1 00:00:00,030 --> 00:00:02,400 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:03,840 Commons License. 3 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:06,860 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to 4 00:00:06,860 --> 00:00:10,510 offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,510 --> 00:00:13,390 To make a donation or view additional materials from 6 00:00:13,390 --> 00:00:17,490 hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at 7 00:00:17,490 --> 00:00:18,740 ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:21,160 --> 00:00:22,840 PROFESSOR: Let's get started. 9 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:24,500 Settle down. 10 00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:25,970 Settle down. 11 00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:27,550 Welcome to 3.091. 12 00:00:27,550 --> 00:00:29,980 I'm Donald Sadoway and I'm going to be your instructor 13 00:00:29,980 --> 00:00:31,720 this semester. 14 00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:37,030 So what I want to do today is to introduce my plans. 15 00:00:37,030 --> 00:00:39,270 I've got plans for you. 16 00:00:39,270 --> 00:00:41,570 Plans for learning. 17 00:00:41,570 --> 00:00:44,860 I want to talk a little bit today about those plans, 18 00:00:44,860 --> 00:00:50,630 introduce myself, introduce my class curriculum-- 19 00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:52,900 the path forward. 20 00:00:52,900 --> 00:00:58,280 So let me begin by saying that 3.091 is the most important 21 00:00:58,280 --> 00:00:59,720 class you will take at MIT. 22 00:01:02,930 --> 00:01:04,800 It's true. 23 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:07,470 But, you know, anybody who stands in front of you to 24 00:01:07,470 --> 00:01:11,195 lecture should say the same thing about his or her class. 25 00:01:11,195 --> 00:01:14,180 If they don't believe that they shouldn't be standing in 26 00:01:14,180 --> 00:01:15,830 front of you lecturing. 27 00:01:15,830 --> 00:01:18,651 The difference is when I say it, I'm right. 28 00:01:18,651 --> 00:01:20,860 [LAUGHTER] 29 00:01:20,860 --> 00:01:23,650 PROFESSOR: And it's not just an opinion, it's because of 30 00:01:23,650 --> 00:01:26,330 the content of 3.091. 31 00:01:26,330 --> 00:01:29,130 3.091 is about chemistry. 32 00:01:29,130 --> 00:01:31,900 It's about the central science, but it's not just 33 00:01:31,900 --> 00:01:33,220 about any old chemistry. 34 00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:35,640 This isn't a class that you could take anywhere else in 35 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:36,710 this country. 36 00:01:36,710 --> 00:01:40,320 This is the only place that you can take 3.091. 37 00:01:40,320 --> 00:01:43,830 3.091 is solid state chemistry. 38 00:01:43,830 --> 00:01:46,420 Now why do we talk about solid state chemistry? 39 00:01:46,420 --> 00:01:49,730 Because engineering systems are made of solids. 40 00:01:49,730 --> 00:01:52,030 Now I know what you're thinking-- oh, he said solid 41 00:01:52,030 --> 00:01:54,520 state, he's going to talk about the chemistry that 42 00:01:54,520 --> 00:01:57,900 constitutes his laptop computer or the chemistry that 43 00:01:57,900 --> 00:02:00,130 constitutes this laser pointer. 44 00:02:00,130 --> 00:02:00,870 And that's true. 45 00:02:00,870 --> 00:02:02,930 We will talk about that chemistry. 46 00:02:02,930 --> 00:02:06,210 But we will also talk about soft matter. 47 00:02:06,210 --> 00:02:10,930 We as human beings are chemical machines. 48 00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:15,160 When this hand changes shape, it is a polymer that is 49 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:16,410 changing conformality. 50 00:02:18,700 --> 00:02:24,830 These eyes are photodetectors, band gap of about 51 00:02:24,830 --> 00:02:26,720 two electron volts. 52 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:28,495 They're not made of gallium nitride. 53 00:02:28,495 --> 00:02:32,760 They're made of organic compounds. 54 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:38,360 Inside, what supports us, it's a ceramic skeleton. 55 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:41,650 So solid state chemistry describes 56 00:02:41,650 --> 00:02:44,590 life science as well. 57 00:02:44,590 --> 00:02:45,740 Well, what we're going to learn in 58 00:02:45,740 --> 00:02:48,260 3.091 is the rudiments. 59 00:02:48,260 --> 00:02:50,550 We're going to learn the rudiments. 60 00:02:50,550 --> 00:02:53,860 So what I'm going to do today is now go through some of the 61 00:02:53,860 --> 00:02:55,760 basic organization. 62 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:57,860 So tomorrow you're going to meet your recitation 63 00:02:57,860 --> 00:03:00,000 instructors and get to know each other and get to know the 64 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:00,960 recitation instructor. 65 00:03:00,960 --> 00:03:03,990 Today I'll say a few words about myself so you know who's 66 00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:06,590 standing in front of you. 67 00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:09,300 I graduated from the University of Toronto in 68 00:03:09,300 --> 00:03:15,830 chemical metallurgy, came down here in 1977 to spend a year 69 00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:22,320 as a postdoctoral fellow and, I guess, I lost track of time. 70 00:03:22,320 --> 00:03:23,300 Now what's my research? 71 00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:26,090 My research is in electrochemistry. 72 00:03:26,090 --> 00:03:31,510 Electrochemistry is the most important branch of chemistry. 73 00:03:31,510 --> 00:03:35,180 Do you notice some theme in my professional life? 74 00:03:35,180 --> 00:03:36,640 See, I have tenure. 75 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:37,560 So what does that mean? 76 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:40,120 It means you find your passion and pursue it. 77 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:43,190 You don't waste time on trivia, all right? 78 00:03:43,190 --> 00:03:46,090 And that's what I urge you to do: Find your 79 00:03:46,090 --> 00:03:48,972 passion and pursue it. 80 00:03:48,972 --> 00:03:50,400 So what's my passion? 81 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,640 My passion is electrochemistry in nonaqueous media. 82 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:54,920 Anything but water. 83 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,002 Let the rest of the world work on water. 84 00:03:57,002 --> 00:03:59,610 I work on molten salts, ionic liquids, and polymers. 85 00:03:59,610 --> 00:04:00,920 And what's the reason for this? 86 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:01,950 There's an application. 87 00:04:01,950 --> 00:04:04,230 I'm in the School of Engineering. 88 00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:06,300 So I'm interested in environmentally sound 89 00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,430 technologies for metal production, all right? 90 00:04:09,430 --> 00:04:13,630 Right now looking at titanium, iron recycling as well. 91 00:04:13,630 --> 00:04:16,280 I'm also interested in electrochemistry as it applies 92 00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:20,010 to energy storage, energy storage for mobile power. 93 00:04:20,010 --> 00:04:20,870 See this gal here? 94 00:04:20,870 --> 00:04:21,980 She's got the cell phone. 95 00:04:21,980 --> 00:04:24,230 She's not even looking where she's driving. 96 00:04:24,230 --> 00:04:26,790 [LAUGHTER] 97 00:04:26,790 --> 00:04:30,100 PROFESSOR: So making safe batteries out of 98 00:04:30,100 --> 00:04:35,220 earth-abundant, accessible materials for portable power, 99 00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:39,930 ultimately to drive the car with electrons, electric fuel, 100 00:04:39,930 --> 00:04:42,110 to eliminate this country's 101 00:04:42,110 --> 00:04:44,710 dependence on imported petroleum. 102 00:04:44,710 --> 00:04:46,220 We can do it. 103 00:04:46,220 --> 00:04:46,970 How? 104 00:04:46,970 --> 00:04:48,610 By inventing. 105 00:04:48,610 --> 00:04:49,890 By inventing. 106 00:04:49,890 --> 00:04:52,690 And the way we're going to invent is to learn the lessons 107 00:04:52,690 --> 00:04:56,160 in 3.091 that will give us the chemistry we need to invent a 108 00:04:56,160 --> 00:05:00,380 battery that can send that car 250 miles on a single charge, 109 00:05:00,380 --> 00:05:03,340 and put it in a show room for the same price as a car with 110 00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:05,660 an internal combustion engine. 111 00:05:05,660 --> 00:05:08,170 The only thing that stands between that image and where 112 00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:12,930 we are today is invention, and the requisite material is 113 00:05:12,930 --> 00:05:14,550 right here in this class. 114 00:05:14,550 --> 00:05:17,380 We're also looking at colossal batteries. 115 00:05:17,380 --> 00:05:18,850 Store the grid. 116 00:05:18,850 --> 00:05:22,600 Enable renewables, wind, solar. 117 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:26,130 And then, lastly, let's never forget about dreaming. 118 00:05:26,130 --> 00:05:30,050 So if we want to dream and imagine that man will return 119 00:05:30,050 --> 00:05:32,100 to the moon or maybe even go to Mars, we're going to have 120 00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:33,642 to be able to produce oxygen. 121 00:05:33,642 --> 00:05:36,790 We'll live like the pioneers, produce oxygen from local 122 00:05:36,790 --> 00:05:40,540 resources, produce structural metals, and even produce 123 00:05:40,540 --> 00:05:43,190 photovoltaic silicon so they can generate their own energy 124 00:05:43,190 --> 00:05:45,240 from local resources. 125 00:05:45,240 --> 00:05:53,580 And so electrochemistry is the key enabler for that as well. 126 00:05:53,580 --> 00:05:58,860 So now let's turn to the whole underpinning of 3.091. 127 00:05:58,860 --> 00:06:02,010 If we take a look at the performance of any engineering 128 00:06:02,010 --> 00:06:04,990 system it's a combination of the design and the 129 00:06:04,990 --> 00:06:06,480 construction. 130 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:09,270 Now the construction is both the workmanship and the choice 131 00:06:09,270 --> 00:06:10,060 of materials. 132 00:06:10,060 --> 00:06:11,630 Now how do we choose materials? 133 00:06:11,630 --> 00:06:14,350 We choose them on the basis of their properties. 134 00:06:14,350 --> 00:06:16,040 So, for example, here's an 135 00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,030 application: a beverage container. 136 00:06:18,030 --> 00:06:21,520 This one I'm holding is made out of an aluminum alloy. 137 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:22,910 It's a metal. 138 00:06:22,910 --> 00:06:25,540 When I was your age, they had steel beverage cans. 139 00:06:25,540 --> 00:06:28,340 You can take this same beverage and contain it in a 140 00:06:28,340 --> 00:06:30,190 glass bottle. 