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In this video, we'll plot
crime on a map of Chicago.

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First, we need to install and
load two new packages, the maps

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package and the ggmap package.

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So start by installing
the package maps.

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So type
install.packages("maps").

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When the CRAN mirror
window pops up,

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go ahead and pick a
location near you.

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When the package is done
installing and you're back

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at the blinking cursor, also
type install.packages("ggmap").

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When that package is
also done installing,

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load both packages using
the library command.

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So type library(maps),
and then library(ggmap).

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Now, let's load a map
of Chicago into R.

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We can easily do this by
using the get_map function.

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So we'll call it chicago =
get_map(location = "chicago",

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zoom = 11).

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Let's take a look at the map
by using the ggmap function.

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Now, in your R
graphics window, you

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should see a geographical
map of the city of Chicago.

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Now let's plot the
first 100 motor vehicle

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thefts in our data
set on this map.

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To do this, we start by
typing ggmap(chicago).

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This is instead of
using ggplot like we've

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been using in the
previous videos.

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Then we want to add
geom_point, and here, we'll

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define our data set to be equal
to motor vehicle thefts, where

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we'll take the first
through 100th observations,

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and in our aesthetic,
we'll define our x-axis

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to be the longitude of
the points and our y-axis

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to be the latitude
of the points.

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Now, in your R
graphics window, you

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should see the map of Chicago
with black points marking where

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the first 100 motor
vehicle thefts were.

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If we plotted all 190,000
motor vehicle thefts,

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we would just see
a big black box,

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which wouldn't be
helpful at all.

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We're more interested
in whether or not

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an area has a high
amount of crime,

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so let's round our
latitude and longitude

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to two digits of accuracy and
create a crime counts data

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frame for each area.

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We'll call it LatLonCounts, and
use the as.data.frame function

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run on the table that compares
the latitude and longitude

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rounded to two
digits of accuracy.

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So our first argument to table
is round(mvt$Longitude, 2).

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And our second argument
is round(mvt$Latitude, 2).

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This gives us the total crimes
at every point on a grid.

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Let's take a look at our data
frame using the str function.

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We have 1,638 observations
and three variables.

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The first two variables,
Var1 and Var2,

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are the latitude and
longitude coordinates,

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and the third variable is the
number of motor vehicle thefts

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that occur in that area.

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Let's convert our longitude and
latitude variables to numbers

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and call them Lat and Long.

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So first, we'll define the
variable in our LatLonCounts

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data frame, called Long, and set
that equal to as.numeric, run

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on as.character.

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Remember, this is how we
convert a factor variable

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to a numerical variable.

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And we'll give the
variable, LatLonCounts$Var1.

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Now let's just repeat
this for latitude.

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So LatLonCounts$Lat =
as.numeric(as.character(LatLonCounts$Var2)).

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Now, let's plot these
points on our map,

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making the size and
color of the points

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depend on the total number
of motor vehicle thefts.

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So first, again we
type ggmap(chicago) +

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geom_point(LatLonCounts, aes(x
= Long, y = Lat, color = Freq,

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size = Freq)).

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Now, in our R graphics
window, our plot

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should have a point for every
area defined by our latitude

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and longitude areas,
and the points

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have a size and
color corresponding

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to the number of
crimes in that area.

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So we can see that the lighter
and larger points correspond

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to more motor vehicle thefts.

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This helps us see where in
Chicago more crimes occur.

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If we want to change
the color scheme,

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we can do that too by just
hitting the up arrow in our R

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console and then adding
scale_color_gradient(low="yellow",

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high="red").

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If you hit Enter, you should
see the same plot as before,

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but this time, the areas with
more crime are closer to red

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and the areas with less
crime are closer to yellow.

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We can also use geom_tile to
make something that looks more

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like a traditional heat map.

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To do this, we type
ggmap(chicago), just

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like before, but now we're
going to use geom_tile, where

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our data frame again
is LatLonCounts.

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And in our aesthetic, we
have that the x-axis is Long,

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the y-axis is Lat, and
then we have alpha=Freq.

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This will define how to scale
the colors on the heat map

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according to the crime counts.

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Then close the parentheses
and type a comma,

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and then type fill="red",
defining our color scheme.

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Close the parentheses
and hit Enter.

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This map takes a minute to load.

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While we're waiting,
let's discuss

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what we've done in this video.

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We've created a geographical
heat map, which in our case

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shows a visualization
of the data,

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but it could also show the
predictions of a model.

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Now that our heat map is
loaded, let's take a look.

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In each area of
Chicago, now that area

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is colored in red by the
amount of crime there.

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This looks more like
a map that people

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use for predictive policing.

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In the next video, we'll
use data from the FBI

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to make a heat map on a
map of the United States.