1 00:00:05,405 --> 00:00:08,408 So what we've seen is that there's this belief, right? 2 00:00:08,408 --> 00:00:11,111 So now it sounds very familiar that Creole language 3 00:00:11,111 --> 00:00:15,248 has emerged through these abnormal breaks, 4 00:00:15,248 --> 00:00:17,450 structural breaks that, according 5 00:00:17,450 --> 00:00:20,954 to many linguists-- perhaps, most linguists-- put Creoles 6 00:00:20,954 --> 00:00:25,291 outside the realm of quote, "normal languages." 7 00:00:25,291 --> 00:00:26,826 And I have to insist on the quote 8 00:00:26,826 --> 00:00:28,061 because I don't believe that. 9 00:00:28,061 --> 00:00:29,763 I want to say it upfront. 10 00:00:29,763 --> 00:00:32,265 I don't believe that Creoles are to be 11 00:00:32,265 --> 00:00:36,169 excluded from the realm of normal languages. 12 00:00:36,169 --> 00:00:38,271 And from your Mud Card feedback, it's 13 00:00:38,271 --> 00:00:40,640 clear that you yourself are feeling 14 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:44,310 very unhappy with this classification. 15 00:00:44,310 --> 00:00:45,345 So what are we doing now? 16 00:00:45,345 --> 00:00:47,680 We're doing something very-- which I hope is scientific. 17 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:49,783 We're looking at the claims, what 18 00:00:49,783 --> 00:00:53,953 do they imply for the actual structures of Creoles 19 00:00:53,953 --> 00:00:58,725 as I speak them, as Karen's parents speak them, 20 00:00:58,725 --> 00:01:00,493 as real living systems. 21 00:01:00,493 --> 00:01:03,463 So what do these claims mean for those real languages 22 00:01:03,463 --> 00:01:05,230 that people actually speak in their homes, 23 00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:07,067 in their schools, et cetera? 24 00:01:07,067 --> 00:01:08,801 So this is the basic question. 25 00:01:08,801 --> 00:01:11,371 So are these, quote unquote, "dicontinuities" 26 00:01:11,371 --> 00:01:13,873 that we find in the history of Creoles, 27 00:01:13,873 --> 00:01:16,309 are the deeply distinct from what you 28 00:01:16,309 --> 00:01:18,311 find in the history of English? 29 00:01:18,311 --> 00:01:20,447 And this is what we're looking at the last time. 30 00:01:20,447 --> 00:01:24,951 And then, once we have the results of this comparison, 31 00:01:24,951 --> 00:01:27,220 then we can ask, so what does that mean 32 00:01:27,220 --> 00:01:31,724 in terms of what we should believe about Creole languages. 33 00:01:31,724 --> 00:01:36,696 So this is just a summary of what we discussed last week. 34 00:01:36,696 --> 00:01:38,631 So what we saw in that summary is 35 00:01:38,631 --> 00:01:43,269 that both in its lexicon, in its vocabulary, 36 00:01:43,269 --> 00:01:45,305 but also in terms of its syntax-- 37 00:01:45,305 --> 00:01:48,908 and we focused on one particular aspect of English syntax 38 00:01:48,908 --> 00:01:52,912 having to do with where you pronounce the verb, 39 00:01:52,912 --> 00:01:55,014 without the adverb. 40 00:01:55,014 --> 00:01:58,485 And there's some examples where English has a very different 41 00:01:58,485 --> 00:02:02,589 order now than it had in middle English, 42 00:02:02,589 --> 00:02:04,991 like the 14th, 15th century. 43 00:02:04,991 --> 00:02:08,261 Not only that, we also saw that English, in a way, 44 00:02:08,261 --> 00:02:13,933 has broken the morphology, the conjugation of middle English. 45 00:02:13,933 --> 00:02:16,836 So what we see in the history of English 46 00:02:16,836 --> 00:02:20,440 is a set of comparative facts that 47 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:22,742 show that the history of English, in a way, 48 00:02:22,742 --> 00:02:26,379 is very much like the history of Haitian Creole 49 00:02:26,379 --> 00:02:28,681 as it emerged from French. 50 00:02:28,681 --> 00:02:31,384 In fact, what we saw is that, if you 51 00:02:31,384 --> 00:02:33,820 look at the vocabulary of English, 52 00:02:33,820 --> 00:02:36,555 it's much more, quote unquote, "macaronic." 