141 00:06:30,190 --> 00:06:35,790 You can contain it in a polymer bottle. 142 00:06:35,790 --> 00:06:37,530 Why do we make those various choices? 143 00:06:37,530 --> 00:06:40,040 Because they have the right mix of properties. 144 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:42,040 Now how do you determine the properties? 145 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:45,582 Properties obviously are determined by the composition. 146 00:06:45,582 --> 00:06:50,050 We wouldn't make this thing out of sodium chloride. 147 00:06:50,050 --> 00:06:52,080 It would dissolve. 148 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:54,580 So composition is important, but atomic arrangement is 149 00:06:54,580 --> 00:06:56,090 important as well. 150 00:06:56,090 --> 00:07:02,350 Example is 1/2-inch-thick pine board compared to a 151 00:07:02,350 --> 00:07:05,210 1/2-inch-thick piece of plywood. 152 00:07:05,210 --> 00:07:08,280 Both pine, but the 1/2-inch-thick pine board is 153 00:07:08,280 --> 00:07:10,250 one solid pine board. 154 00:07:10,250 --> 00:07:13,720 I can take that pine board and I can fracture it if I strike 155 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:15,150 it along the grain. 156 00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:17,510 But the 1/2-inch-thick plywood, I can't do that 157 00:07:17,510 --> 00:07:22,610 because it's 1/8-inch sheet pine cross-laminated. 158 00:07:22,610 --> 00:07:32,820 1/8 inch north-south, 1/8 inch east-west. If I try to cut 159 00:07:32,820 --> 00:07:37,260 through that board, I can't advance the fracture. 160 00:07:37,260 --> 00:07:40,350 Same composition, different atomic arrangement. 161 00:07:40,350 --> 00:07:44,475 So the thesis of 3.091 is that the electronic structure of 162 00:07:44,475 --> 00:07:47,590 the elements holds the key to understanding that 163 00:07:47,590 --> 00:07:50,510 relationship between composition, atomic 164 00:07:50,510 --> 00:07:51,730 arrangement, and properties. 165 00:07:51,730 --> 00:07:53,000 And once you have properties that's how 166 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:54,210 you make your selection. 167 00:07:54,210 --> 00:07:54,910 And away we go. 168 00:07:54,910 --> 00:07:57,310 And that's how we got the syllabus of 3.091. 169 00:07:57,310 --> 00:07:59,180 So the syllabus has two major blocks. 170 00:07:59,180 --> 00:08:01,730 The first block is general principles of chemistry-- it's 171 00:08:01,730 --> 00:08:03,660 going to be about the first five weeks-- 172 00:08:03,660 --> 00:08:07,520 and that's the same stuff that you get here, 5.111, 5.112, 173 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:10,030 the basics of electronic structure and bonding. 174 00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:14,680 And then we part company and in 3.091 we dig down into 175 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:16,240 solid state chemistry. 176 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:17,210 You don't have to take notes. 177 00:08:17,210 --> 00:08:18,040 You can relax. 178 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,920 All this is going to be burned to PDF and 179 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:22,280 posted at the website. 180 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:25,240 So everything that you see in this class that goes up on the 181 00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:28,280 screen is archived for you. 182 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,830 This lecture is being video recorded right now and within 183 00:08:31,830 --> 00:08:34,330 an hour will be posted at the website. 184 00:08:34,330 --> 00:08:38,490 So in the unlikely event that you can't quite come to class, 185 00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:39,650 it is available. 186 00:08:39,650 --> 00:08:40,900 [LAUGHTER] 187 00:08:43,850 --> 00:08:48,000 PROFESSOR: So now what I want to do is introduce some of the 188 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:49,840 operational aspects of the class. 189 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:52,040 And we had some handouts going around. 190 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:53,930 If you didn't get them we can get you extras. 191 00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:56,010 But again, this is all posted at the website. 192 00:08:56,010 --> 00:08:58,720 So you know who I am. 193 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:03,180 The key person in this operation is my administrative 194 00:09:03,180 --> 00:09:05,580 assistant, Hilary Sheldon, and she's just down the hall. 195 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:07,280 You can roll a penny down the hall from here 196 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:08,240 and get to my office. 197 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:10,300 So if you tell me you tried looking for me, you couldn't 198 00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:14,060 find me, I know you couldn't have been trying very hard. 199 00:09:14,060 --> 00:09:19,660 The text is a two-volume set consisting of the text 200 00:09:19,660 --> 00:09:22,390 Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications by 201 00:09:22,390 --> 00:09:26,310 Averill and Eldredge, and then a second volume that consists 202 00:09:26,310 --> 00:09:29,460 of miscellaneous readings taken from other 203 00:09:29,460 --> 00:09:31,300 Prentice Hall texts. 204 00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:35,640 And it's identical in content to the blue book that was used 205 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:37,170 last year and the year before. 206 00:09:37,170 --> 00:09:39,330 So if you get a copy of that blue book, you 207 00:09:39,330 --> 00:09:40,730 don't have to buy these. 208 00:09:40,730 --> 00:09:43,450 I don't work for Prentice Hall, I'm not trying to sell 209 00:09:43,450 --> 00:09:48,110 books, but we will take the homeworks out of the books to 210 00:09:48,110 --> 00:09:49,230 a great extent. 211 00:09:49,230 --> 00:09:53,860 And the page numbering is the same, so anything this year or 212 00:09:53,860 --> 00:09:55,740 the last two years will be fine. 213 00:09:55,740 --> 00:09:57,310 If you have to buy something, you'll have this. 214 00:09:57,310 --> 00:10:01,050 This one will come with a CD that will get you into a 215 00:10:01,050 --> 00:10:04,850 mastering chemistry, which is a sort of a tutorial, 216 00:10:04,850 --> 00:10:09,080 computerized system to help you with certain homework 217 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:10,740 problems. 218 00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,370 The lectures, Monday, Wednesday, Friday, here in 219 00:10:13,370 --> 00:10:15,850 this room at 11 o'clock. 220 00:10:15,850 --> 00:10:18,430 The lecture starts at five minutes after the hour-- 221 00:10:18,430 --> 00:10:20,320 gives you five minutes to get in-- 222 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:22,240 and then the lecture stops at five 223 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:24,580 minutes to the next hour-- 224 00:10:24,580 --> 00:10:27,790 time for you to leave and then for the next class to arrive. 225 00:10:27,790 --> 00:10:30,700 And what I'm going to try to do is establish 226 00:10:30,700 --> 00:10:32,220 some plug flow here. 227 00:10:32,220 --> 00:10:35,150 So what I'm going to try is to have everybody leave by the 228 00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:38,870 exit to the north here to my right, and there's also an 229 00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:41,520 exit over the top back. 230 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:46,560 So leave to your left and that way it'll be easier for the 231 00:10:46,560 --> 00:10:47,650 next class to come in. 232 00:10:47,650 --> 00:10:50,100 And maybe we can persuade the people here before us to do 233 00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:51,990 the same and then it'll be easy to change. 234 00:10:51,990 --> 00:10:54,260 I don't know why but there's this sort of-- everybody has 235 00:10:54,260 --> 00:10:55,440 to charge to this door. 236 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:57,380 And I just stand here and watch people collide. 237 00:10:57,380 --> 00:10:59,200 And I don't know. 238 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:00,990 Just interesting social experiment. 239 00:11:00,990 --> 00:11:02,040 And there are two doors. 240 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:06,010 I don't understand why people do this, but I'm not in the 241 00:11:06,010 --> 00:11:08,390 social sciences. 242 00:11:08,390 --> 00:11:09,210 Recitations. 243 00:11:09,210 --> 00:11:12,430 Recitations will meet Tuesdays and Thursdays. 244 00:11:12,430 --> 00:11:16,130 So you'll go to the same hour on Tuesday and Thursday. 245 00:11:16,130 --> 00:11:19,580 The section should be roughly 20 students. 246 00:11:19,580 --> 00:11:22,000 And that's where the question and answer occurs. 247 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,020 Here it's largely I talk, you listen. 248 00:11:25,020 --> 00:11:27,900 I've got time for a question like, hey, shouldn't that be a 249 00:11:27,900 --> 00:11:28,600 minus sign? 250 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:29,990 I can take something really quick. 251 00:11:29,990 --> 00:11:34,360 But where you get to really interact with the instructor 252 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:36,410 is in recitation. 253 00:11:36,410 --> 00:11:41,200 And I've given a direction to my recitation instructors not 254 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:43,310 to give you a fourth and fifth lecture. 255 00:11:43,310 --> 00:11:46,160 You control the content of the recitation. 256 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:47,870 So you have to come to the recitation 257 00:11:47,870 --> 00:11:49,520 prepared with questions. 258 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:51,470 So they're supposed to walk in and say, good morning, good 259 00:11:51,470 --> 00:11:53,810 afternoon, what are your questions? 260 00:11:53,810 --> 00:11:55,950 And you can say, I didn't understand the last five 261 00:11:55,950 --> 00:11:58,230 minutes of the lecture yesterday. 262 00:11:58,230 --> 00:12:01,020 Would you do number five on the homework? 263 00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:03,600 Would you go over secondary bonding? 264 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:04,940 That's the sort of thing that's supposed 265 00:12:04,940 --> 00:12:08,030 to happen in section. 266 00:12:08,030 --> 00:12:10,660 You've been assigned by the Registrar. 267 00:12:10,660 --> 00:12:14,850 You are forbidden to change your section on your own. 268 00:12:14,850 --> 00:12:17,140 You can't just squat in another section. 269 00:12:17,140 --> 00:12:19,740 We do this with the intention of trying to keep the 270 00:12:19,740 --> 00:12:21,790 enrollment roughly uniform. 