 00:34:40,470 --> 00:34:43,290 school whatever the standard model was I was ignoring it 559 00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:46,520 and was completely clueless, but in any case, the standard 560 00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:49,670 model appeared to be that the male person asked the female 561 00:34:49,670 --> 00:34:51,120 person out. 562 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:55,970 Sometime that sort of disappeared, near as I can 563 00:34:55,970 --> 00:35:00,350 tell and nobody asked anybody out and people just sort of-- 564 00:35:00,350 --> 00:35:03,530 it was kind of like a chemical thing. 565 00:35:03,530 --> 00:35:08,290 Numbers of women and men were in the same place and by some 566 00:35:08,290 --> 00:35:11,080 mysterious technique they bonded. 567 00:35:15,310 --> 00:35:17,400 Let's see. 568 00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,460 Since all the data here are survey data, let's get some 569 00:35:19,460 --> 00:35:20,710 survey data. 570 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:28,680 Is it typical for males to ask out females? 571 00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:32,370 How many think that that's typical? 572 00:35:32,370 --> 00:35:36,290 How may think it's typical for females to ask out males? 573 00:35:36,290 --> 00:35:38,160 Oh, isn't that interesting? 574 00:35:38,160 --> 00:35:41,360 See that's interesting because that's not the answer that I 575 00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:42,470 would have gotten from-- 576 00:35:42,470 --> 00:35:44,560 I haven't asked that question reliably every year, but it's 577 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,500 not the answer I would have gotten ten years ago. 578 00:35:47,500 --> 00:35:54,720 Ten years ago the local custom had changed so that everybody 579 00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:57,760 was asking everybody or nobody was asking nobody, but there 580 00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:02,020 wasn't this sort of notion that males specifically were 581 00:36:02,020 --> 00:36:05,570 taking the lead and asking females. 582 00:36:05,570 --> 00:36:11,210 And so in a sense, it sounds like it's reverted to the 583 00:36:11,210 --> 00:36:13,920 pattern that existed when-- 584 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:15,850 well, I won't say how many years ago, but it 585 00:36:15,850 --> 00:36:17,940 was a few years ago. 586 00:36:17,940 --> 00:36:22,760 Anyway, so I got to check whether or not the romance 587 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:26,050 novels still look like this. 588 00:36:26,050 --> 00:36:28,810 So I went to Borders and went down to the romance aisle and 589 00:36:28,810 --> 00:36:31,300 I discovered this cool new thing. 590 00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:38,920 The cool new thing, at least it's new to me, is that the 591 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:42,610 romance literature, these sort of series books have become 592 00:36:42,610 --> 00:36:45,790 explicitly stratified. 593 00:36:45,790 --> 00:36:50,050 That there are now multiple series of these things. 594 00:36:50,050 --> 00:36:51,000 They're color coded. 595 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:55,660 It looks like homeland security, it's great because 596 00:36:55,660 --> 00:37:00,190 it runs from I think sort of a blue/green line, which has a 597 00:37:00,190 --> 00:37:07,280 title something like family values and then it runs over 598 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:09,530 to this red line here-- 599 00:37:09,530 --> 00:37:13,630 I can't remember what the title of this is. 600 00:37:13,630 --> 00:37:15,700 This is all under the sort of general heading of Harlequin 601 00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,630 romance or one of those big romance publishers, but it's 602 00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:22,050 got some word like torrid in it or something like that. 603 00:37:25,060 --> 00:37:29,710 But interestingly, the only difference in covers that I 604 00:37:29,710 --> 00:37:37,250 could detect on a brief survey is in the family values thing 605 00:37:37,250 --> 00:37:41,790 both parties are still more or less upright, but he's sort of 606 00:37:41,790 --> 00:37:43,010 leaning in. 607 00:37:43,010 --> 00:37:48,120 By the time you get to the torrid one she's, boom. 608 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:49,760 Anyway, the principle is the same. 609 00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:53,900 It is not the case that-- 610 00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:57,350 there just are no books out there, there's probably one 611 00:37:57,350 --> 00:37:58,600 out there somewhere. 