53 00:02:36,555 --> 00:02:38,658 It's a much more mixed vocabulary 54 00:02:38,658 --> 00:02:41,594 in terms of words coming from French, from Latin, 55 00:02:41,594 --> 00:02:45,331 from other languages as compared to the vocabulary of Haitian 56 00:02:45,331 --> 00:02:48,801 Creole, which is at least 90% French. 57 00:02:48,801 --> 00:02:52,972 So on one hand, you have a Creole language with the, quote 58 00:02:52,972 --> 00:02:54,941 unquote, "well-behaved" vocabulary, 59 00:02:54,941 --> 00:02:57,010 where most of the words come from one language. 60 00:02:57,010 --> 00:02:58,945 And on the other hand, you have English, 61 00:02:58,945 --> 00:03:02,348 which is supposed to be a normal, genetic language 62 00:03:02,348 --> 00:03:03,750 that nobody disrespects. 63 00:03:03,750 --> 00:03:05,718 English is a world language in a way. 64 00:03:05,718 --> 00:03:08,888 It's a [INAUDIBLE] But yet, English, in its vocabulary, 65 00:03:08,888 --> 00:03:11,491 is much more macaronic, much more misbehaving, 66 00:03:11,491 --> 00:03:15,461 than, I think, words from all over the world, so to speak. 67 00:03:15,461 --> 00:03:18,565 So what we did conclude-- 68 00:03:18,565 --> 00:03:21,301 and we're going to actually see more data that 69 00:03:21,301 --> 00:03:23,369 will support this conclusion-- is 70 00:03:23,369 --> 00:03:26,940 that, with respect to the syntax and the morphology of verbs 71 00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:29,509 and also in terms of its lexicon, 72 00:03:29,509 --> 00:03:34,079 there is no key difference between creolization 73 00:03:34,079 --> 00:03:36,816 in the history of Haitian Creole versus language change 74 00:03:36,816 --> 00:03:38,351 as in the history of English. 75 00:03:38,351 --> 00:03:40,053 In fact, if there's any difference, 76 00:03:40,053 --> 00:03:43,289 it would make English out Creole Haitian Creole. 77 00:03:43,289 --> 00:03:46,859 English would be even more Creole 78 00:03:46,859 --> 00:03:49,395 in a particular way than Haitian Creole. 79 00:03:49,395 --> 00:03:51,497 And now what I want to show you very quickly 80 00:03:51,497 --> 00:03:55,635 is that these facts come up throughout the grammar 81 00:03:55,635 --> 00:03:56,668 of English. 82 00:03:56,668 --> 00:03:58,905 So here, we're going to look at one other set of facts 83 00:03:58,905 --> 00:04:02,175 having to do with where you pronounce object pronouns. 84 00:04:02,175 --> 00:04:05,345 So I'm going to give you some examples from Haitian Creole. 85 00:04:05,345 --> 00:04:07,180 So by now, you should-- 86 00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:10,350 Bouki and Boukinet should be very familiar. 87 00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:14,187 They are folk characters in Haitian tales 88 00:04:14,187 --> 00:04:17,390 that, when I was a kid, I would listen to. 89 00:04:17,390 --> 00:04:21,394 Bouki is supposed to be like a not very smart character. 90 00:04:21,394 --> 00:04:23,863 And then, there's Boukinet, which is his wife. 91 00:04:23,863 --> 00:04:27,000 So Bouki konnen Boukinet. 92 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,102 and then if you replace Boukinet by pronoun, 93 00:04:29,102 --> 00:04:32,205 you say Bouki konnen li. 94 00:04:32,205 --> 00:04:33,740 Now what's striking here is something 95 00:04:33,740 --> 00:04:36,175 which is, as an English speaker, you would accept 96 00:04:36,175 --> 00:04:40,647 without hesitation, which is that the object, whether it's 97 00:04:40,647 --> 00:04:43,483 a name, like Boukinet, or whether it's a pronoun, 98 00:04:43,483 --> 00:04:47,520 like him or her or it, it comes after the verb. 99 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:50,857 You see Bouki konnen li, like in English, you 100 00:04:50,857 --> 00:04:54,060 would say Bouki knows him, or Bouki knows her, 101 00:04:54,060 --> 00:04:55,461 or Bouki known it. 102 00:04:58,890 --> 00:05:01,960 You cannot have the pronoun come before the verb. 103 00:05:01,968 --> 00:05:04,871 You cannot say Bouki li konnen. 104 00:05:04,871 --> 00:05:06,539 Now some of you know French. 