271 00:12:21,790 --> 00:12:25,600 We don't want sections growing to 35 because then that limits 272 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:27,460 your ability to interact. 273 00:12:27,460 --> 00:12:31,370 If you've changed classes or you've picked up a UROP, or 274 00:12:31,370 --> 00:12:34,810 what have you, and your situation has changed, please 275 00:12:34,810 --> 00:12:38,860 go down the hall and meet with my assistant Hilary, who will 276 00:12:38,860 --> 00:12:40,780 then arrange to move you. 277 00:12:40,780 --> 00:12:44,120 And that way we can keep some control over the section size. 278 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,500 Again, you may not change simply on your own. 279 00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:49,830 And it has to be with cause, academic cause. 280 00:12:49,830 --> 00:12:52,820 You can't go in and say, I was assigned to the 9:00 am 281 00:12:52,820 --> 00:12:54,810 section and I don't do mornings. 282 00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:58,150 That's not going to work. 283 00:12:58,150 --> 00:12:59,360 Homework. 284 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:00,930 Homework is very important here. 285 00:13:00,930 --> 00:13:04,290 Homework is a little bit different, though, in 3.091. 286 00:13:04,290 --> 00:13:07,410 You're not going to be asked to turn in 287 00:13:07,410 --> 00:13:09,710 homework for grading. 288 00:13:09,710 --> 00:13:13,420 Instead, at the beginning of each unit, you will be given 289 00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:15,780 homework with the model solutions 290 00:13:15,780 --> 00:13:17,900 right at the beginning. 291 00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:21,660 This is a study aid, and you can use the model solutions to 292 00:13:21,660 --> 00:13:25,140 help you understand the homework material. 293 00:13:25,140 --> 00:13:28,730 Now since we're not asking you to turn anything in and we do 294 00:13:28,730 --> 00:13:32,340 want to stimulate interest in the homework, we found a way 295 00:13:32,340 --> 00:13:35,560 to stimulate interest. And that is that once a week in 296 00:13:35,560 --> 00:13:38,000 section you will have a 10-minute quiz 297 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,500 based on the homework. 298 00:13:39,500 --> 00:13:40,810 That will ensure that you've at least 299 00:13:40,810 --> 00:13:42,370 looked at the homework. 300 00:13:42,370 --> 00:13:47,350 And those weekly quizzes will be graded, and the aggregate 301 00:13:47,350 --> 00:13:51,820 of all of those quiz scores will constitute your homework 302 00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:53,970 grade in the subject. 303 00:13:53,970 --> 00:13:56,010 And you must take those quizzes. 304 00:13:56,010 --> 00:13:57,350 If you don't take the quiz-- 305 00:13:57,350 --> 00:14:00,675 you got sick or some personal emergency came up-- contact 306 00:14:00,675 --> 00:14:04,260 your recitation instructor and within a week of the date of 307 00:14:04,260 --> 00:14:08,250 the original quiz arrange to take a makeup. 308 00:14:08,250 --> 00:14:09,740 If you don't take the makeup, we're going 309 00:14:09,740 --> 00:14:11,150 to give you a zero. 310 00:14:11,150 --> 00:14:13,720 And there's no dropping of lowest score. 311 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:17,070 Somewhere there's this in the lore here that, oh, you can 312 00:14:17,070 --> 00:14:19,370 drop the lowest score, the lowest two scores. 313 00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:23,105 People come to me with this proposal and I say no. 314 00:14:23,105 --> 00:14:24,355 [LAUGHTER] 315 00:14:28,220 --> 00:14:30,600 PROFESSOR: So let's get started. 316 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:31,850 This is homework number one. 317 00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:33,160 It's assigned today. 318 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:35,800 We're going to save paper-- just go to the website-- 319 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,270 and you'll be tested on Tuesday, next Tuesday, 320 00:14:39,270 --> 00:14:42,460 September 15, at the beginning of section. 321 00:14:42,460 --> 00:14:44,710 At the beginning of section there'll be a 10-minute quiz 322 00:14:44,710 --> 00:14:47,520 based on that homework, and you can get the 323 00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:48,380 homework and so on. 324 00:14:48,380 --> 00:14:51,760 By the way, here's what the homework looks like. 325 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:55,130 Chapter 1, Chapter 3 of Averill. 326 00:14:55,130 --> 00:14:57,440 Averill is the major text. 327 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,230 We just refer to it by the author's last name. 328 00:15:01,230 --> 00:15:04,320 So taken from Averill. 329 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:08,730 By the way, I don't like to use this unpleasant term 330 00:15:08,730 --> 00:15:12,120 "test." I like to refer to it as a celebration of learning. 331 00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:13,520 [LAUGHTER] 332 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:15,290 PROFESSOR: So it's a celebration. 333 00:15:15,290 --> 00:15:18,960 We're going to start celebrating on Tuesday. 334 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:20,310 There's the website by the way. 335 00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:21,790 You probably want to bookmark that. 336 00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,180 You're probably going to go to that a lot. 337 00:15:27,380 --> 00:15:31,070 We're going to keep celebrating, and so we will 338 00:15:31,070 --> 00:15:34,500 have some monthly celebrations, monthly tests, 339 00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:35,920 and they've already been scheduled. 340 00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:40,990 And you will write those tests during the normal class time. 341 00:15:40,990 --> 00:15:43,430 But on those days we will spread you out a bit. 342 00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:45,220 I like to see some vacancies. 343 00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,580 So you will not be sitting one next to another. 344 00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:51,830 There'll be at least one human vacancy next to every human, 345 00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:55,110 and that way you've got room to spread out, keep your eyes 346 00:15:55,110 --> 00:15:55,740 on your own work. 347 00:15:55,740 --> 00:15:57,920 So those are the dates and there'll be 348 00:15:57,920 --> 00:16:00,360 more of that in time. 349 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:05,040 Now when you take the monthly test, I allow you to use aids. 350 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,280 So everyone will be given in recitation tomorrow a Periodic 351 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:12,900 Table of the Elements, very nice one, laminated one. 352 00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:16,250 So you take that with you to the test. In fact, you should 353 00:16:16,250 --> 00:16:17,490 take this with you everywhere. 354 00:16:17,490 --> 00:16:18,840 [LAUGHTER] 355 00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:20,800 PROFESSOR: If I run into you at Harvard Square, I want to 356 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:24,910 see the Periodic Table, because every educated person 357 00:16:24,910 --> 00:16:27,360 has the Periodic Table. 358 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:28,700 You get a table of constants. 359 00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:29,700 So you'll have one of these. 360 00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:31,060 You'll get that tomorrow as well. 361 00:16:31,060 --> 00:16:33,400 Paper copy, and on there are all the constants so you don't 362 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,020 have to remember that the permittivity of vacuum is 8.85 363 00:16:37,020 --> 00:16:38,970 times 10 to the minus 12 farads per meter. 364 00:16:38,970 --> 00:16:40,160 It's on there. 365 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:42,470 I urge you to use that when you do your homework. 366 00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:45,240 So it's always amusing to me during the time of the first 367 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:48,780 monthly celebration, somebody's looking at this as 368 00:16:48,780 --> 00:16:51,690 though it's today's newspaper and they're 369 00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:54,910 looking, where is that? 370 00:16:54,910 --> 00:16:57,650 Sort of revealing about the intensity with which the 371 00:16:57,650 --> 00:17:00,070 homework has been embraced. 372 00:17:00,070 --> 00:17:02,440 Calculator, something to calculate with, and I don't 373 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:04,370 care if you bring in a graphing 374 00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:06,770 calculator or a mainframe. 375 00:17:06,770 --> 00:17:07,650 I don't care. 376 00:17:07,650 --> 00:17:08,550 [LAUGHTER] 377 00:17:08,550 --> 00:17:11,370 PROFESSOR: And you're allowed an aid sheet, an 8 1/2-by-11 378 00:17:11,370 --> 00:17:12,020 sheet of paper. 379 00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:13,260 And you can write on the front, you can 380 00:17:13,260 --> 00:17:14,560 write on the back. 381 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:20,090 You can photoreduce previous exams down to micro-dot size. 382 00:17:20,090 --> 00:17:24,420 I don't care what you put on it, but with this, you have 383 00:17:24,420 --> 00:17:27,130 then no excuse to say I really understood this stuff, but I 384 00:17:27,130 --> 00:17:28,500 couldn't remember a formula. 385 00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:31,640 Actually, many students tell me that the act of preparing 386 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:35,730 the aid sheet organizes the subject matter in their minds. 387 00:17:35,730 --> 00:17:38,530 They bring this with them to the exam, and they never 388 00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:40,950 consult it, but it just soothes the nerves and makes 389 00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:47,200 sure that everybody does well on the monthly test. 390 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:48,460 The weekly test, no. 391 00:17:48,460 --> 00:17:51,380 The weekly test you bring your Periodic Table and table of 392 00:17:51,380 --> 00:17:52,970 constants, but no aid sheet. 393 00:17:52,970 --> 00:17:55,490 For the weekly test, it's a very 394 00:17:55,490 --> 00:17:57,990 concentrated amount of material. 395 00:17:57,990 --> 00:18:01,530 And I'm not going to test your memories, because that doesn't 396 00:18:01,530 --> 00:18:04,850 prove anything to me. 397 00:18:04,850 --> 00:18:07,020 And then, of course, the celebration of celebrations is 398 00:18:07,020 --> 00:18:07,750 the final exam. 399 00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:08,730 [LAUGHTER] 400 00:18:08,730 --> 00:18:09,860 PROFESSOR: That's huge. 401 00:18:09,860 --> 00:18:11,700 That's a huge celebration. 