612 00:38:01,050 --> 00:38:05,390 The central tendency of the distribution does not have a 613 00:38:05,390 --> 00:38:11,210 lot of female pirates overwhelming mild- mannered 614 00:38:11,210 --> 00:38:13,590 accountants or something like that. 615 00:38:13,590 --> 00:38:15,110 It's just not there. 616 00:38:18,140 --> 00:38:22,520 I'm only using this as an example of a narrative that I 617 00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:24,710 think is very widely out there. 618 00:38:24,710 --> 00:38:26,620 You can pick it up in movies, you can pick it up 619 00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:29,160 on TV and so on. 620 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:34,030 Importantly, it is not a narrative with anything like 621 00:38:34,030 --> 00:38:36,250 rape written at the top of it. 622 00:38:36,250 --> 00:38:41,090 It's a narrative with romance or seduction or something 623 00:38:41,090 --> 00:38:42,210 written at the top of it. 624 00:38:42,210 --> 00:38:46,620 And the promise in the vast bulk of cases that the ending 625 00:38:46,620 --> 00:38:49,440 is going to come out positive. 626 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:51,120 I'd love to know what they just found on 627 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:51,950 the web over there. 628 00:38:51,950 --> 00:38:54,370 AUDIENCE: We're looking up gay romance novels. 629 00:38:54,370 --> 00:38:58,330 PROFESSOR: You're looking up gay romance novels, OK. 630 00:38:58,330 --> 00:39:00,790 Thank you for being diligent in your research there. 631 00:39:05,430 --> 00:39:07,720 Well, you can tell me who's-- 632 00:39:07,720 --> 00:39:09,550 anyway, nevermind. 633 00:39:09,550 --> 00:39:10,720 AUDIENCE: There's no picture. 634 00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:11,970 PROFESSOR: They don't have pictures. 635 00:39:16,390 --> 00:39:18,290 Meantime there's several people trying to figure out on 636 00:39:18,290 --> 00:39:21,110 their cellphones what's there. 637 00:39:21,110 --> 00:39:27,240 Anyway, so the script out there, the sort of script that 638 00:39:27,240 --> 00:39:34,490 people are operating from is a script where-- 639 00:39:34,490 --> 00:39:37,420 well, it's, urk. 640 00:39:37,420 --> 00:39:40,800 That sort of script. 641 00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:46,340 Again, importantly not with the idea that it's not going 642 00:39:46,340 --> 00:39:50,260 to be consenual or whatever, but the notion here is that 643 00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:54,230 it's going to be in effect, the male who's doing the 644 00:39:54,230 --> 00:40:00,010 asking and the female who is giving or not giving consent 645 00:40:00,010 --> 00:40:02,960 in some fashion. 646 00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:08,400 This is presumably tied into evolutionary psych roots that 647 00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:10,610 we've talked about already. 648 00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:13,670 I think I mentioned earlier that there's evidence that 649 00:40:13,670 --> 00:40:17,890 males experience the falling in love part of falling in 650 00:40:17,890 --> 00:40:21,080 love more rapidly in a relationship than females. 651 00:40:21,080 --> 00:40:25,030 They certainly want more sexual partners and sex more 652 00:40:25,030 --> 00:40:27,940 often by all sorts of measures. 653 00:40:27,940 --> 00:40:32,470 These sort of pressures are likely to produce a situation 654 00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:38,080 in which it is the guy who's asking and the woman who is 655 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:40,910 either giving or not giving consent. 