105 00:05:06,539 --> 00:05:09,575 So if you know French, you'll say, well, gosh no. 106 00:05:09,575 --> 00:05:13,646 Here again, Creole has broken the syntax of French. 107 00:05:13,646 --> 00:05:18,718 Because in French, the order into Bouki li konnen 108 00:05:18,718 --> 00:05:19,819 is what you get in French. 109 00:05:19,819 --> 00:05:24,424 You have this rule where if the object is a pronoun, then 110 00:05:24,424 --> 00:05:27,393 you have to move it to the left of the verb. 111 00:05:27,393 --> 00:05:28,895 OK, this is what we get now. 112 00:05:28,895 --> 00:05:32,832 You say, Bouqui connait Bouquinette. 113 00:05:32,832 --> 00:05:36,469 And you say, Bouqi la connait. 114 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:39,605 So now the pronoun "la" refers to Bouquinette. 115 00:05:39,605 --> 00:05:41,707 And it better come before the verb. 116 00:05:41,707 --> 00:05:45,111 You cannot say, Bouqui connait la. 117 00:05:45,111 --> 00:05:49,482 So that's a very robust contrast between Haitian Creole 118 00:05:49,482 --> 00:05:50,650 and French-- 119 00:05:50,650 --> 00:05:53,786 whether you pronounce the object when it's a pronoun. 120 00:05:53,786 --> 00:05:57,056 OK, so this is our summary. 121 00:05:57,056 --> 00:06:00,226 In the summary, you see clearly where the differences 122 00:06:00,226 --> 00:06:05,164 are in terms of not only the object pronoun, but also 123 00:06:05,164 --> 00:06:08,935 in terms of what we saw last week in the last three rules 124 00:06:08,935 --> 00:06:14,640 in terms of where you pronounce the adverb, negation. 125 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:17,310 These are the final verb. 126 00:06:17,310 --> 00:06:19,579 So Vfin is verb final. 127 00:06:22,740 --> 00:06:26,550 In these two cases, what you have here and there, 128 00:06:26,552 --> 00:06:28,621 you have a reversal of the order. 129 00:06:28,621 --> 00:06:31,391 So in Creole, you have verb, pronoun. 130 00:06:31,391 --> 00:06:33,192 In French, you have pronoun, verb. 131 00:06:33,192 --> 00:06:36,562 In Creole, you have adverb, verb. 132 00:06:36,562 --> 00:06:39,766 In French, you have verb, adverb. 133 00:06:39,766 --> 00:06:41,534 And then, something else we saw is 134 00:06:41,534 --> 00:06:48,741 that in Creole, unlike French, suffixes 135 00:06:48,741 --> 00:06:53,546 are expressed as pre-verbal items from last time. 136 00:07:00,010 --> 00:07:03,320 If you look at this particular pattern here, 137 00:07:03,322 --> 00:07:06,592 which is like what we saw earlier, where the object-- 138 00:07:06,592 --> 00:07:09,395 this is the case of me saying, I eat rice. 139 00:07:09,395 --> 00:07:11,764 So in Creole, you say, Mwen mange dvi, 140 00:07:11,764 --> 00:07:15,501 where you have rice after the verb. 141 00:07:15,501 --> 00:07:16,836 You should say, I'm eating rice. 142 00:07:16,836 --> 00:07:20,706 You say Map manje dvi. 143 00:07:20,706 --> 00:07:25,611 Do you remember that theory about explication? 144 00:07:25,611 --> 00:07:27,313 What's the claim, Nick? 145 00:07:27,313 --> 00:07:31,684 NICK: It's just that Creole languages are the lexicon 146 00:07:31,684 --> 00:07:35,988 of the [INAUDIBLE] overlaid onto the grammar of the-- 147 00:07:35,988 --> 00:07:37,190 MICHEL DEGRAFF: That's right. 148 00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:38,457 That's right, very good. 149 00:07:38,457 --> 00:07:41,360 So that's a very nice, one-sentence summary 150 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:43,095 of this theory. 151 00:07:43,095 --> 00:07:49,268 So basically, the Creole grammar is a mix between, say, 152 00:07:49,268 --> 00:07:52,438 in the case of Haiti, between French and Gbe grammar. 153 00:07:52,438 --> 00:07:54,240 So you take the words from French. 154 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:57,076 And then the words are imposed on the grammar 155 00:07:57,076 --> 00:07:58,110 of an African language. 