402 00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:13,660 It's three hours. 403 00:18:13,660 --> 00:18:15,510 See, these are really 50 minutes. 404 00:18:15,510 --> 00:18:18,080 This is three full hours. 405 00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:20,470 The time and location will be set by the Registrar. 406 00:18:20,470 --> 00:18:22,530 We should know by October 1. 407 00:18:22,530 --> 00:18:25,780 The final exam period is December 14 to 18. 408 00:18:25,780 --> 00:18:30,660 And so what I urge you to do is as soon as that schedule 409 00:18:30,660 --> 00:18:34,270 comes out and we know when all the final exams are going to 410 00:18:34,270 --> 00:18:38,650 be held, then you book your passage for the holidays. 411 00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:40,820 Do not get that order reversed. 412 00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:43,400 You cannot come to me and say, I got a really 413 00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:44,690 good price on a ticket. 414 00:18:44,690 --> 00:18:48,430 I'm going Acapulco on the 15th of December, and your exam is 415 00:18:48,430 --> 00:18:49,670 on the 16th of December. 416 00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,760 I'll say, you just got a zero on the final. 417 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:54,380 You have to be here for that. 418 00:18:54,380 --> 00:18:55,030 You know why? 419 00:18:55,030 --> 00:18:59,740 I have to be here for that, you can be here for that, too. 420 00:18:59,740 --> 00:19:02,130 There are about a quarter of a million students in Boston. 421 00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,030 It's a great college town, but at Christmas time, it's 422 00:19:05,030 --> 00:19:06,740 pandemonium at Logan Airport. 423 00:19:06,740 --> 00:19:09,690 So you want to book your passage early, but you can't 424 00:19:09,690 --> 00:19:14,060 do it until you know what your final exam obligations are. 425 00:19:14,060 --> 00:19:14,750 Grading. 426 00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:17,700 Freshman, you know, it's pass/no record. 427 00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:19,320 Pass/no record. 428 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,710 And so that means that if you struggle and things don't go 429 00:19:22,710 --> 00:19:25,300 well, you don't have any blemishes on your record. 430 00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:28,450 Unfortunately, some of the upperclassmen will tell you as 431 00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,630 pass/no record, you now, barest pass 432 00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:32,570 imaginable/ no record. 433 00:19:32,570 --> 00:19:36,270 Well, I hate to let you know this, but increasingly I am 434 00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:41,730 being asked by medical schools, law schools, 435 00:19:41,730 --> 00:19:45,760 scholarship providers to reveal the scores on the 436 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:47,590 freshman year. 437 00:19:47,590 --> 00:19:52,240 So think about that before you call Hilary in late November 438 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:54,910 saying, what do I need to get a 50? 439 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:59,250 I need a 32 on the final? 440 00:19:59,250 --> 00:20:00,480 OK. 441 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:04,628 But Lord help you, you get a 31 you go down. 442 00:20:04,628 --> 00:20:06,970 [LAUGHTER] 443 00:20:06,970 --> 00:20:09,470 PROFESSOR: Upperclassmen get the luxury of the entire 444 00:20:09,470 --> 00:20:13,320 alphabet: A, B, C, D, F. 445 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:15,420 The final grade composition. 446 00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:16,730 1/6 for homework-- 447 00:20:16,730 --> 00:20:20,140 that's the aggregates of the weekly test scores-- and 1/6 448 00:20:20,140 --> 00:20:22,140 for each of the three tests. 449 00:20:22,140 --> 00:20:25,590 And then the final is 2/6, or 1/3. 450 00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:27,670 I didn't want to get into transcendental numbers, so I 451 00:20:27,670 --> 00:20:31,630 made it 33 exact, 16.75 exact. 452 00:20:31,630 --> 00:20:35,650 I could have made it 16.77, I could have made it 16.81, I 453 00:20:35,650 --> 00:20:36,740 could have made it anything I want. 454 00:20:36,740 --> 00:20:39,040 I'm the professor. 455 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:42,520 But I chose 16.75. 456 00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:48,040 Bottom line here is it's really dumb to fail the final. 457 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:51,600 If you passed the final, you're pretty much assured 458 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:53,630 that we're going to be favorably 459 00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:55,610 disposed to passing you. 460 00:20:55,610 --> 00:20:58,830 But you fail the final that says two things. 461 00:20:58,830 --> 00:21:02,980 It says, number one, you don't have a grasp of the overall 462 00:21:02,980 --> 00:21:05,610 year, but it also sort of indicates that you ran out of 463 00:21:05,610 --> 00:21:08,780 steam partway through the semester and stopped working. 464 00:21:08,780 --> 00:21:11,590 It's very bad. 465 00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:13,830 You get a lot of good advice from upperclassmen, but 466 00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:15,590 sometimes-- 467 00:21:15,590 --> 00:21:17,810 I'd ignore that one that says, hey, you don't have to do that 468 00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:19,980 well on the final. 469 00:21:19,980 --> 00:21:22,460 Anyway, so you have to get a C level as 470 00:21:22,460 --> 00:21:23,640 a freshmen or greater. 471 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:27,080 And, by the way, we do not grade on a curve. 472 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,110 I've seen it in magazines this last year that 473 00:21:30,110 --> 00:21:31,910 MIT grades on a curve. 474 00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:32,970 I don't where they get that from. 475 00:21:32,970 --> 00:21:34,320 I don't grade on a curve. 476 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:39,200 Your success does not come at the expense of your neighbor. 477 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:41,040 As far as I'm concerned everybody in this 478 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,420 class can get an A. 479 00:21:42,420 --> 00:21:46,550 Again, I'm the professor, all right? 480 00:21:46,550 --> 00:21:49,600 So you say, well, how do you know that 50 481 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:50,420 is the right number? 482 00:21:50,420 --> 00:21:51,720 Why isn't it 55? 483 00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:53,470 Why isn't it 75? 484 00:21:53,470 --> 00:21:54,710 Well, I know. 485 00:21:54,710 --> 00:21:54,960 I know. 486 00:21:54,960 --> 00:21:55,940 How do I know? 487 00:21:55,940 --> 00:22:01,610 Because when we grade, we set up the point scheme so that if 488 00:22:01,610 --> 00:22:07,720 the student has the mastery of the barest level of competency 489 00:22:07,720 --> 00:22:10,140 of the key concept the point scheme must 490 00:22:10,140 --> 00:22:11,340 reflect a passing grade-- 491 00:22:11,340 --> 00:22:14,090 5 out of 10, 5 out of 9-- 492 00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:16,380 and you propagate that through. 493 00:22:16,380 --> 00:22:18,800 I don't care how much is written, if it doesn't 494 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:22,440 demonstrate basic mastery of the key concept the point 495 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:28,310 scheme must give 4, 3, 2, 0. 496 00:22:28,310 --> 00:22:29,610 Maybe a 1. 497 00:22:29,610 --> 00:22:33,440 And so that, if you propagate it through the whole semester, 498 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:34,770 means 50 is a pass. 499 00:22:34,770 --> 00:22:35,950 There's some wiggle room there. 500 00:22:35,950 --> 00:22:40,180 How do I know 49.7 is a fail and 50 is a pass? 501 00:22:40,180 --> 00:22:43,070 That's when I call your recitation instructor. 502 00:22:43,070 --> 00:22:44,320 [CELL PHONE RINGING] 503 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:45,190 PROFESSOR: Let's kill that. 504 00:22:45,190 --> 00:22:47,150 We're going to get to that in a second. 505 00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:49,036 Let's call the recitation instructor. 506 00:22:49,036 --> 00:22:51,360 And what happens? 507 00:22:51,360 --> 00:22:53,500 I ask the recitation instructor, well, what can you 508 00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:55,540 tell me about this young lady? 509 00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:58,090 And, oh, she came to all my classes, she tried really 510 00:22:58,090 --> 00:22:59,990 hard, she came to office hours. 511 00:22:59,990 --> 00:23:02,690 I don't think the exam is a proper reflection of her 512 00:23:02,690 --> 00:23:04,270 understanding. 513 00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:08,170 I'll listen to that and maybe we'll promote. 514 00:23:08,170 --> 00:23:11,710 If, on the other hand, I get the response, I never saw her, 515 00:23:11,710 --> 00:23:13,390 didn't come to class. 516 00:23:13,390 --> 00:23:18,220 I repeatedly reached out to her, ignored my entreaties, 517 00:23:18,220 --> 00:23:19,586 she's going down. 518 00:23:19,586 --> 00:23:20,836 [LAUGHTER] 519 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:26,010 PROFESSOR: OK. 520 00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:26,970 Website. 521 00:23:26,970 --> 00:23:28,795 This is what the website looks like. 522 00:23:28,795 --> 00:23:30,980 There's a number of tabs here. 523 00:23:30,980 --> 00:23:35,140 The readings are there, the videos are there archived. 524 00:23:35,140 --> 00:23:36,310 The schedule-- 525 00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:38,150 what's going to be coming up. 526 00:23:38,150 --> 00:23:40,220 So, for example, this is what's going on today. 527 00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:44,460 It says what the topic is, roughly what the readings are. 528 00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:46,580 I know today you didn't come to class having read. 529 00:23:46,580 --> 00:23:47,880 And it's OK, we'll get through it. 530 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:52,970 But from now on I urge you to do the readings. 531 00:23:52,970 --> 00:23:56,640 A couple of topics I'm required to talk about. 532 00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:58,620 My management requires me to do so. 533 00:23:58,620 --> 00:24:00,220 Academic honesty. 