1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:01,800 The following content is provided 2 00:00:01,800 --> 00:00:04,030 under a Creative Commons license. 3 00:00:04,030 --> 00:00:06,880 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue 4 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:10,740 to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,740 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,237 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,237 --> 00:00:17,862 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:27,820 If some of you don't have your quizzes yet, 9 00:00:27,820 --> 00:00:32,492 the graded quizzes, Michael and Hannah have them with them, 10 00:00:32,492 --> 00:00:34,450 so make sure you pick them up before you leave. 11 00:00:48,350 --> 00:00:53,290 Now we've been going over readings from the Konrad Lorenz 12 00:00:53,290 --> 00:00:54,805 book that I posted online. 13 00:00:57,310 --> 00:01:02,430 I am going to give you a quiz on Wednesday 14 00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:03,550 covering that material. 15 00:01:06,660 --> 00:01:09,145 Very sparsely, of course, with only a few questions. 16 00:01:16,670 --> 00:01:19,500 If you've read it and listened to the classes, 17 00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:21,270 it should not be a difficult quiz. 18 00:01:25,950 --> 00:01:31,480 And there will also be a homework due early next week. 19 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:34,690 I'll try to get that posted by Wednesday as well. 20 00:01:39,790 --> 00:01:43,560 So you'll have plenty of time to work on the homework. 21 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:54,590 Now this was the initial slide for the last class. 22 00:01:54,590 --> 00:01:57,840 We talked about the models. 23 00:01:57,840 --> 00:01:59,720 We talked about hierarchies. 24 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:03,280 And chains of behavior. 25 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:07,410 And we started with this topic, talking 26 00:02:07,410 --> 00:02:14,320 about spatial orientation by means of reflexes 27 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:16,320 and what they call taxis, which are 28 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:18,965 automatic orientation during locomotion. 29 00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:25,440 We've not talked about the role of cognitive behavior, 30 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:28,555 the internal model, but we will do that today. 31 00:02:31,410 --> 00:02:35,290 And then finally we'll talk about the way organisms 32 00:02:35,290 --> 00:02:38,703 handle multiple simultaneous motivations. 33 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:48,740 So this was the last thing we talked about. 34 00:02:48,740 --> 00:02:51,620 A goldfish seems to pretty intelligently solve 35 00:02:51,620 --> 00:02:52,680 this problem. 36 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,450 He's on one side of a barrier, food is on the other. 37 00:02:55,450 --> 00:02:57,710 He can see the food. 38 00:02:57,710 --> 00:03:02,310 So he moves towards it, but he runs into the barrier. 39 00:03:02,310 --> 00:03:06,800 But he has an automatic response to the barrier. 40 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:10,940 It's a response called negative thigmotaxis. 41 00:03:10,940 --> 00:03:16,010 It's a kind of reflex involving locomotion, in which he 42 00:03:16,010 --> 00:03:20,120 moves away and changes directions. 43 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:27,260 So he ends up moving along the barrier until he clears it. 44 00:03:27,260 --> 00:03:30,710 So he appears to know what to do, 45 00:03:30,710 --> 00:03:34,050 but in fact he's just using these simple automatic 46 00:03:34,050 --> 00:03:34,840 responses. 47 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:40,220 Now I asked at the end here, why does a dog often 48 00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:41,837 fail in such a situation? 49 00:03:47,040 --> 00:03:49,060 What does a dog do? 50 00:03:49,060 --> 00:03:51,840 The dog's here now. 51 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:54,680 What does the dog do, trying to get to that food? 52 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:59,460 And it's on the other side of a fence. 53 00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,300 Let's say an inexperienced dog-- because I'll 54 00:04:03,300 --> 00:04:06,500 admit that an experienced dog can 55 00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:08,040 learn methods of solving it. 56 00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:14,090 He can go around the end, but an inexperienced dog 57 00:04:14,090 --> 00:04:16,339 will not do that. 58 00:04:16,339 --> 00:04:18,930 At least not for quite a while. 59 00:04:18,930 --> 00:04:22,760 He will persist trying to get through that fence, 60 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:27,590 long after the goldfish has already 61 00:04:27,590 --> 00:04:29,990 solved a similar problem. 62 00:04:29,990 --> 00:04:32,930 So what does he do? 63 00:04:32,930 --> 00:04:36,700 What has the dog inherited that he 64 00:04:36,700 --> 00:04:39,485 can use to solve the problem? 65 00:04:42,650 --> 00:04:46,170 Without thinking about it, without learning anything? 66 00:04:46,170 --> 00:04:49,180 What does he do automatically? 67 00:04:49,180 --> 00:04:50,780 Come on, you have dogs. 68 00:04:50,780 --> 00:04:53,860 Some of you. 69 00:04:53,860 --> 00:04:54,460 Sorry? 70 00:04:54,460 --> 00:04:56,800 He can dig with his paws. 71 00:04:56,800 --> 00:05:01,910 Yeah, he either tries to jump over the fence or go under it. 72 00:05:01,910 --> 00:05:02,960 Frequently under it. 73 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,870 They try to dig under the fence. 74 00:05:06,870 --> 00:05:12,170 And anybody that's kept dogs in a fenced backyard 75 00:05:12,170 --> 00:05:13,890 knows this problem. 76 00:05:13,890 --> 00:05:17,420 They do get out sometimes, and they frequently 77 00:05:17,420 --> 00:05:20,180 try to dig under the fence. 78 00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:22,980 Something that attracts them. 79 00:05:22,980 --> 00:05:24,910 Usually it's not food, because they're well 80 00:05:24,910 --> 00:05:27,470 fed if they're pets. 81 00:05:27,470 --> 00:05:29,920 For a male, it's usually female dogs. 82 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:33,570 And I've had male dogs that either dig under fences 83 00:05:33,570 --> 00:05:34,470 or leap over them. 84 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:38,420 Females are a little easier. 85 00:05:56,370 --> 00:05:59,550 Does the dog ever solve the problem, an inexperienced dog? 86 00:05:59,550 --> 00:06:03,960 Well, he keeps trying, and eventually he's exhausted, 87 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:07,100 and he gives up. 88 00:06:07,100 --> 00:06:11,110 And then he starts wandering around, and in his wandering, 89 00:06:11,110 --> 00:06:12,745 he does find the end of the fence. 90 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,320 And then he will probably see that the food is still there, 91 00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:20,430 and he will get to it. 92 00:06:20,430 --> 00:06:25,630 It doesn't take more than once or twice of going through that, 93 00:06:25,630 --> 00:06:27,180 and the dog will learn. 