156 00:07:58,110 --> 00:08:00,313 In the case of Haiti, it would be the grammar of Gbe. 157 00:08:00,313 --> 00:08:03,783 So now, one should ask, in the case of this particular order 158 00:08:03,783 --> 00:08:06,118 that we saw is different from French, we could ask, 159 00:08:06,118 --> 00:08:08,321 where does it come from? 160 00:08:08,321 --> 00:08:13,359 Well, maybe it comes from the Gbe languages. 161 00:08:13,359 --> 00:08:17,897 Because, in fact, in Gbe, you have this SV order. 162 00:08:17,897 --> 00:08:20,700 You do subject, verb, object, where the object 163 00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:24,036 is pronounced after the verb. 164 00:08:24,036 --> 00:08:25,872 Like here, you say, I eat rice. 165 00:08:25,872 --> 00:08:26,739 This is how you say-- 166 00:08:26,739 --> 00:08:29,876 I won't try to pronounce it, because it's a tone 167 00:08:29,876 --> 00:08:32,511 language, very complicated. 168 00:08:32,511 --> 00:08:34,013 So I don't know the tones. 169 00:08:34,013 --> 00:08:37,549 But I have a colleague that I wrote paper with, Enoch Abo. 170 00:08:37,549 --> 00:08:41,187 And Enoch speaks Gbe language. 171 00:08:41,187 --> 00:08:43,756 So these are data from Enoch. 172 00:08:43,756 --> 00:08:46,859 I eat rice, very much like here-- 173 00:08:46,859 --> 00:08:51,130 subject, verb, object order. 174 00:08:51,130 --> 00:08:52,665 But yet, there is a twist. 175 00:08:52,665 --> 00:08:56,903 And this is where we cannot say that Creole grammar is 176 00:08:56,903 --> 00:08:59,005 the explication of Gbe grammar. 177 00:08:59,005 --> 00:09:01,340 Because, in fact, like in French, 178 00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:07,146 you do get OV order in Gbe. 179 00:09:07,146 --> 00:09:10,316 So you get it here. 180 00:09:10,316 --> 00:09:13,653 When you have an aspectual marker, 181 00:09:13,653 --> 00:09:16,188 meaning that you go from saying, I 182 00:09:16,188 --> 00:09:18,724 eat rice, to I'm eating rice where you express 183 00:09:18,724 --> 00:09:21,294 the progressive, the way you express the progressive, 184 00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:25,665 you have I and something like the verb to be. 185 00:09:25,665 --> 00:09:27,800 And you get rice eat. 186 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,269 And then you have this other marker at the end. 187 00:09:30,269 --> 00:09:34,640 So here, you can see clearly that this pattern 188 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:41,547 in Haitian Creole is different, both from French and from Gbe. 189 00:09:41,547 --> 00:09:47,353 Because both French and Gbe have OV order-- 190 00:09:47,353 --> 00:09:49,922 object verb order-- but Haitian Creole doesn't have that. 191 00:09:49,922 --> 00:09:52,124 So this is just a quick data point 192 00:09:52,124 --> 00:09:56,896 to actually show you that those theories that either claim 193 00:09:56,896 --> 00:10:01,934 that Haitian Creole is lexified from some African language 194 00:10:01,934 --> 00:10:04,971 and those theories that claim that Haitian Creole is broken 195 00:10:04,971 --> 00:10:09,642 French syntax to some degree, they are both inaccurate. 196 00:10:09,642 --> 00:10:11,077 So what are going to do now, we're 197 00:10:11,077 --> 00:10:14,580 going to actually look of a case of language change. 198 00:10:14,580 --> 00:10:17,049 And we're going to go back to English where 199 00:10:17,049 --> 00:10:18,384 you'll find the same pattern. 200 00:10:18,384 --> 00:10:21,220 We have, at some point in the history of English, 201 00:10:21,220 --> 00:10:23,489 we also had OV order. 202 00:10:23,489 --> 00:10:27,360 And then at a later point, this OV order was lost. 203 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:31,297 And we can actually do it pretty straightforward using data. 204 00:10:31,297 --> 00:10:34,400 These are data from older English. 205 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:37,303 So what you see here, this is a sentence 206 00:10:37,303 --> 00:10:40,006 in Old English that would express 207 00:10:40,006 --> 00:10:43,709 this idea of the Permians told him many stories. 