534 00:24:00,220 --> 00:24:03,290 There's a lot of texts here, but in plain English, this 535 00:24:03,290 --> 00:24:05,300 says don't cheat! 536 00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:06,995 You know what this means! 537 00:24:06,995 --> 00:24:09,270 Now I don't want to hear, well, in my country, the 538 00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:09,680 custom is-- 539 00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:11,690 I don't care what they do in your country! 540 00:24:11,690 --> 00:24:15,780 You're in my class, and if you cheat in my class you 541 00:24:15,780 --> 00:24:19,000 will pay for it. 542 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,620 Very simple. 543 00:24:20,620 --> 00:24:23,140 Accept information of any kind from others-- 544 00:24:23,140 --> 00:24:24,630 wrong. 545 00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:27,940 Represent somebody else's work as your own-- wrong. 546 00:24:27,940 --> 00:24:29,100 You know this. 547 00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:33,350 It was Juvenal, the Roman politician, said men need not 548 00:24:33,350 --> 00:24:37,020 so much be instructed as reminded. 549 00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:40,230 I'm not telling you anything you don't already know, but 550 00:24:40,230 --> 00:24:43,150 I'm going to say it so no one can say, well, nobody told us 551 00:24:43,150 --> 00:24:47,000 it wasn't OK to erase our answers and hand them back in 552 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:48,440 for more points. 553 00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:50,020 I just did. 554 00:24:50,020 --> 00:24:51,270 All right? 555 00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:57,630 So if in the unlikely-- but it happens every so often. 556 00:24:57,630 --> 00:25:00,050 Maybe every two, three years. 557 00:25:00,050 --> 00:25:00,980 And people get caught. 558 00:25:00,980 --> 00:25:02,180 You know why they get caught? 559 00:25:02,180 --> 00:25:04,470 Because for the first time in your life you're being taught 560 00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,545 by people who are as smart as you are. 561 00:25:06,545 --> 00:25:07,795 [LAUGHTER] 562 00:25:12,590 --> 00:25:15,280 PROFESSOR: My TAs are really smart. 563 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,700 And it never ceases to amaze me-- somebody succumbs and 564 00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:21,630 does something dishonest, and they get caught! 565 00:25:21,630 --> 00:25:23,080 They get busted! 566 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:24,370 And what happens then? 567 00:25:24,370 --> 00:25:25,210 Then I get angry. 568 00:25:25,210 --> 00:25:25,900 You know why? 569 00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:29,150 Because we can't settle that in my office. 570 00:25:29,150 --> 00:25:32,930 You can't come and cry in my office. 571 00:25:32,930 --> 00:25:39,310 I have to take this episode to a committee here at MIT called 572 00:25:39,310 --> 00:25:40,610 the Committee on Discipline. 573 00:25:40,610 --> 00:25:42,760 It is staffed by faculty, by 574 00:25:42,760 --> 00:25:45,500 administrators, and by students. 575 00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:49,490 And the case is brought before the COD at a hearing and a 576 00:25:49,490 --> 00:25:51,370 punishment is decided. 577 00:25:51,370 --> 00:25:55,540 And it can be anything from suspension to expulsion. 578 00:25:55,540 --> 00:25:59,350 And of the three categories, faculty, administrators, 579 00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:04,700 students, which category do you think is most severe on 580 00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:05,910 infringers? 581 00:26:05,910 --> 00:26:06,670 AUDIENCE: Students. 582 00:26:06,670 --> 00:26:07,870 PROFESSOR: Your peers. 583 00:26:07,870 --> 00:26:09,050 You got it. 584 00:26:09,050 --> 00:26:12,002 You know, because people my age, old faculty, they'll be 585 00:26:12,002 --> 00:26:14,520 like, oh, they're just kids, whatever. 586 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:16,710 The students say, no! 587 00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:18,005 Throw them out! 588 00:26:18,005 --> 00:26:19,255 [LAUGHTER] 589 00:26:22,190 --> 00:26:24,090 PROFESSOR: So it's not going to be me that's going to expel 590 00:26:24,090 --> 00:26:26,490 you, it's going to be your peers. 591 00:26:26,490 --> 00:26:27,260 So don't do it. 592 00:26:27,260 --> 00:26:29,890 And if you're ever in an exam and somebody's pressuring you, 593 00:26:29,890 --> 00:26:33,190 just raise your hand and ask to be reseated. 594 00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:35,980 For all I know, the guy next to you has got a bad case of 595 00:26:35,980 --> 00:26:37,830 B.O., you just want to move. 596 00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:39,810 We will not ask any questions, so take 597 00:26:39,810 --> 00:26:41,530 yourself out of the situation. 598 00:26:41,530 --> 00:26:45,580 Conduct yourself appropriately. 599 00:26:45,580 --> 00:26:46,870 Classroom behavior. 600 00:26:46,870 --> 00:26:48,440 Now this is the first lecture, there's a whole bunch of 601 00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:49,880 violations in here right now. 602 00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:52,540 So I'm going to say it now and we'll fix it for next time. 603 00:26:52,540 --> 00:26:57,980 We've got 425 seats here, we've probably got 475 people, 604 00:26:57,980 --> 00:27:00,210 and there's only one way we can make this system work and 605 00:27:00,210 --> 00:27:04,210 we have to observe certain rules of decorum. 606 00:27:04,210 --> 00:27:06,280 And I make the rules. 607 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,930 So if I want to maintain a fertile learning environment 608 00:27:09,930 --> 00:27:13,080 I'm going to ask for these rules to be observed. 609 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,610 No talking at all. 610 00:27:15,610 --> 00:27:16,500 No talking. 611 00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:19,120 Little conversation here, little conversation here-- 612 00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:21,480 it disturbs people. 613 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,640 I don't want any food or drink. 614 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:25,750 No food, no drink. 615 00:27:25,750 --> 00:27:27,914 One exception is the professor. 616 00:27:27,914 --> 00:27:30,520 [LAUGHTER] 617 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:34,070 PROFESSOR: Because I do not want to have my throat get so 618 00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:37,460 dry that I can't finish talking my way through the end 619 00:27:37,460 --> 00:27:38,680 of the class. 620 00:27:38,680 --> 00:27:42,350 Otherwise, no food or drink and no disruptive behavior. 621 00:27:42,350 --> 00:27:44,540 No horseplay or anything like that. 622 00:27:44,540 --> 00:27:49,040 And wireless communication devices must be silenced. 623 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,890 Cell phone goes off, you get up, you leave the room. 624 00:27:52,890 --> 00:27:54,751 That's it. 625 00:27:54,751 --> 00:27:56,620 AUDIENCE: Is water OK? 626 00:27:56,620 --> 00:27:58,600 PROFESSOR: If you need water because it's some kind of a 627 00:27:58,600 --> 00:27:59,440 health thing, fine. 628 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,630 But I do not want to see a whole bunch of people drawing 629 00:28:01,630 --> 00:28:03,470 on water bottles. 630 00:28:03,470 --> 00:28:04,910 Don't need it. 631 00:28:04,910 --> 00:28:06,560 Don't need it. 632 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,230 You can go 50 minutes without your little-- 633 00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:11,157 whatever. 634 00:28:11,157 --> 00:28:13,780 [LAUGHTER] 635 00:28:13,780 --> 00:28:15,270 PROFESSOR: You know why? 636 00:28:15,270 --> 00:28:16,200 I'll tell you why. 637 00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:19,270 It's not because I'm trying to be a control freak. 638 00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:22,730 This is a chemistry class, but it's chemistry-centered. 639 00:28:22,730 --> 00:28:26,470 You didn't just come to MIT to learn some geeky techno stuff. 640 00:28:26,470 --> 00:28:29,180 You're preparing for a professional career, and part 641 00:28:29,180 --> 00:28:34,450 of that is how you behave, how to act as a professional. 642 00:28:34,450 --> 00:28:37,880 And you cannot learn behavior by doing problem sets. 643 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:39,320 How do you learn behavior? 644 00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:41,980 You learn behavior by observation. 645 00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:43,710 And how does one teach behavior? 646 00:28:43,710 --> 00:28:45,270 By modeling. 647 00:28:45,270 --> 00:28:47,570 If you're in some high-level committee meeting and all of a 648 00:28:47,570 --> 00:28:49,377 sudden your cell phone goes off and you're scrambling and 649 00:28:49,377 --> 00:28:52,220 you can't find the damn thing, it's in the bottom of your 650 00:28:52,220 --> 00:28:53,700 briefcase, right? 651 00:28:58,930 --> 00:29:03,070 I can't tell you how vulgar that is. 652 00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:05,190 You're in a professional setting, you commit 653 00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:07,090 professional suicide. 654 00:29:07,090 --> 00:29:08,640 And I need to tell you that. 655 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:13,170 If you think it's OK you're wrong. 656 00:29:13,170 --> 00:29:15,310 So let's get in the habit. 657 00:29:15,310 --> 00:29:17,180 Disable the damn thing. 658 00:29:17,180 --> 00:29:17,720 What do you need? 659 00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:19,110 You're going to call your stockbroker? 660 00:29:19,110 --> 00:29:22,760 What's so important right now? 661 00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:27,220 And on an exam, that thing goes off I take the exam in 662 00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:28,050 front of everybody and-- 663 00:29:28,050 --> 00:29:29,330 [MAKING RIPPING NOISE] 664 00:29:29,330 --> 00:29:33,277 PROFESSOR: --we introduce a defect, it's called a tear. 665 00:29:33,277 --> 00:29:34,710 [LAUGHTER] 666 00:29:34,710 --> 00:29:37,060 PROFESSOR: And then I put a zero on it like this, with a 667 00:29:37,060 --> 00:29:37,972 circle around it. 668 00:29:37,972 --> 00:29:39,405 It's called a donut. 669 00:29:39,405 --> 00:29:40,655 [LAUGHTER] 670 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:45,900 PROFESSOR: All right. 671 00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:48,120 Now let's talk about some lighter 672 00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,040 things, more upbeat things. 673 00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:53,130 Look, I want you to succeed in this class. 