94 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:30,180 It's kind of trial and error learning, you could say. 95 00:06:30,180 --> 00:06:31,990 But he doesn't solve it when he's 96 00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:35,460 in a really highly motivated state, because then he's 97 00:06:35,460 --> 00:06:38,610 dominated by these instinctive behaviors. 98 00:06:41,430 --> 00:06:47,020 Now think of the way dogs evolve initially as wolves, 99 00:06:47,020 --> 00:06:50,330 and they normally aren't confronted 100 00:06:50,330 --> 00:06:53,430 with things like fences. 101 00:06:53,430 --> 00:07:04,380 The barriers they're faced with, streams, lakes, ravines, 102 00:07:04,380 --> 00:07:05,450 mountains. 103 00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:07,780 I mean, they're certainly adapted 104 00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:12,130 to dealing with those things, but not things like fences. 105 00:07:12,130 --> 00:07:15,810 But yet they're also very intelligent. 106 00:07:15,810 --> 00:07:18,260 Is the fish then as intelligent as the-- more 107 00:07:18,260 --> 00:07:22,670 intelligent than the dog because it can solve those problems? 108 00:07:22,670 --> 00:07:26,260 Remember we talked about the intelligence of instinct. 109 00:07:26,260 --> 00:07:29,720 What seems like intelligent behavior, 110 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:33,920 and we think of intelligence as involving cognition, 111 00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,445 may not involve cognition at all. 112 00:07:36,445 --> 00:07:40,550 It's simply instinctive behavior that's 113 00:07:40,550 --> 00:07:42,300 highly adapted to this situation. 114 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:54,410 So let's talk now about cognitive behavior. 115 00:07:54,410 --> 00:07:56,470 How do human languages give clues 116 00:07:56,470 --> 00:08:00,660 to the nature of what we call insight? 117 00:08:00,660 --> 00:08:02,865 We've got to think about what's insight is. 118 00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:08,730 And this is what Lorenz says about it. 119 00:08:08,730 --> 00:08:15,820 He quotes Porzig, who wrote in 1950 that our language 120 00:08:15,820 --> 00:08:19,130 translates everything that cannot be visualized 121 00:08:19,130 --> 00:08:21,810 into spatial concepts. 122 00:08:21,810 --> 00:08:25,805 It's not just done by my one language, but by all languages. 123 00:08:29,210 --> 00:08:34,110 Concepts for space and time use the same spatial terms. 124 00:08:34,110 --> 00:08:36,610 For orientation, all orientation is always 125 00:08:36,610 --> 00:08:40,169 concerned with both space and time. 126 00:08:40,169 --> 00:08:44,630 Of course we move through multiple spaces, 127 00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:46,940 both physical spaces and conceptual spaces. 128 00:08:49,820 --> 00:08:53,190 These are represented in our memory 129 00:08:53,190 --> 00:08:59,270 as both conceptual and physical spaces, our memory for them. 130 00:08:59,270 --> 00:09:01,065 Because we think in conceptual spaces. 131 00:09:01,065 --> 00:09:05,260 And in fact, the part of the brain involved 132 00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,160 in what we call cognitive maps, we 133 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:11,650 believe is involved-- there's plenty of evidence 134 00:09:11,650 --> 00:09:13,670 now from imaging studies-- is involved 135 00:09:13,670 --> 00:09:15,033 in both kinds of navigation. 136 00:09:18,780 --> 00:09:21,900 When we solve problems, or when we 137 00:09:21,900 --> 00:09:26,391 think about going somewhere physically, 138 00:09:26,391 --> 00:09:31,310 it involves association cortex and hippocampal formation 139 00:09:31,310 --> 00:09:32,505 in the temporal lobe. 140 00:09:37,190 --> 00:09:41,230 So let's talk about this term, insight, now. 141 00:09:45,460 --> 00:09:48,680 If you search under Google, you can 142 00:09:48,680 --> 00:09:51,280 find how they deal with insight in animals. 143 00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:53,520 I did searches on insight in apes. 144 00:09:56,420 --> 00:10:01,480 Found examples of both chimp and gorilla problem solving. 145 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:04,950 Some of them are well known, and I read some of these studies 146 00:10:04,950 --> 00:10:06,250 as a graduate student. 147 00:10:10,620 --> 00:10:13,730 It's very interesting because they get evidence that even 148 00:10:13,730 --> 00:10:16,930 in these apes, just like in humans, 149 00:10:16,930 --> 00:10:24,530 there's evidence that they form plans 150 00:10:24,530 --> 00:10:28,210 within some kind of an internal model of the world. 151 00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:30,490 And they can anticipate events. 152 00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:33,325 And they can consider alternatives and act on them. 153 00:10:37,450 --> 00:10:41,920 I think these websites that I'm giving here still work. 154 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:44,990 These are some pictures that I found. 155 00:10:49,220 --> 00:10:52,870 This kind of work-- this isn't from his studies, 156 00:10:52,870 --> 00:11:00,240 but the work was initiated by Wolfgang Kohler in World War I. 157 00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:03,890 And it was carried further by Paul Schiller, Peter Schiller's 158 00:11:03,890 --> 00:11:08,205 father, and later by his wife Claire Schiller. 159 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:16,560 But this was the nature of the work. 160 00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:20,360 You see chimpanzees here? 161 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:28,220 Here's a chimp that's using a stick to-- he's learning there 162 00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:30,540 that he can poke that stick under the fence 163 00:11:30,540 --> 00:11:32,340 and get at things. 164 00:11:32,340 --> 00:11:37,170 The more famous problem was hanging a banana. 165 00:11:37,170 --> 00:11:38,695 This was done first with guerrillas. 166 00:11:38,695 --> 00:11:41,290 And here you see chimps solving a similar problem. 167 00:11:41,290 --> 00:11:45,910 There are bananas hanging up high. 168 00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:48,960 What is the chimp doing there? 169 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:53,040 He's piling up boxes which were present in the pen. 170 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:54,200 But they weren't piled up. 171 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,440 They were scattered about. 172 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:00,980 And the chimp eventually will pile the boxes 173 00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:05,460 up so he can do-- what do you see the chimp doing here? 174 00:12:05,460 --> 00:12:07,990 Climb up on the boxes. 175 00:12:07,990 --> 00:12:10,120 Looks like these are about to fall over. 176 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,130 But he's reaching the bananas. 177 00:12:13,130 --> 00:12:14,840 There you see it happening too. 178 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:18,370 Another one's involved also. 179 00:12:18,370 --> 00:12:21,800 And Claire Schiller wrote an interesting analysis 180 00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:23,240 of this behavior. 181 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:26,890 Because it had been interpreted as sort of [INAUDIBLE] problem 182 00:12:26,890 --> 00:12:29,720 solving, like they figured it out. 183 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,810 They looked at the boxes, they looked at the bananas. 