656 00:40:40,910 --> 00:40:50,960 Now if it is the case that the male is falling in love more 657 00:40:50,960 --> 00:40:54,560 rapidly or falling in lust more rapidly-- it kind of 658 00:40:54,560 --> 00:40:56,220 doesn't matter-- 659 00:40:56,220 --> 00:41:01,080 it follows that the first answer's going to be no. 660 00:41:04,270 --> 00:41:06,680 Typically, there are going to be some no's. 661 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:09,850 If this is this script that the conversation is going to 662 00:41:09,850 --> 00:41:11,620 involve a bunch of no's. 663 00:41:11,620 --> 00:41:14,390 Now we should switch gears a little and do a little 664 00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:21,270 reviewing of learning theory sorts of things. 665 00:41:21,270 --> 00:41:23,550 I think it says something on the handout like the power of 666 00:41:23,550 --> 00:41:24,420 conditioning. 667 00:41:24,420 --> 00:41:29,540 But let's think a little bit about learning theory. 668 00:41:29,540 --> 00:41:31,800 Well, let's think about law of effect kind 669 00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:33,570 of stuff for starters. 670 00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,760 The drive to reproduce is a strong one. 671 00:41:39,760 --> 00:41:42,150 There are strong positive reinforcers 672 00:41:42,150 --> 00:41:45,320 associated with sex. 673 00:41:45,320 --> 00:41:47,080 Nobody spends a lot of time-- 674 00:41:47,080 --> 00:41:50,650 I mean, look, if you think about the amount of-- 675 00:41:50,650 --> 00:41:51,730 I don't need to explain that. 676 00:41:51,730 --> 00:41:52,980 You knew that already. 677 00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:04,590 What Thorndike's law of effect tells you is that any of these 678 00:42:04,590 --> 00:42:09,250 sort of yes activities here, at any level in the 679 00:42:09,250 --> 00:42:11,710 relationship are going to be positively reinforcing. 680 00:42:11,710 --> 00:42:15,310 Are going to tend to reinforce whatever happened beforehand. 681 00:42:15,310 --> 00:42:18,810 And so one of the things that people are doing and one of 682 00:42:18,810 --> 00:42:20,470 the things that they don't appreciate that they're doing 683 00:42:20,470 --> 00:42:22,730 even if they're signing fifteen page consent forms, 684 00:42:22,730 --> 00:42:26,180 which they're not-- is that people are shaping each other. 685 00:42:26,180 --> 00:42:30,010 The activities that couples are engaging in with each 686 00:42:30,010 --> 00:42:32,700 other are-- 687 00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:35,410 it's your own private Skinner box. 688 00:42:35,410 --> 00:42:40,500 And you're busy shaping that pigeon who is the other half 689 00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:42,290 of this relationship. 690 00:42:42,290 --> 00:42:45,700 The great difference of course is you're both the 691 00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:50,170 experimenter and the experimental animal in your 692 00:42:50,170 --> 00:42:50,700 study here. 693 00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:54,420 But let's just think from the male's point of view. 694 00:42:54,420 --> 00:42:59,980 So the male is hearing a lot of no's. 695 00:42:59,980 --> 00:43:04,480 If the relationship is eventually going to progress 696 00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:10,340 to let's have fifteen children then eventually there will be 697 00:43:10,340 --> 00:43:13,550 some variety of yes in here. 698 00:43:13,550 --> 00:43:17,768 That sounds like, what kind of schedule of reinforcement? 699 00:43:17,768 --> 00:43:18,840 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 700 00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:20,090 PROFESSOR: Broomph. 701 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,490 No, somebody needs to raise their hand and nobody's going 702 00:43:26,490 --> 00:43:27,860 to raise their hand. 703 00:43:27,860 --> 00:43:31,500 They've all gotten shy. 704 00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:32,910 You scratch your head you're going to end up 705 00:43:32,910 --> 00:43:35,890 getting called on there. 