674 00:29:53,130 --> 00:29:56,670 Now how are we going to succeed? 675 00:29:56,670 --> 00:29:59,700 You go to the listing in the bulletin 676 00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:01,750 you'll see this, right? 677 00:30:01,750 --> 00:30:04,090 And you zoom in here it says 5-0-7. 678 00:30:04,090 --> 00:30:04,840 What's this mean? 679 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:06,800 Well the 5 is 5 contact hours. 680 00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:09,990 3 here and 2 with your recitation. 681 00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:11,290 The 0 is lab. 682 00:30:11,290 --> 00:30:12,920 There's no lab with this class. 683 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:14,720 So what's the 7? 684 00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:17,780 The 7 is the reading, the homework, 685 00:30:17,780 --> 00:30:19,500 preparation, et cetera. 686 00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,430 I pledge to you, you give me 7 hours-- you go to the 5 hours 687 00:30:23,430 --> 00:30:24,950 contact and 7 hours-- 688 00:30:24,950 --> 00:30:27,900 you will not just pass this class, you will flourish in 689 00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:29,970 this class. 690 00:30:29,970 --> 00:30:31,350 How do I know this? 691 00:30:31,350 --> 00:30:35,610 Because I used to chair the committee on admissions and 692 00:30:35,610 --> 00:30:36,860 I've read applications. 693 00:30:36,860 --> 00:30:40,180 I know the quality of individual in this room. 694 00:30:40,180 --> 00:30:42,930 You should have seen, there were 11,000 applications piled 695 00:30:42,930 --> 00:30:44,930 up like this, each dossier like this, and they just get 696 00:30:44,930 --> 00:30:47,290 copied down on a four-by-six card. 697 00:30:47,290 --> 00:30:50,650 We get here on a Presidents' Day weekend and we got stacks 698 00:30:50,650 --> 00:30:51,570 and stacks of the cards. 699 00:30:51,570 --> 00:30:54,210 We're looking at your whole academic life is on a 700 00:30:54,210 --> 00:30:55,290 four-by-six card. 701 00:30:55,290 --> 00:30:57,480 And I pick that up and I go, yes. 702 00:31:00,890 --> 00:31:02,700 Literally at this speed. 703 00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:04,750 About 45 seconds. 704 00:31:04,750 --> 00:31:06,074 No. 705 00:31:06,074 --> 00:31:08,240 [LAUGHTER] 706 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:09,212 PROFESSOR: Hell no! 707 00:31:09,212 --> 00:31:09,700 [LAUGHTER] 708 00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,680 PROFESSOR: That's how I spent Presidents' Day weekend. 709 00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:20,730 And so you got through a very grueling selection process. 710 00:31:20,730 --> 00:31:23,220 What's the corollary of that? 711 00:31:23,220 --> 00:31:25,910 Listen carefully to this: Everybody in this room has the 712 00:31:25,910 --> 00:31:28,980 intellectual apparatus to pass 3.091. 713 00:31:28,980 --> 00:31:32,430 The only people who fail 3.091 are people who 714 00:31:32,430 --> 00:31:34,650 choose to fail 3.091. 715 00:31:34,650 --> 00:31:37,430 They choose not to come to class, they chose not to go to 716 00:31:37,430 --> 00:31:40,930 recitation, they chose not to work the homework. 717 00:31:40,930 --> 00:31:42,830 I don't know why they make those choices. 718 00:31:42,830 --> 00:31:45,740 But I guarantee you if you give me this amount of time, 719 00:31:45,740 --> 00:31:46,450 you'll do well. 720 00:31:46,450 --> 00:31:47,690 It's straightforward. 721 00:31:47,690 --> 00:31:52,110 Number one problem you are going to face this fall is not 722 00:31:52,110 --> 00:31:54,400 secondary bonding, it's time management. 723 00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,620 So I used to call this strategies for-- 724 00:32:04,620 --> 00:32:06,810 what did I used to call it? 725 00:32:06,810 --> 00:32:07,706 I forgot. 726 00:32:07,706 --> 00:32:11,130 I used to have it something like, survival strategies. 727 00:32:11,130 --> 00:32:12,310 But I don't want you to survive, 728 00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:13,480 I want you to flourish. 729 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:15,470 So I call it recipe for success. 730 00:32:15,470 --> 00:32:17,770 There are different venues for learning. 731 00:32:17,770 --> 00:32:19,050 OK? 732 00:32:19,050 --> 00:32:20,850 So lecture, that's here. 733 00:32:20,850 --> 00:32:22,890 That's my responsibility. 734 00:32:22,890 --> 00:32:25,400 Recitation, that's Tuesdays and Thursdays. 735 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,140 That's my staff. 736 00:32:27,140 --> 00:32:28,500 Now reading, that's you. 737 00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:30,380 Homework, that'd be you. 738 00:32:30,380 --> 00:32:32,590 Weekly quizzes is you, monthly tests is you, 739 00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:34,113 final exam is you. 740 00:32:34,113 --> 00:32:34,860 [LAUGHTER] 741 00:32:34,860 --> 00:32:38,280 PROFESSOR: What we have here is a partnership. 742 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:39,181 See? 743 00:32:39,181 --> 00:32:41,830 [LAUGHTER] 744 00:32:41,830 --> 00:32:44,220 PROFESSOR: So I'll do my part, you do your part. 745 00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:47,880 You know, one of the things beyond the basic learning of 746 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:50,750 the chemistry that we're going to attempt here is a 747 00:32:50,750 --> 00:32:51,490 transition. 748 00:32:51,490 --> 00:32:54,890 You are going to change in ways you can't imagine. 749 00:32:54,890 --> 00:32:58,120 I want you to think about the way you are right now, and I'm 750 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:00,580 going to ask you to think about how you feel about 751 00:33:00,580 --> 00:33:02,510 yourself on the last day of class. 752 00:33:02,510 --> 00:33:04,860 You will be amazed, and it's not because you know a few 753 00:33:04,860 --> 00:33:06,500 more chemical equations. 754 00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:09,120 And what one of the things that I want to see happen and 755 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:13,150 to help facilitate is the transition from student, which 756 00:33:13,150 --> 00:33:17,020 you are as a high school graduate, to scholar. 757 00:33:17,020 --> 00:33:19,750 And the difference between a student and a scholar is a 758 00:33:19,750 --> 00:33:24,100 scholar takes ownership of his or her learning. 759 00:33:24,100 --> 00:33:25,620 So you're going to take ownership of it. 760 00:33:25,620 --> 00:33:27,370 You know, is this going to be on? 761 00:33:27,370 --> 00:33:29,640 Are we responsible for this? 762 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:31,340 Go back to high school. 763 00:33:31,340 --> 00:33:32,750 Here you're a scholar. 764 00:33:32,750 --> 00:33:35,700 You say, how can I learn more about this? 765 00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,800 That's the difference. 766 00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,900 So I think we've covered enough. 767 00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:44,730 I think we don't want to just have the whole day, welcome to 768 00:33:44,730 --> 00:33:45,910 MIT, welcome to MIT. 769 00:33:45,910 --> 00:33:48,230 So what we're going to do is we'll get into the lecture, 770 00:33:48,230 --> 00:33:51,885 and in the very brief amount of time we have left I'm going 771 00:33:51,885 --> 00:33:54,455 to talk about the beginnings of chemistry. 772 00:33:54,455 --> 00:33:58,490 We're going to talk about taxonomy, classification, 773 00:33:58,490 --> 00:34:00,090 nomenclature. 774 00:34:00,090 --> 00:34:04,770 And to help introduce this I'm going to refer to the writings 775 00:34:04,770 --> 00:34:05,930 of William Shakespeare. 776 00:34:05,930 --> 00:34:08,430 We're going to integrate some humanities here. 777 00:34:08,430 --> 00:34:10,660 We're going to read from Romeo and Juliet. 778 00:34:10,660 --> 00:34:13,250 Maybe there are people here who were admitted on the 779 00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:15,870 strength of the performance in Romeo and Juliet. 780 00:34:15,870 --> 00:34:18,520 Maybe one of you was Romeo, one of you was Juliet. 781 00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:20,190 Maybe one of you did the lighting. 782 00:34:20,190 --> 00:34:21,850 Maybe one of you did the set design. 783 00:34:21,850 --> 00:34:23,910 Maybe one of you took the tickets. 784 00:34:23,910 --> 00:34:25,320 Somehow you were involved, right? 785 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:27,200 Because we're all involved. 786 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:28,270 So let's take a look. 787 00:34:28,270 --> 00:34:29,550 Act 2, Scene 2. 788 00:34:29,550 --> 00:34:33,580 Romeo: "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? 789 00:34:33,580 --> 00:34:35,030 It is the east"-- 790 00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:37,330 that's the east. East Campus is that way, right? 791 00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:38,230 [LAUGHTER] 792 00:34:38,230 --> 00:34:41,790 PROFESSOR: "It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." That 793 00:34:41,790 --> 00:34:43,920 has nothing to do with nomenclature. 794 00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:47,350 Maybe photon emission, but-- 795 00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:47,920 that's a joke. 796 00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:49,970 We'll get to it. 797 00:34:49,970 --> 00:34:51,910 Now Juliet: "O Romeo, Romeo! 798 00:34:51,910 --> 00:34:53,720 Wherefore art thou Romeo? 799 00:34:53,720 --> 00:34:56,720 Deny thy father and refuse thy name. 800 00:34:56,720 --> 00:35:00,540 Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and I'll no 801 00:35:00,540 --> 00:35:02,420 longer be a Capulet." See she's a 802 00:35:02,420 --> 00:35:04,470 Capulet, he's a Montague. 803 00:35:04,470 --> 00:35:06,370 You know, the Hatfields and the McCoys. 804 00:35:06,370 --> 00:35:07,090 And this is a metaphor. 805 00:35:07,090 --> 00:35:08,230 It's as old as literature. 806 00:35:08,230 --> 00:35:12,870 It's about warring factions, two communities that can't 807 00:35:12,870 --> 00:35:14,890 stand each other based on prejudice. 808 00:35:14,890 --> 00:35:17,940 And then these two youngsters fall in love, and how love 809 00:35:17,940 --> 00:35:20,080 triumphs over hatred, and so on. 810 00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,900 It's powerful stuff and it's written here. 811 00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,460 Romeo: "Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?" 812 00:35:27,460 --> 00:35:29,240 Remember, she's up high, he's doing "Shall I hear more, 813 00:35:29,240 --> 00:35:31,110 shall I speak at this?" Fellows, the answer to that 814 00:35:31,110 --> 00:35:34,570 question is don't speak. 