184 00:12:32,810 --> 00:12:35,070 They couldn't reach the bananas. 185 00:12:35,070 --> 00:12:36,970 And they figured out in their minds 186 00:12:36,970 --> 00:12:41,020 that they could climb on boxes and get to it. 187 00:12:41,020 --> 00:12:44,180 But she asked, does that mean they 188 00:12:44,180 --> 00:12:49,200 were-- there's no instinctive behavior involved at all? 189 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,300 She said she didn't think it meant that at all. 190 00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:58,250 Because chimps and gorillas both make nests, twice 191 00:12:58,250 --> 00:12:59,890 a day, at least. 192 00:12:59,890 --> 00:13:00,810 To sleep. 193 00:13:00,810 --> 00:13:03,490 They take naps in the middle of the day, they sleep at night. 194 00:13:03,490 --> 00:13:08,180 And every night they make a nest in a different place. 195 00:13:08,180 --> 00:13:09,900 They do the same thing for their naps. 196 00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:11,200 They construct these things. 197 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:19,470 They pile leaves, branches, up in making the nest. 198 00:13:19,470 --> 00:13:23,860 So they have that in their instinctive behavior. 199 00:13:23,860 --> 00:13:27,420 It's not that far from that to pile anything. 200 00:13:27,420 --> 00:13:30,150 Especially wooden boxes. 201 00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:39,650 And what the connection when they piled them, 202 00:13:39,650 --> 00:13:43,760 and they often don't-- they seem to be acting rather randomly. 203 00:13:43,760 --> 00:13:46,390 They almost seem to be forgetting about the bananas 204 00:13:46,390 --> 00:13:49,340 when they first play around on the boxes. 205 00:13:49,340 --> 00:13:51,060 But they figure out pretty quickly, 206 00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:55,180 they make the connection that they can get up a lot higher. 207 00:13:55,180 --> 00:13:57,120 So it's definitely a kind of insight. 208 00:13:57,120 --> 00:14:00,610 They do figure out-- they make that connection. 209 00:14:00,610 --> 00:14:04,240 They can get higher by piling the boxes. 210 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:06,440 And they can use-- then they figure out 211 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:07,990 it is a way to get at those bananas. 212 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:19,410 So when Lorenz talks about what he calls higher animals, 213 00:14:19,410 --> 00:14:25,150 he said he has the hypothesis that there's a higher control 214 00:14:25,150 --> 00:14:27,680 center in higher animals, he says, 215 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:31,990 superimposed on all these orienting mechanisms. 216 00:14:31,990 --> 00:14:34,420 And of course the mechanisms for instinctive behavior. 217 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,810 And also remembers changes in the environment 218 00:14:40,810 --> 00:14:45,350 and is able to judge the priority of incoming insight 219 00:14:45,350 --> 00:14:47,740 information. 220 00:14:47,740 --> 00:14:52,860 Well, that's pretty general and difficult to get a grip on. 221 00:14:52,860 --> 00:14:57,765 How do you define a higher versus a lower animal? 222 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,160 Can you think of any way to do that? 223 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:10,660 It's not an easy issue. 224 00:15:10,660 --> 00:15:13,350 We already saw how a goldfish, you just 225 00:15:13,350 --> 00:15:15,270 use a single problem like that, you 226 00:15:15,270 --> 00:15:19,010 could say a goldfish is a higher animal than a dog. 227 00:15:19,010 --> 00:15:24,270 But most of us would realize that's not very likely. 228 00:15:24,270 --> 00:15:26,850 Think of the brain, for example. 229 00:15:26,850 --> 00:15:30,800 The dog has a extremely large endbrain 230 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:31,880 compared to the goldfish. 231 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:39,220 The lower parts of the brain, the midbrain 232 00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,002 is relatively larger in the goldfish. 233 00:15:42,002 --> 00:15:44,200 And the hindbrain is pretty similar, 234 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,410 all the same basic structures. 235 00:15:47,410 --> 00:15:50,055 All the way from-- really across the vertebrates. 236 00:15:52,810 --> 00:15:54,455 But the endbrains are very different. 237 00:15:57,010 --> 00:16:01,580 We know higher can't mean better adapted, because all existing 238 00:16:01,580 --> 00:16:06,710 species are highly adapted to their particular environmental 239 00:16:06,710 --> 00:16:09,580 niche. 240 00:16:09,580 --> 00:16:14,890 You could define it in terms of ability to anticipate. 241 00:16:14,890 --> 00:16:18,150 And these anticipation abilities we've talked about a little bit 242 00:16:18,150 --> 00:16:24,790 before, we mentioned it here, talking about the apes. 243 00:16:24,790 --> 00:16:27,790 And when we deal with anticipation, the ability 244 00:16:27,790 --> 00:16:30,140 to anticipate things in the future, 245 00:16:30,140 --> 00:16:34,300 we know the parts of the brain, the association areas 246 00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:36,530 of the neocortex that are primarily involved, 247 00:16:36,530 --> 00:16:39,960 and especially prefrontal areas, because they're 248 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:43,580 involved in planning movement. 249 00:16:43,580 --> 00:16:47,490 Movement the animal will make in the future. 250 00:16:47,490 --> 00:16:50,810 So we can ask now a neurological question. 251 00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:57,340 What animal has the relatively largest prefrontal cortex? 252 00:16:57,340 --> 00:16:59,300 And up until recently, if I'd given 253 00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:01,780 this question in this class, I immediately 254 00:17:01,780 --> 00:17:03,310 would have said, well, it appears 255 00:17:03,310 --> 00:17:06,230 that humans have the largest-- relatively largest 256 00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:07,090 prefrontal cortex. 257 00:17:10,250 --> 00:17:13,970 But look here. 258 00:17:13,970 --> 00:17:15,810 I've drawn the prefrontal cortex. 259 00:17:15,810 --> 00:17:18,720 I've taken this from the literature. 260 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:23,829 A study of a monotreme, an egg-laying animal. 261 00:17:23,829 --> 00:17:25,819 Very primitive in evolution. 262 00:17:25,819 --> 00:17:27,760 This is the echidna. 263 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:32,105 And I've colored the prefrontal areas in pink. 264 00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:38,960 These are motor areas. 265 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,510 This is a somatosensory area. 266 00:17:41,510 --> 00:17:42,990 Visual area. 267 00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:44,370 And auditory area. 268 00:17:46,910 --> 00:17:49,430 So you get an idea there of the relative size 269 00:17:49,430 --> 00:17:50,690 of the prefrontal cortex. 270 00:17:50,690 --> 00:17:52,410 Now look at human. 271 00:17:52,410 --> 00:17:54,220 Look at the side view here. 272 00:17:54,220 --> 00:17:58,910 Prefrontal cortex here is in this model pink. 273 00:17:58,910 --> 00:18:02,380 There's somatosensory, motor, premotor, 274 00:18:02,380 --> 00:18:04,230 there's the prefrontal cortex. 