706 00:43:35,890 --> 00:43:42,140 So the answer is this is a partial reinforcement schedule 707 00:43:42,140 --> 00:43:45,040 or more like a variable ratio schedule. 708 00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:47,020 It's not a variable interval schedule unless you have a 709 00:43:47,020 --> 00:43:48,570 very weird relationship. 710 00:43:48,570 --> 00:43:48,970 No. 711 00:43:48,970 --> 00:43:49,340 No. 712 00:43:49,340 --> 00:43:49,690 No. 713 00:43:49,690 --> 00:43:50,660 Monday, yes. 714 00:43:50,660 --> 00:43:51,110 No. 715 00:43:51,110 --> 00:43:51,400 No. 716 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:51,780 No. 717 00:43:51,780 --> 00:43:53,030 Monday, yes. 718 00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:56,180 That's a weird relationship. 719 00:43:56,180 --> 00:43:57,560 But more likely it's no. 720 00:43:57,560 --> 00:43:57,900 No. 721 00:43:57,900 --> 00:43:58,250 No. 722 00:43:58,250 --> 00:43:58,660 Yes. 723 00:43:58,660 --> 00:43:59,030 Maybe. 724 00:43:59,030 --> 00:43:59,330 No. 725 00:43:59,330 --> 00:43:59,730 Yes. 726 00:43:59,730 --> 00:44:00,070 Yes. 727 00:44:00,070 --> 00:44:00,380 No. 728 00:44:00,380 --> 00:44:00,710 No. 729 00:44:00,710 --> 00:44:01,040 No. 730 00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:01,380 No. 731 00:44:01,380 --> 00:44:01,500 No. 732 00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:07,000 Anyway, what do we know about those sorts of schedules? 733 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,030 What do they produce in the way of behavior? 734 00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:12,640 High rates-- 735 00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:15,360 if this all sounds completely new to you guys you've got 736 00:44:15,360 --> 00:44:17,400 work to do between now and next 737 00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:19,280 Thursday, let me tell you. 738 00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:24,380 But these sort of schedules of reinforcement if it's in a rat 739 00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:27,040 trying to get fed produced very high 740 00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:28,950 rates of bar pressing. 741 00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:32,310 If it's in a guy, it presumably produces very high 742 00:44:32,310 --> 00:44:33,610 rates of bar pressing, too. 743 00:44:33,610 --> 00:44:36,850 So he's going to emit a lot of behavior there. 744 00:44:36,850 --> 00:44:40,050 And it's also very hard to extinguish. 745 00:44:40,050 --> 00:44:47,900 So if you decide at some point to say, no forever it may be a 746 00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:52,340 long time before the guy gets the hint. 747 00:44:52,340 --> 00:44:54,830 At least the pigeon aspect of the guy. 748 00:44:58,910 --> 00:45:02,140 One other thing tying into this-- we ought to say one 749 00:45:02,140 --> 00:45:06,450 more thing based on the sort of romance novel example, 750 00:45:06,450 --> 00:45:09,190 which is that the dialog doesn't tend to be great in 751 00:45:09,190 --> 00:45:11,880 those things. 752 00:45:11,880 --> 00:45:15,420 Guys doing manly things, pounding on their chests and 753 00:45:15,420 --> 00:45:18,150 females swooning or something like that. 754 00:45:18,150 --> 00:45:20,420 But there's just not a lot of conversation. 755 00:45:20,420 --> 00:45:26,300 So in the absence you're this giant committee-- 756 00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:28,510 another theme from the whole course-- 757 00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:34,160 your brain, your mind is this committee of 758 00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:36,340 semi-independent operators. 759 00:45:36,340 --> 00:45:40,710 Well, there's one operator there that's doing the verbal 760 00:45:40,710 --> 00:45:45,770 consent thing and thinking deep thoughts, but it's in a 761 00:45:45,770 --> 00:45:48,990 script that does not have much in the way of 762 00:45:48,990 --> 00:45:51,960 good dialog in it. 763 00:45:51,960 --> 00:45:54,730 That leaves this other chunk of your brain. 764 00:45:54,730 --> 00:45:57,690 The chunk that has an awful lot in common with rats 765 00:45:57,690 --> 00:46:00,610 pressing bars for food in Skinner boxes. 