815 00:35:34,570 --> 00:35:36,680 Don't interrupt her. 816 00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:36,920 All right. 817 00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:41,210 So now she goes, "'Tis but thy name that is my enemy. 818 00:35:41,210 --> 00:35:44,100 Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. 819 00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:45,900 What's Montague? 820 00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:48,490 It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, nor any other 821 00:35:48,490 --> 00:35:49,900 part belonging to a man. 822 00:35:49,900 --> 00:35:51,870 O, be some other name! 823 00:35:51,870 --> 00:35:54,040 What's in a name? 824 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,440 That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as 825 00:35:57,440 --> 00:36:00,620 sweet." That's properties, right? 826 00:36:00,620 --> 00:36:05,060 "So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called, retain that dear 827 00:36:05,060 --> 00:36:08,390 perfection which he owes without that title. 828 00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,650 Romeo, doff thy name, and for that name which is no part of 829 00:36:12,650 --> 00:36:15,360 thee take all myself." 830 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:16,340 Beautiful writing. 831 00:36:16,340 --> 00:36:19,810 400 years ago and it's just fantastic. 832 00:36:19,810 --> 00:36:22,250 Well, that's no good. 833 00:36:22,250 --> 00:36:24,310 That's not the way it works in science. 834 00:36:24,310 --> 00:36:26,150 In science we have to agree-- 835 00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:27,860 [LAUGHTER] 836 00:36:27,860 --> 00:36:31,150 PROFESSOR: We have to agree on the name. 837 00:36:31,150 --> 00:36:34,190 And so this is taken from Chapter 1 of the text, and 838 00:36:34,190 --> 00:36:37,520 this is the classification of matter. 839 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,760 This is about stuff and the different forms of stuff. 840 00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:43,290 Over here we have the simplest form of stuff, 841 00:36:43,290 --> 00:36:44,210 which is the element. 842 00:36:44,210 --> 00:36:46,670 And we're going to start here in 3.091 and we're going to 843 00:36:46,670 --> 00:36:49,850 work our way all the way through this table, starting 844 00:36:49,850 --> 00:36:53,290 with electronic structure and how electronic structure 845 00:36:53,290 --> 00:36:54,540 governs stuff. 846 00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:01,376 So let's start with a history lesson. 847 00:37:01,376 --> 00:37:03,530 We'll start with a history lesson. 848 00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:05,540 And the history lesson goes like this. 849 00:37:05,540 --> 00:37:07,520 What are the origins of chemistry? 850 00:37:07,520 --> 00:37:10,910 The ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs refer to khemeia, 851 00:37:10,910 --> 00:37:13,450 which was a chemical process for embalming the dead. 852 00:37:13,450 --> 00:37:17,500 You know the Egyptians were very fixated on the afterlife. 853 00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:21,310 And the chemists, the chemists were revered in that society-- 854 00:37:21,310 --> 00:37:22,160 not like here. 855 00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:24,750 They were revered in that society because they knew how 856 00:37:24,750 --> 00:37:26,960 to prepare the body for the afterlife. 857 00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:29,580 Embalming is a chemical process. 858 00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:31,400 A few years ago I was in London. 859 00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:34,150 I toured the British Museum and came upon this. 860 00:37:34,150 --> 00:37:36,450 This is 18 inches tall. 861 00:37:36,450 --> 00:37:37,830 It's the mummified cat. 862 00:37:37,830 --> 00:37:40,630 It's a fantastic example of mummification. 863 00:37:40,630 --> 00:37:42,750 It's a beautiful-- most people go zooming right past it. 864 00:37:42,750 --> 00:37:45,090 They're looking at the big dinosaurs and 865 00:37:45,090 --> 00:37:46,060 all that other nonsense. 866 00:37:46,060 --> 00:37:48,700 But this, this is beautiful. 867 00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,120 Mummified cat. 868 00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:54,100 And then khemeia expanded to other chemical processes: 869 00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:58,780 dying of cloth, glassmaking, and metals extraction. 870 00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:02,680 The chemist could take dirt and turn it into metal. 871 00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:03,930 Sorcery. 872 00:38:05,820 --> 00:38:08,930 Some things haven't changed. 873 00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,730 I'm in that tradition: producing metal from dirt. 874 00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:19,060 And they were always looking for an overarching theme, to 875 00:38:19,060 --> 00:38:23,850 unite the heavens with the simple elements. 876 00:38:23,850 --> 00:38:27,690 So the seven known, naked-to-the-eye, astronomical 877 00:38:27,690 --> 00:38:30,510 bodies were associated with the seven 878 00:38:30,510 --> 00:38:32,650 known chemical elements. 879 00:38:32,650 --> 00:38:35,540 And you could even talk in this priestly language. 880 00:38:35,540 --> 00:38:38,240 So if you wanted to make a bronze, which is an alloy of 881 00:38:38,240 --> 00:38:40,910 tin and copper, you could say, well let's have the confluence 882 00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:43,680 of Jupiter and Venus. 883 00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:44,300 It's all there. 884 00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:44,850 Mercury. 885 00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:45,860 Why do we call it Mercury? 886 00:38:45,860 --> 00:38:49,160 Mercury's a metal that's liquid at room temperature. 887 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:54,210 It's fast. Because Mercury is the planet that moves quickest 888 00:38:54,210 --> 00:38:56,030 around the sun. 889 00:38:56,030 --> 00:38:58,170 Very nice. 890 00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:01,250 So this is what we knew 2,400 years ago. 891 00:39:01,250 --> 00:39:05,410 We had the seven metals, carbon, and silicon. 892 00:39:05,410 --> 00:39:11,440 And the beginning of the shift from practice to theory, or 893 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:15,950 from craft to science, is with the work of Democritus. 894 00:39:19,740 --> 00:39:24,770 Democritus, who lived around 400 BCE. 895 00:39:24,770 --> 00:39:27,010 Democritus, who was Greek. 896 00:39:27,010 --> 00:39:31,190 He described the physical world as consisting of a 897 00:39:31,190 --> 00:39:35,310 combination of void plus being. 898 00:39:35,310 --> 00:39:37,200 Void plus being. 899 00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:38,340 These are lofty words. 900 00:39:38,340 --> 00:39:39,910 Listen to this. 901 00:39:39,910 --> 00:39:43,410 Void, being not some little equation. 902 00:39:43,410 --> 00:39:45,040 It's big, big ideas. 903 00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:47,140 And how did he describe void? 904 00:39:47,140 --> 00:39:50,320 Void is something that we would recognize, in his 905 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:53,670 language, as akin to what we recognize to be vacuum. 906 00:39:53,670 --> 00:39:59,820 And being, he said, was comprised of an infinity of 907 00:39:59,820 --> 00:40:01,110 atoms. 908 00:40:01,110 --> 00:40:05,500 He coined the term "atom." "Atom" comes from the Greek 909 00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:08,750 tomoi, which is to slice. 910 00:40:08,750 --> 00:40:11,640 And then if you put "a" in front of it as in apolitical 911 00:40:11,640 --> 00:40:15,610 or amoral, cannot be sliced: indivisible. 912 00:40:15,610 --> 00:40:19,120 The atom cannot be sliced, and so to these atoms he 913 00:40:19,120 --> 00:40:21,110 attributed these properties. 914 00:40:21,110 --> 00:40:27,180 They're indivisible and eternal. 915 00:40:27,180 --> 00:40:31,650 I mean, this takes you all the way to E equals m c squared. 916 00:40:31,650 --> 00:40:36,080 From 400 BCE, and that's all he had to work with. 917 00:40:36,080 --> 00:40:38,100 This is brilliant. 918 00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:40,670 Absolutely brilliant. 919 00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,530 But to show you that things don't always go in a linear 920 00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:46,110 fashion for the better, along comes Aristotle. 921 00:40:49,150 --> 00:40:53,490 Aristotle, another Greek, and he decided, nah, we don't need 922 00:40:53,490 --> 00:40:55,330 all this carbon, sulfur, and so on. 923 00:40:55,330 --> 00:41:01,460 He said, we will have four essences that will describe 924 00:41:01,460 --> 00:41:03,380 the earthly world. 925 00:41:03,380 --> 00:41:05,010 Four essences. 926 00:41:05,010 --> 00:41:06,260 And here are the four essences. 927 00:41:08,820 --> 00:41:12,120 Earth, water, air, fire. 928 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:14,020 So those are the Aristotelian essences. 929 00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:16,030 And there's actually a fifth essence that 930 00:41:16,030 --> 00:41:17,930 describes the heavens. 931 00:41:17,930 --> 00:41:19,910 That's why we say something is quintessential. 932 00:41:19,910 --> 00:41:22,720 It's heavenly, it's et cetera. 933 00:41:22,720 --> 00:41:24,420 So these are the four essences. 934 00:41:24,420 --> 00:41:24,740 All right? 935 00:41:24,740 --> 00:41:29,970 And then it gets even worse because he has compounds, a 936 00:41:29,970 --> 00:41:33,510 combination, so you can take fire plus earth and make dry, 937 00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:37,550 earth plus water make cold, air plus water make wet, air 938 00:41:37,550 --> 00:41:38,590 plus fire make hot. 939 00:41:38,590 --> 00:41:40,616 This is nuts. 940 00:41:40,616 --> 00:41:41,930 [LAUGHTER] 941 00:41:41,930 --> 00:41:46,520 PROFESSOR: And it dominated science for a long, long time. 942 00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:48,550 Because we know really earth is an aggregate. 943 00:41:48,550 --> 00:41:51,520 It's an aggregate of different minerals which are compounds. 944 00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:55,110 Water, as you know, is a compound H2O. 945 00:41:55,110 --> 00:41:57,570 Fire is the product of combustion. 946 00:41:57,570 --> 00:42:00,310 It doesn't even belong in this set. 947 00:42:00,310 --> 00:42:01,600 And air is a solution. 948 00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,250 It's a homogeneous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, 949 00:42:05,250 --> 00:42:07,930 rising levels of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide. 950 00:42:07,930 --> 00:42:09,910 And if you're next to an aluminum smelter, 951 00:42:09,910 --> 00:42:11,020 tetrafluoromethane. 