275 00:18:04,230 --> 00:18:07,440 And now the posterior association cortex 276 00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:08,310 is very large. 277 00:18:08,310 --> 00:18:11,600 So if you took all the association cortex, 278 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,990 OK, maybe human is even larger than echidna. 279 00:18:14,990 --> 00:18:18,220 But if you just took the prefrontal areas, 280 00:18:18,220 --> 00:18:21,837 the echidna beats us all. 281 00:18:21,837 --> 00:18:22,670 What does that mean? 282 00:18:26,670 --> 00:18:29,290 Well, I wish I could answer it. 283 00:18:29,290 --> 00:18:34,880 There's almost no behavioral study of the echidna. 284 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,035 And yet they're present in some of our zoos. 285 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:45,130 It's only fairly recently, but that 286 00:18:45,130 --> 00:18:46,820 depends on how old you are. 287 00:18:46,820 --> 00:18:49,660 To you, it would be a long time ago 288 00:18:49,660 --> 00:18:52,940 when they first discovered these facts 289 00:18:52,940 --> 00:18:57,110 about the prefrontal cortex and the corresponding nucleus 290 00:18:57,110 --> 00:18:59,860 and thalamus, this MD area that projects 291 00:18:59,860 --> 00:19:01,240 to the prefrontal cortex. 292 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:03,320 That's also huge in the echidna. 293 00:19:06,090 --> 00:19:15,700 So the fact is, with that neurological substrate, 294 00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:18,195 the animal must've evolved that for some reason. 295 00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:24,250 What do humans use all this prefrontal cortex for? 296 00:19:24,250 --> 00:19:30,670 We know it's for planning, for future anticipation of events, 297 00:19:30,670 --> 00:19:32,480 as is posterior cortex. 298 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,415 But it's the frontal where we plan our actions. 299 00:19:39,120 --> 00:19:44,260 But there's one other thing we use that for. 300 00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:47,080 And that is the language system. 301 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:52,520 It involves this region of the frontal lobe 302 00:19:52,520 --> 00:19:56,770 and this region of the posterior association cortex. 303 00:19:56,770 --> 00:20:01,840 Basically, auditory association areas, but also 304 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:06,440 visual and somatosensory are part of it. 305 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:09,380 In other words, multi-modal association areas 306 00:20:09,380 --> 00:20:11,720 and auditory association areas that 307 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:18,750 are highly connected with that frontal lobe. 308 00:20:18,750 --> 00:20:22,760 Nothing like that in the echidna that we know of. 309 00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:26,500 So humans, with the language system, 310 00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:29,560 it seems to be sort of superimposed on and highly 311 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:33,560 connected with the other brain systems. 312 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,890 And we know that it enables social communication. 313 00:20:37,890 --> 00:20:41,450 So in a sense, even the way it's connected 314 00:20:41,450 --> 00:20:44,260 is sort of a higher system. 315 00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:47,950 So is that a way to define higher and lower animals? 316 00:20:47,950 --> 00:20:48,670 Well, maybe. 317 00:20:48,670 --> 00:20:49,720 It's a possibility. 318 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,530 And just pointing out how difficult this issue is. 319 00:20:53,530 --> 00:20:57,180 But at least because I'm a neuroanatomist as well 320 00:20:57,180 --> 00:21:00,170 as an animal behaviorist, I sort of 321 00:21:00,170 --> 00:21:05,880 can't help but use the anatomy to make a stab at it. 322 00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:09,740 But I really would like to see-- I would like to do it myself 323 00:21:09,740 --> 00:21:14,020 if I had any echidnas around here to study. 324 00:21:14,020 --> 00:21:16,910 Here's what I would guess. 325 00:21:16,910 --> 00:21:20,560 It can't be that it's a very social animal. 326 00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:22,980 We know frontal lobe-- and it's been 327 00:21:22,980 --> 00:21:25,900 proposed that frontal lobe became so big in humans 328 00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,630 because of social life. 329 00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:32,260 And that characterizes our higher cognition. 330 00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:35,040 Well, is the echidna there a very social animal? 331 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:35,540 No. 332 00:21:35,540 --> 00:21:38,010 It's mostly a solitary animal. 333 00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:41,640 Course all these animals, even the solitary ones, 334 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,660 have to mate, to reproduce. 335 00:21:44,660 --> 00:21:46,760 And so, yes, they have that. 336 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:50,275 But they don't have the complex social life of humans. 337 00:21:50,275 --> 00:21:52,740 In fact of most primates. 338 00:21:56,780 --> 00:21:58,880 What does he eat? 339 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:00,290 He's an anteater. 340 00:22:00,290 --> 00:22:05,610 This is the Australian spiny anteater. 341 00:22:05,610 --> 00:22:09,750 What's so difficult about hunting ants? 342 00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:11,930 One is they're very small. 343 00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:13,790 They move very fast. 344 00:22:13,790 --> 00:22:17,400 And when you get them, they don't stay around very long. 345 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:23,350 My guess is he can very rapidly not only see many, many ants, 346 00:22:23,350 --> 00:22:26,470 he can remember where they are. 347 00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:29,130 That takes our prefrontal cortex, 348 00:22:29,130 --> 00:22:31,680 we call it working memory. 349 00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:35,860 And he can guide multiple actions very, very quickly. 350 00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:38,640 And get as many ants as possible. 351 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,405 It seems awfully simplistic. 352 00:22:41,405 --> 00:22:46,109 Could that result in this enormous evolution? 353 00:22:46,109 --> 00:22:46,650 I don't know. 354 00:22:46,650 --> 00:22:49,350 But that's one of the things I would go after. 355 00:22:49,350 --> 00:22:52,480 That would be one thing I would like to test. 356 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:55,270 I would like to observe their feeding behavior. 357 00:22:55,270 --> 00:22:57,980 Exactly how they do it. 358 00:22:57,980 --> 00:22:59,260 Compare other animals. 359 00:22:59,260 --> 00:23:05,080 Other anteaters, to see if they're as good as an echidna. 360 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,625 And what kind of prefrontal cortex they have. 361 00:23:14,730 --> 00:23:19,265 Let's deal with multiple simultaneous motivational 362 00:23:19,265 --> 00:23:19,765 states. 