766 00:46:00,610 --> 00:46:04,160 A lot of realm to govern behavior. 767 00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:07,150 If you're not going to govern behavior with what you might 768 00:46:07,150 --> 00:46:10,070 want to call higher cognitive powers, well, these nice 769 00:46:10,070 --> 00:46:12,300 associative learning mechanisms will do a perfectly 770 00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:13,600 fine job for you. 771 00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:15,300 Hmm, got reinforced. 772 00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:18,510 Let's do that again or something of that sort. 773 00:46:18,510 --> 00:46:23,390 So you end up with a situation where you've got multiple 774 00:46:23,390 --> 00:46:27,300 forces acting on you. 775 00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:33,340 And you've systematically disabled some of the more 776 00:46:33,340 --> 00:46:37,320 intellectual parts of you. 777 00:46:37,320 --> 00:46:39,480 It reminds me, how many people have been 778 00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:40,900 to the Science Museum? 779 00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:42,850 Another place you should go sometimes if you haven't been. 780 00:46:42,850 --> 00:46:43,990 I think you get in free, right? 781 00:46:43,990 --> 00:46:44,880 Do you get in free? 782 00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:45,180 AUDIENCE: Yep. 783 00:46:45,180 --> 00:46:45,640 PROFESSOR: Yep. 784 00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:48,430 Get in free, go to the science museum. 785 00:46:48,430 --> 00:46:49,690 What you'll discover if you go to the-- 786 00:46:49,690 --> 00:46:51,450 I don't think, I don't know if you'll still discover it-- 787 00:46:51,450 --> 00:46:53,720 remember my spiral? 788 00:46:53,720 --> 00:46:59,370 Somebody from 900 went and was a volunteer at the Science 789 00:46:59,370 --> 00:47:02,940 Museum and said, oh you got to build this cool-- 790 00:47:02,940 --> 00:47:05,340 they still have a great motion after effect spiral, which I 791 00:47:05,340 --> 00:47:08,360 believe is patterned on having seen it in 792 00:47:08,360 --> 00:47:10,360 this class years ago. 793 00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:14,630 And then when they would do the little show they were 794 00:47:14,630 --> 00:47:18,200 using my lines. 795 00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:20,100 I didn't even get residuals. 796 00:47:22,790 --> 00:47:26,490 But one of the demos they have there in the math section is 797 00:47:26,490 --> 00:47:30,540 this wonderful thing with an endless collection of pins 798 00:47:30,540 --> 00:47:33,020 arranged into sort of triangular way-- one, two, 799 00:47:33,020 --> 00:47:34,900 three-- is that Pascal's triangle? 800 00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:35,810 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 801 00:47:35,810 --> 00:47:36,660 PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah, yeah. 802 00:47:36,660 --> 00:47:38,380 Anyway, it's a version of that. 803 00:47:38,380 --> 00:47:42,560 Anyway, the cool version of the demo is that you drop a 804 00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:46,260 ball at the top and it bounces from pin to pin and in effect 805 00:47:46,260 --> 00:47:49,400 at each pin it's got a fifty-fifty crack of going one 806 00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:50,780 way or the other. 807 00:47:50,780 --> 00:47:55,560 And if you have enough layers of pins what you end up with 808 00:47:55,560 --> 00:48:00,170 is essentially-- well, is exactly in the limit, a nice 809 00:48:00,170 --> 00:48:01,420 normal distribution. 810 00:48:08,580 --> 00:48:12,860 From a ball that just completely neutral, dropped at 811 00:48:12,860 --> 00:48:18,510 the top, most of the time it's going to end up here, some 812 00:48:18,510 --> 00:48:23,080 time it's going to end up at one extreme or the other. 813 00:48:23,080 --> 00:48:27,960 I suspect that this is not a bad model for a 814 00:48:27,960 --> 00:48:30,280 wide range of behaviors. 