208 00:10:43,709 --> 00:10:45,811 And what you have to focus on here 209 00:10:45,811 --> 00:10:52,418 is the fact that the pronoun, him, is pronounced before told. 210 00:10:52,418 --> 00:10:55,121 So many stories him told the Permians. 211 00:10:55,121 --> 00:10:57,790 And this is fine Old English. 212 00:10:57,790 --> 00:10:59,592 So if you are living in Old English time, 213 00:10:59,592 --> 00:11:01,560 this is the way you would say it. 214 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:03,596 And it was very productive. 215 00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:08,900 So here, too, you see, that he would give him 216 00:11:08,901 --> 00:11:10,403 15 pounds in gold-- 217 00:11:10,403 --> 00:11:12,838 that he him gave. 218 00:11:12,838 --> 00:11:16,809 You see where you have the pronoun, him, before the verb. 219 00:11:16,809 --> 00:11:21,647 Now that should ring a bell when it 220 00:11:21,647 --> 00:11:23,282 comes to the history of Haitian Creole. 221 00:11:23,282 --> 00:11:26,919 Because, again, in French, pretty much 222 00:11:26,919 --> 00:11:29,355 like in Old English, you had a similar pattern. 223 00:11:32,090 --> 00:11:34,190 If we take the same examples in English, 224 00:11:34,193 --> 00:11:38,931 and you say it in French, we have a similar pattern, 225 00:11:38,931 --> 00:11:43,069 where the object, him, is pronounced before the verb, 226 00:11:43,069 --> 00:11:43,803 to tell. 227 00:11:43,803 --> 00:11:46,872 So you would say, quelles histoires lui raconteront ils? 228 00:11:46,872 --> 00:11:50,276 You see you have lui before raconteront. 229 00:11:50,276 --> 00:11:54,080 And then here, this is similar examples from the Old English. 230 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:57,917 Il lui donna quinze livres d'or, where lui-- 231 00:11:57,917 --> 00:12:02,154 the him pronoun-- is pronounced before the verb, to give. 232 00:12:02,154 --> 00:12:04,557 So what is that telling us? 233 00:12:04,557 --> 00:12:06,525 It's telling us that, in fact, pretty much 234 00:12:06,525 --> 00:12:11,530 like what we showed before in the history of the adverb, verb 235 00:12:11,530 --> 00:12:16,969 pattern, that modern English, like Haitian Creole, 236 00:12:16,969 --> 00:12:21,574 has shown a drastic change in word order. 237 00:12:21,574 --> 00:12:25,911 You had before, adverb, verb order arising 238 00:12:25,911 --> 00:12:27,847 from verb, adverb order. 239 00:12:27,847 --> 00:12:34,153 In this case, you have object, verb order making place 240 00:12:34,153 --> 00:12:36,355 for verb, object order. 241 00:12:36,355 --> 00:12:39,859 So if one were to say that Haitian Creole broke 242 00:12:39,859 --> 00:12:42,027 the syntax of French, then you would 243 00:12:42,027 --> 00:12:47,767 have to also claim that English broke the syntax of Old 244 00:12:47,767 --> 00:12:48,901 English and modern English. 245 00:12:48,901 --> 00:12:51,771 And then, you can see that it doesn't make sense. 246 00:12:51,771 --> 00:12:54,607 Why would one case be "creolization" 247 00:12:54,607 --> 00:12:57,109 that's supposed to be abnormal change, and the other cases, 248 00:12:57,109 --> 00:12:59,411 well, it's just language change? 249 00:12:59,411 --> 00:13:01,113 In fact, what we see is that, even 250 00:13:01,113 --> 00:13:04,049 if you look at the history of French in North America, 251 00:13:04,049 --> 00:13:05,151 you find similar patterns. 252 00:13:07,010 --> 00:13:09,120 So there are various varieties of French 253 00:13:09,121 --> 00:13:10,956 which are not called Creole languages, which 254 00:13:10,956 --> 00:13:14,593 are just called Missouri French or Louisiana French. 255 00:13:14,593 --> 00:13:17,530 And what you find in these varieties of French 256 00:13:17,530 --> 00:13:19,632 are similar patterns. 257 00:13:19,632 --> 00:13:22,535 Again, in European French, you would say, ils me verront. 258 00:13:25,270 --> 00:13:28,000 They will see me. 259 00:13:28,007 --> 00:13:30,643 Here, you will say, je te mettrai tout en blanc. 260 00:13:30,643 --> 00:13:32,912 This is Parisian French, where you 261 00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:37,983 have the object comes before the verb in those two patterns. 