363 00:23:23,010 --> 00:23:28,160 And talk about how they resolve the conflict, 364 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:29,260 if they do at all. 365 00:23:32,290 --> 00:23:34,150 And I think I've already pointed out 366 00:23:34,150 --> 00:23:37,780 that we don't always resolve our conflicts. 367 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:44,657 Remember the model of Tinbergen, where 368 00:23:44,657 --> 00:23:47,800 he shows the hierarchy of instinctive behavior? 369 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:49,640 And he shows at the lower levels, 370 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:53,220 where you have multiple different actions 371 00:23:53,220 --> 00:23:56,180 at approximately the same level of a hierarchy 372 00:23:56,180 --> 00:23:58,220 of instinctive behavior. 373 00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:01,680 He shows these interconnections among them. 374 00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:03,860 Largely inhibitory connections. 375 00:24:03,860 --> 00:24:09,960 So that only one of them becomes dominant at any one time. 376 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,470 So the way you see that, what happens in behavior, if you 377 00:24:13,470 --> 00:24:16,930 deal with two very highly aroused states, 378 00:24:16,930 --> 00:24:18,880 you can get different ways to solve it. 379 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:22,500 You might just superimpose them. 380 00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:25,950 So show examples of that. 381 00:24:25,950 --> 00:24:33,180 What happens if the motivation to approach, 382 00:24:33,180 --> 00:24:37,330 let's say it's a dog, and he's highly motivated to attack. 383 00:24:37,330 --> 00:24:39,550 But he's also afraid. 384 00:24:39,550 --> 00:24:42,960 So he's also highly motivated to run away. 385 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:44,470 What does he do? 386 00:24:44,470 --> 00:24:49,630 Often you get a superimposition of the motor patterns, 387 00:24:49,630 --> 00:24:53,820 the fixed motor patterns of those two fixed action 388 00:24:53,820 --> 00:24:54,840 patterns. 389 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:58,210 You can also get mutual inhibition. 390 00:24:58,210 --> 00:25:00,880 Which can lead to either one dominating, 391 00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:05,310 or you can get two states alternating. 392 00:25:05,310 --> 00:25:08,880 So you can get oscillations. 393 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:14,860 And then interestingly you can also get displacement activity. 394 00:25:14,860 --> 00:25:18,870 A third behavior that seems to have nothing 395 00:25:18,870 --> 00:25:23,200 to do with the motivational states underlying this. 396 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,360 Suddenly a third behavior will emerge. 397 00:25:26,360 --> 00:25:28,930 And the animal shows displacement. 398 00:25:28,930 --> 00:25:30,460 Let's talk about each of these. 399 00:25:33,150 --> 00:25:37,850 If you talk about approach and avoidance behavior 400 00:25:37,850 --> 00:25:40,190 in geese or in fish. 401 00:25:40,190 --> 00:25:41,160 It's very interesting. 402 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,950 I think fish are about the most interesting. 403 00:25:43,950 --> 00:25:46,100 If you take a little cichlid fish, 404 00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:52,050 these beautiful tropical fish, and get an animal that's 405 00:25:52,050 --> 00:25:57,220 trying to approach food but also he's 406 00:25:57,220 --> 00:25:59,950 afraid, because there's something novel there 407 00:25:59,950 --> 00:26:01,990 that makes him avoid it. 408 00:26:01,990 --> 00:26:04,500 What does the fish do? 409 00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:07,120 You can literally see a fish where 410 00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:10,650 the front end of the fish, represented 411 00:26:10,650 --> 00:26:15,600 by his pectoral fins, is moving back. 412 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,800 And his tail is swimming forward. 413 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,720 So you see the simultaneous appearance 414 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:27,460 of elements of both fixed action, fixed motor patterns. 415 00:26:27,460 --> 00:26:32,320 Underlying these two different motivational states. 416 00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:36,060 In geese, and you see this a lot when 417 00:26:36,060 --> 00:26:39,510 you're trying to feed geese, and you're novel to them. 418 00:26:39,510 --> 00:26:41,680 They want the food, but they're afraid of you 419 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:43,250 because you're novel. 420 00:26:43,250 --> 00:26:45,390 You might be a danger to them. 421 00:26:48,060 --> 00:26:51,740 You can actually see oscillations of their neck. 422 00:26:54,900 --> 00:27:00,060 Like both actions are being simultaneously triggered. 423 00:27:00,060 --> 00:27:04,720 So you get this weird oscillation in the fish. 424 00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:08,495 You get a lot of trembling of the neck, as described 425 00:27:08,495 --> 00:27:08,995 by Lorenz. 426 00:27:12,780 --> 00:27:16,500 I think that's not always clear when it's happening what it is. 427 00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:18,990 But that appears to be how it originated. 428 00:27:18,990 --> 00:27:20,840 The fish, it's clearer. 429 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,410 Because you get both actions very clearly 430 00:27:23,410 --> 00:27:24,830 in different parts of the fish. 431 00:27:24,830 --> 00:27:27,020 The part that's closer tries to run away. 432 00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:30,750 The part that's farther, flees-- it tries to go forward. 433 00:27:33,850 --> 00:27:42,560 Here's a superimpositions in the dog, where Lorenz has described 434 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:47,890 his hypothesis of how gestures of threat behavior 435 00:27:47,890 --> 00:27:50,580 must've evolved in dogs. 436 00:27:50,580 --> 00:27:54,050 And this is his very nice illustration of it. 437 00:27:54,050 --> 00:27:58,780 He's showed the different expressions of a dog 438 00:27:58,780 --> 00:28:02,540 in silhouette, expressions representing 439 00:28:02,540 --> 00:28:05,490 increasing motivation to flee. 440 00:28:05,490 --> 00:28:10,640 So here's a dog that's purely afraid. 441 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:12,970 Ears flattened back. 442 00:28:12,970 --> 00:28:15,090 Mouth fairly straight. 443 00:28:15,090 --> 00:28:17,575 Eyes not wide. 444 00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:22,420 If you're very familiar with dogs, 445 00:28:22,420 --> 00:28:25,780 you look at that, you say, that dog's afraid of something. 446 00:28:25,780 --> 00:28:29,100 Here's the normal, calm dog. 447 00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:33,530 Here's increasing motivation to flee. 448 00:28:33,530 --> 00:28:36,790 Here's increasing aggression. 449 00:28:36,790 --> 00:28:41,580 So here's the dog that doesn't have any tendency to flee. 450 00:28:41,580 --> 00:28:45,160 See, his ears come forward. 451 00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:46,095 His lips curl. 452 00:28:46,095 --> 00:28:47,745 He shows his teeth. 453 00:28:47,745 --> 00:28:50,840 And he growls. 454 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:57,710 That's the dog that you don't want to get any closer to. 455 00:28:57,710 --> 00:29:00,800 He's a dog about to attack. 