815 00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:34,010 I'll argue in closing that it's a good model-- 816 00:48:34,010 --> 00:48:38,000 that it's at least, a model worth thinking about for 817 00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,370 something like coercive sexual behavior. 818 00:48:40,370 --> 00:48:43,110 That we know or at least we think we know that the 819 00:48:43,110 --> 00:48:46,570 population of guys engaging in that behavior are not sitting 820 00:48:46,570 --> 00:48:48,620 out here in some separate distribution. 821 00:48:48,620 --> 00:48:53,760 They seem to be the distribution of regular guys 822 00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:56,440 that just ended up in an odd part of the distribution. 823 00:48:56,440 --> 00:49:03,720 And it may well be that this collection-- 824 00:49:03,720 --> 00:49:09,270 if you want you can think of it in terms of shaping. 825 00:49:09,270 --> 00:49:13,290 That the collection of positive reinforcers that they 826 00:49:13,290 --> 00:49:18,610 got just balanced randomly off into this direction and 827 00:49:18,610 --> 00:49:21,900 produced what boils down to a very maladaptive behavior 828 00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:26,190 where the same guy starting from the same point might well 829 00:49:26,190 --> 00:49:27,240 have ended up in-- 830 00:49:27,240 --> 00:49:29,820 would most guys starting up from the same point would've 831 00:49:29,820 --> 00:49:34,710 ended up in the same, in this vast bulk of the normal end of 832 00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:37,670 the distribution or the middle of the distribution. 833 00:49:37,670 --> 00:49:40,410 That you don't need to posit that there's anything 834 00:49:40,410 --> 00:49:43,310 specifically wrong and that you might have a very 835 00:49:43,310 --> 00:49:47,100 difficult time, the perhaps disturbing piece of this if 836 00:49:47,100 --> 00:49:49,990 you were trying to set public policy is that you might have 837 00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:55,200 a very difficult time trying to say, gee, what can we do 838 00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:58,200 that would prevent this tale from happening? 839 00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:04,270 Because it might really be the result of a succession of 840 00:50:04,270 --> 00:50:05,250 random events. 841 00:50:05,250 --> 00:50:08,550 One thing that you might guess is that the degree to which 842 00:50:08,550 --> 00:50:14,720 you let cognition back into the game and let it run less 843 00:50:14,720 --> 00:50:18,480 on the rat pushing the bar kind of thought, the less 844 00:50:18,480 --> 00:50:22,710 chance that you have of ending up in some maladaptive corner 845 00:50:22,710 --> 00:50:25,180 of this particular distribution, but that's not 846 00:50:25,180 --> 00:50:26,180 desperately clear. 847 00:50:26,180 --> 00:50:27,310 Can I prove this? 848 00:50:27,310 --> 00:50:29,730 No. 849 00:50:29,730 --> 00:50:33,200 And so does that mean that the right answer on the final will 850 00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:37,280 be where does coercive sex come from? 851 00:50:37,280 --> 00:50:41,230 Apparently it comes from bouncing down the pin. 852 00:50:41,230 --> 00:50:43,510 No. 853 00:50:43,510 --> 00:50:47,850 This is clearly marked as Wolf's theory and not only 854 00:50:47,850 --> 00:50:50,410 that it's Wolf theory since this morning. 855 00:50:50,410 --> 00:50:53,560 I may decide by this evening that it was really dumb and 856 00:50:53,560 --> 00:50:56,770 feel deeply humiliated that I ever got up and said it in 857 00:50:56,770 --> 00:51:02,530 public, but at the moment I don't. 858 00:51:02,530 --> 00:51:08,683 But what I do feel is that what I want to do-- well, I 859 00:51:08,683 --> 00:51:09,580 want to do a couple of things. 860 00:51:09,580 --> 00:51:14,380 Thing one is to say, thank you for listening all term. 861 00:51:14,380 --> 00:51:18,140 It's kind of a privilege to be able to yack for a whole term 862 00:51:18,140 --> 00:51:19,090 and have people listen. 863 00:51:19,090 --> 00:51:20,340 It doesn't happen at home much. 864 00:51:22,990 --> 00:51:30,320 The second, there are two different 865 00:51:30,320 --> 00:51:32,030 forms floating around. 866 00:51:32,030 --> 00:51:33,380 Well actually they're not--