262 00:13:37,983 --> 00:13:40,152 Or you would say, je l'enterrerai 263 00:13:40,152 --> 00:13:44,723 dans les feuilles, where you have the pronoun, le-- 264 00:13:44,723 --> 00:13:47,560 which is elided as l'-- 265 00:13:47,560 --> 00:13:48,861 coming before the verb. 266 00:13:48,861 --> 00:13:52,464 Now I picked these examples because I found instances 267 00:13:52,464 --> 00:13:57,970 of these same patterns in Cajun friends and Missouri French 268 00:13:57,970 --> 00:14:00,105 where you have a different order. 269 00:14:00,105 --> 00:14:03,576 so here you see, you say, il v'ont voir moi. 270 00:14:03,576 --> 00:14:05,344 This is Cajun French. 271 00:14:05,344 --> 00:14:09,915 What's striking here is that the object pronoun, moi, is 272 00:14:09,915 --> 00:14:11,951 pronounced after the verb-- 273 00:14:11,951 --> 00:14:12,918 il v'nont voir moi. 274 00:14:12,918 --> 00:14:14,520 Actually, there isn't much difference. 275 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:18,457 It's just that the verb, the non-finite form, you 276 00:14:18,457 --> 00:14:20,793 say, voir, which means to see. 277 00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:21,493 It's not finite. 278 00:14:21,493 --> 00:14:24,930 It doesn't take agreement on it or tense. 279 00:14:24,930 --> 00:14:28,434 The tense expressed, by the way, the verb that comes before. 280 00:14:28,434 --> 00:14:32,371 It's like, I will see you, or I will see me, 281 00:14:32,371 --> 00:14:35,107 or they will see me. 282 00:14:35,107 --> 00:14:39,345 You get the marker before the verb to express the future. 283 00:14:39,345 --> 00:14:41,413 And then, you get the object after the verb. 284 00:14:41,413 --> 00:14:43,849 And the same is true here. 285 00:14:43,849 --> 00:14:46,018 J'vas mettre tou** tout en blanc. 286 00:14:46,018 --> 00:14:51,657 Again, the key form here is the object pronoun, tou**, 287 00:14:51,657 --> 00:14:54,827 which comes after mettre, which is not like European French. 288 00:14:54,827 --> 00:14:56,896 It's very unlike European French. 289 00:14:56,896 --> 00:14:59,098 And here as well-- 290 00:14:59,098 --> 00:15:00,866 m'as enterrer elle dans les feuilles. 291 00:15:00,866 --> 00:15:03,535 Again, elle is the pronoun. 292 00:15:03,535 --> 00:15:05,204 It comes after the verb. 293 00:15:05,204 --> 00:15:07,039 So in all three of these patterns, 294 00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:09,341 you'll find something which is very Creole-like, right? 295 00:15:12,370 --> 00:15:14,010 Like in Louisiana, there is a Creole. 296 00:15:14,013 --> 00:15:14,880 But this is not the Creole. 297 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:15,614 This is French. 298 00:15:15,614 --> 00:15:16,749 This is Cajun French. 299 00:15:16,749 --> 00:15:20,719 This is Missouri French in the last two examples. 300 00:15:20,719 --> 00:15:21,654 So what does that mean? 301 00:15:21,654 --> 00:15:25,591 It means that Cajun and Missouri French, like Haitian Creole, 302 00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:29,261 they exhibit the same sort of patterns. 303 00:15:29,261 --> 00:15:33,632 Where European French has object, verb order, 304 00:15:33,632 --> 00:15:36,201 those French varieties have the reverse pattern. 305 00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:44,140 The conclusion for now is that, here too, we 306 00:15:44,143 --> 00:15:47,446 have the clear appearance of Creole-like patterns 307 00:15:47,446 --> 00:15:50,382 in those varieties which are not called Creoles. 308 00:15:50,382 --> 00:15:51,951 So it is pretty much the same argument 309 00:15:51,951 --> 00:15:57,456 as before that you find those linguistic types of changes 310 00:15:57,456 --> 00:15:58,524 in non-Creole languages. 311 00:15:58,524 --> 00:16:03,829 So then, what's the value of positing 312 00:16:03,829 --> 00:16:08,100 that you have particular changes that are specifically Creole, 313 00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:09,702 like creolization?