456 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,110 But now with increasing motivation 457 00:29:03,110 --> 00:29:08,870 to flee at the same time, he shows a dog here 458 00:29:08,870 --> 00:29:15,290 that shows maximal aggression and maximal motivation to flee. 459 00:29:15,290 --> 00:29:20,650 You just superimpose the two types of actions. 460 00:29:20,650 --> 00:29:24,130 You get almost flattened ears, but not completely. 461 00:29:24,130 --> 00:29:25,860 They're still turned up at the ends 462 00:29:25,860 --> 00:29:29,520 as they are here in the very aggressive dog. 463 00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:33,340 He still is showing teeth, but notice nothing 464 00:29:33,340 --> 00:29:37,150 like this animal, where he's widened his mouth so you 465 00:29:37,150 --> 00:29:40,740 can see all his big teeth. 466 00:29:40,740 --> 00:29:43,410 Here you don't see them all. 467 00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:49,670 In fact, his lips are curled back, more like this animal. 468 00:29:49,670 --> 00:29:50,380 And so forth. 469 00:29:50,380 --> 00:29:53,180 And he doesn't sound quite the same either . 470 00:29:53,180 --> 00:29:55,260 And this is a threatening dog. 471 00:29:55,260 --> 00:29:57,140 When you see dogs fighting, you'll 472 00:29:57,140 --> 00:30:00,550 see them threaten each other with this kind of expression. 473 00:30:00,550 --> 00:30:03,265 You see this superimposition of the two motivations. 474 00:30:12,910 --> 00:30:15,200 I say here that mutual inhibition usually 475 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,970 occurs between action patterns at the same level 476 00:30:18,970 --> 00:30:20,690 of organization. 477 00:30:20,690 --> 00:30:22,310 And Lorenz discusses this. 478 00:30:22,310 --> 00:30:24,280 I give you the page there. 479 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:28,350 But so that only one can be expressed at any one time. 480 00:30:28,350 --> 00:30:32,640 But there is one action pattern that's 481 00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:36,080 almost always given absolute priority. 482 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:40,040 What do you think that is? 483 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:44,675 What's the action pattern you're most likely, and not just you 484 00:30:44,675 --> 00:30:47,430 but any animal, to give priority to? 485 00:30:50,390 --> 00:30:51,170 It's not sex. 486 00:30:54,550 --> 00:30:56,760 Life preserving. 487 00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:01,842 You're attacked by a predator that can kill you. 488 00:31:01,842 --> 00:31:05,830 You lose your other motivations, the motivation 489 00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:08,460 to flee the predator, to escape from the predator, 490 00:31:08,460 --> 00:31:10,130 will be absolutely dominant. 491 00:31:10,130 --> 00:31:14,120 And this is true in almost every animal. 492 00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:20,370 If the animal has absolutely no predators, which 493 00:31:20,370 --> 00:31:27,060 is very unusual, you can imagine an animal that might not-- 494 00:31:27,060 --> 00:31:29,710 you might not see this tendency to flee. 495 00:31:32,650 --> 00:31:35,760 Maybe Tyrannosaurus Rex was like that. 496 00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:39,375 But they're pretty unusual, when you see that. 497 00:31:43,380 --> 00:31:46,580 Mutual inhibition can also cause oscillation, 498 00:31:46,580 --> 00:31:48,970 as I mentioned before. 499 00:31:48,970 --> 00:31:52,580 Two fixed action patterns can oscillate. 500 00:31:52,580 --> 00:31:59,110 And this oscillation can become ritualized in evolution. 501 00:31:59,110 --> 00:32:01,640 They can become social signals. 502 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:02,873 So these are examples. 503 00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:11,480 Here's a female pygmy or dwarf cichlid. 504 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:12,430 Beautiful little fish. 505 00:32:15,640 --> 00:32:18,400 It's got a prepared nest site. 506 00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:21,085 And it's attracting a male. 507 00:32:21,085 --> 00:32:23,520 But how does it do that? 508 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:28,240 It attacks the male, and then immediately 509 00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:31,270 reverses and tries to guide it to the nest. 510 00:32:31,270 --> 00:32:34,040 She gets his attention by attacking him. 511 00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:40,600 And it's very similar in the male stickleback fish. 512 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:41,800 We talked about that. 513 00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,790 The male stickleback fish builds the nest. 514 00:32:45,790 --> 00:32:48,880 Then he swims out, chooses a female 515 00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:52,570 that looks the most gravid, the most ready to lay 516 00:32:52,570 --> 00:32:55,135 eggs, because of her swollen belly. 517 00:32:57,820 --> 00:32:59,920 He'll pick the one, and they tested, 518 00:32:59,920 --> 00:33:01,590 remember, with the dummy stimuli, 519 00:33:01,590 --> 00:33:06,630 that he will tend to choose the one with the most eggs. 520 00:33:06,630 --> 00:33:11,910 And he starts an attack, but then immediately changes 521 00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:13,190 his whole movement. 522 00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:18,160 It's become more ritualized in the male stickleback 523 00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:21,200 than in the cichlids. 524 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:25,430 Because he has a very characteristic dance he uses. 525 00:33:25,430 --> 00:33:26,570 We call it a dance. 526 00:33:26,570 --> 00:33:30,270 It's a ritual kind of swimming. 527 00:33:30,270 --> 00:33:32,990 The zigzag dance. 528 00:33:32,990 --> 00:33:36,340 That the female has evolved a specific response 529 00:33:36,340 --> 00:33:39,800 to, a following response. 530 00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:41,680 And if she's the one he attacked, 531 00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,230 she's the one who'll pay the most attention 532 00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:48,480 and often will follow him to the nest. 533 00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:52,000 He leads her right into the nest. 534 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,220 She swims through the nest and deposits 535 00:33:54,220 --> 00:34:03,130 her eggs, which elicits his following through the nest, 536 00:34:03,130 --> 00:34:07,335 and he inseminates the-- fertilizes the eggs. 537 00:34:11,770 --> 00:34:19,480 So this ritualization is common in evolution, 538 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,900 where you can trace the origins by looking 539 00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:25,790 at closely related species. 540 00:34:25,790 --> 00:34:31,420 Because in some species you'll find the ritual 541 00:34:31,420 --> 00:34:37,190 to be a little different or less ritualized perhaps. 542 00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:38,929 Just like in the cichlids here you 543 00:34:38,929 --> 00:34:40,673 don't find as much ritualization. 544 00:34:44,590 --> 00:34:47,850 As you find in the sticklebacks, where the females have evolved 545 00:34:47,850 --> 00:34:52,210 a very specific response to that male movement. 