952 00:42:11,020 --> 00:42:13,760 And so on and so forth. 953 00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:17,210 And finally this thing was knocked down. 954 00:42:17,210 --> 00:42:21,000 So we can look at this chart and go back to this one and 955 00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,460 say, now we can make the connections. 956 00:42:23,460 --> 00:42:24,090 All right. 957 00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:28,120 Here's the way the elements looked at the time of the 958 00:42:28,120 --> 00:42:29,930 American Revolution. 959 00:42:29,930 --> 00:42:33,710 The alchemists gave us arsenic, antimony, and bismuth 960 00:42:33,710 --> 00:42:36,260 in the 12th, 13th, 14th centuries. 961 00:42:36,260 --> 00:42:39,430 In 13th century India, there was zinc isolated. 962 00:42:39,430 --> 00:42:42,280 There's a tall zinc pillar still standing there. 963 00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:43,680 Platinum is an American metal. 964 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:45,540 It was unknown to the Europeans. 965 00:42:45,540 --> 00:42:50,360 It was discovered when the Spanish came to the Americas. 966 00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:53,550 Actually, it's kind of ironic because plata is silver, so 967 00:42:53,550 --> 00:42:55,930 platina is sort of like a diminutive of silver, which in 968 00:42:55,930 --> 00:42:59,700 point of fact is backwards because silver melts at 962 969 00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:02,840 degrees Celsius, platinum melts at 1768. 970 00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:04,680 It is nobler than silver. 971 00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:06,820 It has catalytic properties. 972 00:43:06,820 --> 00:43:10,700 It is even fashionable in jewelry now if you know how to 973 00:43:10,700 --> 00:43:13,940 work with it, because gold melts at 1063 and platinum 974 00:43:13,940 --> 00:43:15,540 melts at 1762. 975 00:43:15,540 --> 00:43:17,510 A lot of jewelers can't work with platinum. 976 00:43:17,510 --> 00:43:18,390 It's too high-melting. 977 00:43:18,390 --> 00:43:20,210 It's a fantastic metal. 978 00:43:20,210 --> 00:43:21,778 It's an American metal. 979 00:43:21,778 --> 00:43:23,770 [LAUGHTER] 980 00:43:23,770 --> 00:43:24,610 PROFESSOR: It really is. 981 00:43:24,610 --> 00:43:25,830 I mean it's an American metal. 982 00:43:25,830 --> 00:43:27,250 I didn't make this up. 983 00:43:27,250 --> 00:43:28,810 It's true. 984 00:43:28,810 --> 00:43:30,890 And then we see these other elements. 985 00:43:30,890 --> 00:43:32,790 Discovered, discovered, discovered, discovered. 986 00:43:32,790 --> 00:43:34,690 Now we see modern science. 987 00:43:34,690 --> 00:43:37,390 So what does it mean, discovered 1766? 988 00:43:37,390 --> 00:43:39,750 There was no hydrogen before 1766? 989 00:43:39,750 --> 00:43:40,980 They found it? 990 00:43:40,980 --> 00:43:41,250 No. 991 00:43:41,250 --> 00:43:45,760 It means that Cavendish isolated it and documented its 992 00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:47,140 properties. 993 00:43:47,140 --> 00:43:48,390 Hence, it was discovered. 994 00:43:52,980 --> 00:43:54,240 Now I've been cheating here. 995 00:43:54,240 --> 00:43:57,190 This is actually lined up in a way that we already know, 996 00:43:57,190 --> 00:44:01,420 where the story is going to end with this, with the 997 00:44:01,420 --> 00:44:02,330 Periodic Table. 998 00:44:02,330 --> 00:44:05,870 I'm just lying them on the table in a way that makes it 999 00:44:05,870 --> 00:44:07,140 possible to anticipate. 1000 00:44:07,140 --> 00:44:11,560 But this was the first table of elements that is of record, 1001 00:44:11,560 --> 00:44:15,720 and this was by John Dalton, the English chemist, who put 1002 00:44:15,720 --> 00:44:18,220 these in order of atomic mass. 1003 00:44:18,220 --> 00:44:20,960 They're organized in ascending order of atomic mass. 1004 00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:24,870 And he also started a system of chemical symbols. 1005 00:44:24,870 --> 00:44:28,560 And you can see that iron has an "I" with a circle around 1006 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:30,400 it, and zinc has a "Z" with a circle around it. 1007 00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:32,970 And the Swedish chemist Berzelius said, you know I 1008 00:44:32,970 --> 00:44:35,950 don't think the French are going to like to use "I" with 1009 00:44:35,950 --> 00:44:38,240 a circle around it for iron, or Germans aren't 1010 00:44:38,240 --> 00:44:38,820 going to like that. 1011 00:44:38,820 --> 00:44:42,380 We better choose something a little bit neutral. 1012 00:44:42,380 --> 00:44:43,530 So they chose Latin. 1013 00:44:43,530 --> 00:44:46,620 And that's why iron is "Fe" for ferrum, and gold is "Au" 1014 00:44:46,620 --> 00:44:47,960 for arum, and so on. 1015 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:49,470 But this was the first attempt. 1016 00:44:49,470 --> 00:44:51,220 John Dalton actually was a polymath. 1017 00:44:51,220 --> 00:44:55,980 He was also working on vision, human vision, and he suffered 1018 00:44:55,980 --> 00:45:01,250 from an affliction that is present in about 10% of men, 1019 00:45:01,250 --> 00:45:03,010 which is red-green color blindness. 1020 00:45:03,010 --> 00:45:05,510 And he did the original work on red-green color blindness. 1021 00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:08,490 In fact, in some circles it is known as Daltonism. 1022 00:45:08,490 --> 00:45:11,540 It's the same man, John Dalton. 1023 00:45:11,540 --> 00:45:13,280 Other classifications. 1024 00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:16,200 Dobereiner in Jena talked about triads. 1025 00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:18,900 And if you took the atomic mass of chlorine, added it to 1026 00:45:18,900 --> 00:45:21,090 the atomic massive of iodine divided by two, you get 1027 00:45:21,090 --> 00:45:22,580 something that's not too far off the 1028 00:45:22,580 --> 00:45:25,330 atomic mass of bromine. 1029 00:45:25,330 --> 00:45:28,120 Newlands was a musician and he talked about octaves. 1030 00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:31,700 So if you start here, if this is a diatonic scale, so this 1031 00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:35,500 is C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. 1032 00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:39,290 So potassium lies an octave away from sodium. 1033 00:45:39,290 --> 00:45:40,360 He was ridiculed. 1034 00:45:40,360 --> 00:45:42,790 They said, have you considered perhaps putting the elements 1035 00:45:42,790 --> 00:45:44,610 in alphabetical order? 1036 00:45:44,610 --> 00:45:45,340 They were cruel. 1037 00:45:45,340 --> 00:45:48,020 Scientists can be very cruel to new ideas. 1038 00:45:48,020 --> 00:45:50,690 And, in fact, in your book this is some of Newlands work, 1039 00:45:50,690 --> 00:45:55,030 and you can see to what extent it helps understand things. 1040 00:45:55,030 --> 00:45:58,640 But the first proper organization came in 1869 with 1041 00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:05,500 Mendeleyev, and also 1870 with Lothar Meyer in Tuebingen, the 1042 00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:07,540 Periodic table as we know it. 1043 00:46:07,540 --> 00:46:09,510 And this is the set of elements that were 1044 00:46:09,510 --> 00:46:10,920 known at the time. 1045 00:46:10,920 --> 00:46:14,520 And this is a page from the paper in which Mendeleyev 1046 00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:17,060 published the Periodic Table. 1047 00:46:17,060 --> 00:46:19,730 And here's the smoking gun right here. 1048 00:46:19,730 --> 00:46:24,380 It's right here where he says, in this new system, in this 1049 00:46:24,380 --> 00:46:29,690 proposed system, there are very many missing elements. 1050 00:46:29,690 --> 00:46:31,720 Very many missing elements-- 1051 00:46:31,720 --> 00:46:33,450 that was the key. 1052 00:46:33,450 --> 00:46:37,700 Because he knew that even though arsenic has the atomic 1053 00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:42,490 mass next highest to that of zinc not to put arsenic under 1054 00:46:42,490 --> 00:46:44,880 aluminum, not to put it under silicon. 1055 00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:47,210 It had more in common with phosphorus. 1056 00:46:47,210 --> 00:46:50,940 So he put it under phosphorus, and so did Meyer. 1057 00:46:50,940 --> 00:46:55,890 But what Mendeleyev did, which was a first, he said, there 1058 00:46:55,890 --> 00:46:57,430 are missing elements here. 1059 00:46:57,430 --> 00:47:00,930 There is an element that lies between silicon and tin, and I 1060 00:47:00,930 --> 00:47:03,090 predict what it's mass will be. 1061 00:47:03,090 --> 00:47:06,950 I predict what it's chemical formulation will be, how it 1062 00:47:06,950 --> 00:47:08,390 will react with oxygen. 1063 00:47:08,390 --> 00:47:09,750 The predictions. 1064 00:47:09,750 --> 00:47:11,920 And how did he get this? 1065 00:47:11,920 --> 00:47:14,990 Because he used to travel by train and he would sit in the 1066 00:47:14,990 --> 00:47:18,780 train station on his trunk playing solitaire. 1067 00:47:18,780 --> 00:47:20,910 And he'd be going down one suit, and then 1068 00:47:20,910 --> 00:47:22,870 there'd be a gap. 1069 00:47:22,870 --> 00:47:25,800 And he'd go down the other suit and he could go farther. 1070 00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:28,790 And so the concept of, I know there should be an eight of 1071 00:47:28,790 --> 00:47:31,750 spades here, but I have to stop at the nine. 1072 00:47:31,750 --> 00:47:34,710 I've got a seven but there's something in there-- 1073 00:47:34,710 --> 00:47:38,950 triggered his imagination and led him to have the courage to 1074 00:47:38,950 --> 00:47:42,730 say, there are elements there and I will predict their 1075 00:47:42,730 --> 00:47:43,600 properties. 1076 00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:47,740 And when they were discovered how close he was is shocking. 1077 00:47:47,740 --> 00:47:50,100 Absolutely shocking. 1078 00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:51,420 So we'll get to that next day. 1079 00:47:51,420 --> 00:47:55,020 But before you go I want to leave you with this. 1080 00:47:55,020 --> 00:47:56,910 This is the portrait of Mendeleyev that 1081 00:47:56,910 --> 00:47:57,710 you typically see. 1082 00:47:57,710 --> 00:48:02,520 This man on in years, disheveled, sort of mad 1083 00:48:02,520 --> 00:48:03,730 scientist look. 1084 00:48:03,730 --> 00:48:04,550 Don't remember that. 1085 00:48:04,550 --> 00:48:05,330 Look at this. 1086 00:48:05,330 --> 00:48:09,530 This is Mendeleyev, age 35, when he proposed the Periodic 1087 00:48:09,530 --> 00:48:13,000 Table of the Elements. 1088 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:13,350 OK. 1089 00:48:13,350 --> 00:48:14,110 We'll adjourn. 1090 00:48:14,110 --> 00:48:16,090 We'll see you on Friday.