546 00:34:52,210 --> 00:34:53,989 And the movement itself is a little 547 00:34:53,989 --> 00:34:55,915 different from normal swimming behavior. 548 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:02,820 Talk about displacement activity. 549 00:35:02,820 --> 00:35:08,620 What are two situations where displacement activity occurs? 550 00:35:08,620 --> 00:35:11,065 There's a diagram of the causes of that, 551 00:35:11,065 --> 00:35:15,230 that I didn't try to reproduce here because it just 552 00:35:15,230 --> 00:35:17,860 doesn't go far enough in explaining it. 553 00:35:17,860 --> 00:35:21,870 And the reason it doesn't, is displacement activities 554 00:35:21,870 --> 00:35:27,620 are in some species it's always the same thing. 555 00:35:27,620 --> 00:35:30,825 Whereas the theory that you see outlined there 556 00:35:30,825 --> 00:35:37,190 by some computational ecologists really 557 00:35:37,190 --> 00:35:40,440 doesn't predict a species' typical nature 558 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:42,440 of some displacement activities. 559 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:43,790 But when do they occur? 560 00:35:43,790 --> 00:35:46,730 Two simultaneous motivations. 561 00:35:46,730 --> 00:35:49,134 We mentioned this before. 562 00:35:49,134 --> 00:35:50,550 You want to stay in here while I'm 563 00:35:50,550 --> 00:35:51,930 going to stay at the very end. 564 00:35:51,930 --> 00:35:53,260 But you also want to leave. 565 00:35:53,260 --> 00:35:54,310 So what do you do? 566 00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:55,230 You do a third thing. 567 00:35:58,051 --> 00:36:00,760 You engage in other activities. 568 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,440 You might increase the chewing your pencil. 569 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:05,760 You might scratch your head. 570 00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:09,184 I'm impatient. 571 00:36:09,184 --> 00:36:10,850 I want to finish this lecture and leave. 572 00:36:10,850 --> 00:36:12,220 I might pace a little more. 573 00:36:12,220 --> 00:36:13,900 I might scratch my head a little more. 574 00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:15,483 These are all displacement activities. 575 00:36:18,190 --> 00:36:22,010 So when you have two simultaneous motivations, 576 00:36:22,010 --> 00:36:25,550 you often engage-- your likelihood 577 00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:28,920 that you will engage in the third thing are increasing. 578 00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:30,680 And the thing we talked about before 579 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:35,560 is when just one motivation is very high. 580 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,990 But then something blocks the stimulus, 581 00:36:38,990 --> 00:36:44,280 that blocks the key stimuli that elicit the fixed motor pattern. 582 00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:47,030 So then like the bear, he's angry, 583 00:36:47,030 --> 00:36:49,250 but there's nothing to vent his anger at. 584 00:36:49,250 --> 00:36:53,110 So he vents it at anything near. 585 00:36:53,110 --> 00:36:58,835 A man who's extremely angry at his boss, but he's also afraid. 586 00:36:58,835 --> 00:37:01,340 Or his boss isn't right there. 587 00:37:01,340 --> 00:37:04,655 Or he becomes angry when he gets a letter from his boss. 588 00:37:04,655 --> 00:37:07,185 He gets very angry, but the boss isn't there. 589 00:37:07,185 --> 00:37:11,200 He can't take out his anger directly. 590 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:12,820 He's likely to yell at his wife. 591 00:37:12,820 --> 00:37:15,080 He's likely to hit something. 592 00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:17,500 And so on and so forth. 593 00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:22,170 Some people get so engaged in sports, 594 00:37:22,170 --> 00:37:26,110 they have a rubber baseball bat just to hit the TV with. 595 00:37:26,110 --> 00:37:29,010 They don't want to ruin their TV. 596 00:37:29,010 --> 00:37:30,320 They actually sell those. 597 00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:35,160 Do any of you have that? 598 00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:45,890 But even if you don't that directly 599 00:37:45,890 --> 00:37:48,350 show that kind of displacement activity, 600 00:37:48,350 --> 00:37:50,645 you're likely to do something. 601 00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:56,710 Express some kind of action because of the motivation. 602 00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:04,990 After-discharge displacements are what they're called. 603 00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:06,370 It's a single motivation. 604 00:38:06,370 --> 00:38:09,750 It's highly aroused, but then no specific stimuli 605 00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:13,750 to elicit the normal fixed motor pattern. 606 00:38:13,750 --> 00:38:16,645 So other actions occur. 607 00:38:20,510 --> 00:38:23,430 Displacement activity was originally 608 00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:25,740 given this long German name, ubersprungbewegungen. 609 00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:34,540 The springing over activity. 610 00:38:34,540 --> 00:38:37,650 Sparking over activity in German. 611 00:38:37,650 --> 00:38:41,520 And it was studied a lot by Tinbergen as well as by Lorenz. 612 00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:49,940 And these are the two situations that I was talking about. 613 00:38:49,940 --> 00:38:54,160 Let's give examples of the species typical nature 614 00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:58,160 of displacement activities. 615 00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:05,870 First of all, here's ganders of three different types 616 00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:09,140 of geese that are in conflict between escape 617 00:39:09,140 --> 00:39:10,960 and defense of their nests. 618 00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:17,320 Very common conflict that the female goose is faced with. 619 00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:23,560 With the greylag goose, she engages in wing shaking. 620 00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:26,290 Very vigorous wing shaking. 621 00:39:26,290 --> 00:39:31,810 The pinkfoot goose, she engages in preening movements. 622 00:39:31,810 --> 00:39:35,850 Movements that have evolved for distributing oil 623 00:39:35,850 --> 00:39:39,195 from glands under her wing cover feathers. 624 00:39:39,195 --> 00:39:42,870 And distributing the oil on the flank feathers. 625 00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:46,000 The greater snow goose engages in bathing movements. 626 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:47,840 And she'll do this right on dry ground, 627 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:52,150 even though there's no water, no water to bathe with. 628 00:39:52,150 --> 00:39:55,285 Because it's displacement bathing. 629 00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:01,050 Here's one that many of you have seen. 630 00:40:01,050 --> 00:40:02,285 Hamsters, in conflict. 631 00:40:05,050 --> 00:40:07,840 Especially if you're novel. 632 00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:13,650 Let's say hamsters are not always very kind. 633 00:40:13,650 --> 00:40:18,520 Yes, they're pets, but unless they're very familiar with you, 634 00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:20,650 you will see this kind of thing. 635 00:40:20,650 --> 00:40:22,080 You try to give them a seed. 636 00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:23,550 We know it's their favorite food, 637 00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:26,600 so they're very attracted to sunflower seeds. 638 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:29,500 But you smell a little different. 639 00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:31,460 They're a little cautious. 640 00:40:31,460 --> 00:40:33,970 So they're in conflict. 641 00:40:33,970 --> 00:40:34,790 They approach. 642 00:40:34,790 --> 00:40:36,060 They avoid. 643 00:40:36,060 --> 00:40:38,760 What do they do? 644 00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:42,200 Almost always they will start grooming. 645 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:44,810 They'll show displacement grooming. 646 00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,430 And if you keep hamsters, you learn 647 00:40:48,430 --> 00:40:51,251 to discriminate between real grooming and displacement 648 00:40:51,251 --> 00:40:51,750 grooming. 649 00:40:51,750 --> 00:40:54,280 It's not always easy. 650 00:40:54,280 --> 00:40:57,100 Especially once the displacement grooming starts, 651 00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:00,310 it goes on for a long time in some cases. 652 00:41:00,310 --> 00:41:05,550 Because the grooming itself seems to calm them down. 653 00:41:05,550 --> 00:41:07,630 But when they start their displacement grooming, 654 00:41:07,630 --> 00:41:12,440 it's so vigorous, it's more vigorous, more animated, 655 00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:14,340 than real grooming. 656 00:41:14,340 --> 00:41:19,810 And they don't always go through all the motions 657 00:41:19,810 --> 00:41:20,600 of real grooming. 658 00:41:23,350 --> 00:41:26,620 Just the ones with the larger movements. 659 00:41:26,620 --> 00:41:29,940 It becomes very obvious. 660 00:41:29,940 --> 00:41:33,660 So similarly you can have displacement wing shaking 661 00:41:33,660 --> 00:41:34,910 and normal wing shaking. 662 00:41:37,780 --> 00:41:41,820 Normal oil distribution, displacement oil distribution, 663 00:41:41,820 --> 00:41:42,570 and so forth. 664 00:41:45,630 --> 00:41:50,290 So think of the various examples of human displacement 665 00:41:50,290 --> 00:41:51,930 activities. 666 00:41:51,930 --> 00:41:55,470 I've just listed some of them here. 667 00:41:55,470 --> 00:41:57,070 Pacing the floor, we mentioned. 668 00:41:57,070 --> 00:41:58,860 Head scratching. 669 00:41:58,860 --> 00:42:01,820 Biting a pencil. 670 00:42:01,820 --> 00:42:04,365 I didn't mention the oscillations of a foot. 671 00:42:08,980 --> 00:42:12,060 Just saw the guy over here. 672 00:42:12,060 --> 00:42:12,840 OK. 673 00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:15,210 No. 674 00:42:15,210 --> 00:42:17,810 Nail biting. 675 00:42:17,810 --> 00:42:20,840 Nail biting often originates as displacement. 676 00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:25,260 Of course they can become habits. 677 00:42:25,260 --> 00:42:28,810 But they're displacement activity habits. 678 00:42:28,810 --> 00:42:32,680 So just like these birds, they show a certain thing, 679 00:42:32,680 --> 00:42:36,260 people can develop habits of showing certain displacement 680 00:42:36,260 --> 00:42:36,760 activities. 681 00:42:40,050 --> 00:42:42,600 So why might displacement activities 682 00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:46,370 then sometimes become ritualized and actually 683 00:42:46,370 --> 00:42:49,792 undergo changes in evolution from the original fixed action 684 00:42:49,792 --> 00:42:51,000 patterns that they represent? 685 00:42:53,447 --> 00:42:54,530 Can you think of a reason? 686 00:42:58,610 --> 00:43:02,840 Because it leads to the next topic, next major topic 687 00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,650 we want to talk about. 688 00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:09,820 The changes occur because they conserve the social signals. 689 00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,230 It results in benefit, mutual benefit, 690 00:43:16,230 --> 00:43:21,270 because it can promote the survival of an animal 691 00:43:21,270 --> 00:43:23,910 if he can detect the displacement activities 692 00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:26,180 in another animal and realize that the animal's 693 00:43:26,180 --> 00:43:29,260 in some kind of conflict. 694 00:43:29,260 --> 00:43:31,930 So he then becomes more cautious, 695 00:43:31,930 --> 00:43:34,810 even if he doesn't notice what's causing 696 00:43:34,810 --> 00:43:37,240 all that in the first animal. 697 00:43:37,240 --> 00:43:41,250 It serves as a social signal. 698 00:43:41,250 --> 00:43:43,390 So we'll talk about communication. 699 00:43:43,390 --> 00:43:45,710 And when we talk about mating behavior, 700 00:43:45,710 --> 00:43:47,140 we'll talk about courtship. 701 00:43:47,140 --> 00:43:49,960 And many courtship rituals that you 702 00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:54,990 observed in animals, originated as either displacement 703 00:43:54,990 --> 00:44:01,320 activities or as conflict resolution. 704 00:44:01,320 --> 00:44:06,780 Two simultaneous aroused fixed action patterns. 705 00:44:06,780 --> 00:44:09,470 And then you'll see the two fixed action patterns 706 00:44:09,470 --> 00:44:12,760 oscillating in the courtship ritual. 707 00:44:12,760 --> 00:44:17,290 Because courtship does involve both approach and avoidance. 708 00:44:17,290 --> 00:44:21,650 And often we see that in the ritual. 709 00:44:21,650 --> 00:44:24,490 We'll bring that up again when we 710 00:44:24,490 --> 00:44:29,090 talk about the courtship behavior. 711 00:44:32,890 --> 00:44:34,980 A little more about the quiz. 712 00:44:37,710 --> 00:44:40,183 I know there's quite a bit of reading in Lorenz. 713 00:44:43,060 --> 00:44:47,130 But emphasize concepts I've talked about or at least 714 00:44:47,130 --> 00:44:48,100 mentioned in the class. 715 00:44:51,580 --> 00:44:54,810 One of the clues I can give you is I 716 00:44:54,810 --> 00:44:58,100 think I want to ask you something about those models. 717 00:44:58,100 --> 00:45:01,460 At least know what the major differences 718 00:45:01,460 --> 00:45:05,040 are between the Tinbergen models and the Lorenz models. 719 00:45:05,040 --> 00:45:07,177 I won't ask you about the computational models 720 00:45:07,177 --> 00:45:08,010 that have been done. 721 00:45:08,010 --> 00:45:12,160 We only talked in class about the Tinbergen and Lorenz 722 00:45:12,160 --> 00:45:12,930 models. 723 00:45:12,930 --> 00:45:14,755 But I also said they each have advantages. 724 00:45:17,340 --> 00:45:18,540 So you should know. 725 00:45:18,540 --> 00:45:21,710 What is the value of learning about both? 726 00:45:26,870 --> 00:45:32,200 And if you focus on the study questions and the list 727 00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:34,970 of questions I've given you, most of them 728 00:45:34,970 --> 00:45:38,960 we've brought up in class, I think 729 00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:42,800 you'll be pretty well prepared. 730 00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:44,530 And I'm not finished with the homework 731 00:45:44,530 --> 00:45:48,060 yet, because I want to add a couple of questions 732 00:45:48,060 --> 00:45:50,700 on the things we'll be covering the rest of this week. 733 00:45:54,970 --> 00:45:57,670 That's it for today.