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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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HONG CHING GOH: What
is a mangrove forest?

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Mangrove are the
only forests found

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on the edge of the sea in
warm sub tropical and tropical

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environments.

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They can be easily recognized
by the dense tangle

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of [INAUDIBLE] roots that make
the trees appear to be standing

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on stilts above the water.

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Mangrove are a
valuable resource.

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They are estimated to
provide at least $1.6 billion

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annually in
[INAUDIBLE] services,

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the multiple benefits
that humankind

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enjoys from ecosystems.

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This value is in the realm of
national GDP's such as that

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of the Virgin Islands.

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In recognition of the
significance of mangrove,

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the Ramsar Convention for
conservation and sustainable

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utilizations of mangrove
was signed on the

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February 2nd, 1971.

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February 2nd has been
declared World Wetlands Day.

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A unique mix of marine
and [INAUDIBLE] species

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live in mangrove ecosystems,
especially in Asian region.

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The calm, sheltered waters
among the mangroves' roots

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provide breeding, feeding,
and nursery grounds

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for fish and anthropoids.

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Herons, spoonbills,
and even eagles

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make their nests in the upper
branches of mangrove trees.

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Reptiles are plenty.

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Mangrove play a very important
role in soil formation

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and shorelines protection.

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Their unique above
ground root structures

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dampen watered currents.

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They also reduce the
impact of strong winds

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and tidal wave that
accompany tropical storms.

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Mangrove are among the
most carbon rich forests

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in the Tropics, containing
an average 1023 mega grams

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carbon [INAUDIBLE],
at least three times

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that of the upper
tropical forests.

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Mangroves' wood is
most commonly used

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as a source of fuel
for local communities,

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and as the primary construction
material for boats, houses,

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and furniture.

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In addition,
mangrove [INAUDIBLE]

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fisheries, the main
source of livelihood

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for many local communities.

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Mangrove also contain
great medicine

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of value including [INAUDIBLE],
bleeding and malaria,

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to name a few.

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Cannonball mangrove
fruit, for instance,

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is used to treat diarrhea.

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In many parts of the
world, mangrove also

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bear great cultural significance
for local communities,

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such as the indigenous
peoples of the Torres Strait

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Islands, who have used
Australia's mangrove for more

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than 40,000 years.

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Despite its importance, the
rate of mangrove deforestation

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is among the highest
of any forest type.

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And urbanization
has been identified

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as a significant
threat to the survival

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of these coastal flagship
natural resources.

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Urbanization refer
to the concentrations

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of human population
into discrete areas.

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Cities, leading to the
transformations of land.

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It is a global phenomenon that
is intensifying especially

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in low and median
income countries.

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Today, half of the
world's populations

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live within 60
kilometers of the sea,

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and three quarters of
all the largest cities

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are located on the coast.

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While cities foster
economic, growth,

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and offer the vast majority
of employment opportunities,

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urbanization also brings
congestion and pollution.

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It also escalates [INAUDIBLE]
such as displacements

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of native peoples
and urban poverty.

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The fundamental
change it causes,

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however, is the
transformation of nature.

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Globally, urban development
is the major driver

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of climate change, producing
half of all greenhouse gas

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emissions.

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Luckily, land in coastal
area is reclaimed

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for property development,
and mangrove forests

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are transformed into
open water fronts.

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Malaysia is a median
income country

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located in Southeast Asia.

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We have a total coastline
of 4,675 kilometers.

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In these coastal
areas, mangrove forests

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are found, which,
at the end of 2006,

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were estimated at 107,802
hectares in Peninsula Malaysia

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alone.

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Today, very few mangrove remain.

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Over 18% of the mangrove were
lost between 1975 and 2005,

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primarily due to conversions
of land for agriculture, shrimp

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ponds, or open development.

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Johor, Malaysia's
southernmost state,

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is home to more than a
quarter of the total remaining

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mangrove in Peninsula Malaysia.

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Is also home to
[INAUDIBLE] areas

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of international importance
for conserving biodiversity.

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All three of these
[INAUDIBLE] are located

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within Iskandar Malaysia.

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Established in 2006,
Iskandar Malaysia

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is a national special,
economic region,

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located in southern Johor,
just across the straits

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from Singapore.

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It is modeled the Pearl River
delta economic zone of China,

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with the purpose to
capitalize on its existing

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synergies with Singapore.

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The region has a
land size that is

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three times that of Singapore,
and is administrated

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by the Iskandar Regional
Deferment Authority,

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or [INAUDIBLE].

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The indigenous group
around [INAUDIBLE]

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once practicing a
nomadic lifestyle,

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have settled down along the
southern coast of Johor.

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They live in coastal
areas and river estuaries,

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and like many
other local people,

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are dependent on mangrove
for their livelihood.

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Today, mangrove conservation
in Johor is becoming critical.

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With fast phase
urbanization taking

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place in Iskandar Malaysia,
local and indigenous groups

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dependent on mangrove
face the truth

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of losing their homes
and source of livelihood.

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Iskandar Malaysia aims to
be a strong and sustainable

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metropolis of
international standing.

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To support this vision, three
mangrove management strategies

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can, and should be pursued.

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Strategy one.

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Ecotourism as a mangrove
environmental service.

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An ecotourism project
in Iskandar Malaysia

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has been launched in 2013.

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However, it was limited to a
single village Kompang Sona

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Melayu, at the Melayu River.

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Meanwhile, a study on tourism
potential of the [INAUDIBLE]

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region was conducted in 2010,
but the actual implementation

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has not taken place.

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It is promising that tourism,
with education at its core,

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can be ecologically and
economically beneficial

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to local villages.

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However, this strategy
and its benefits

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must be shared by
more communities

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to include both the local
and indigenous people

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in the [INAUDIBLE] district,
along [INAUDIBLE] River,

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as well.

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In addition, capacity building
for tourism operations,

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and the linkage between
local businesses and tourism

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networks at the state
level must be established.

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For this, the Ministry
of Tourism and Culture

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must take the lead in working
with all relevant stakeholders.

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Strategy two.

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Technology for
mangrove monitoring.

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The applications of
GRS and remote sensing

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in mangrove management
must be incorporated

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in the existing
manual monitoring

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practices by the Johor
forestry department.

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These technologies are
powerful at systematically

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and periodically measuring
the effectiveness

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of ongoing management practices.

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Subsequently, this provides
a more defensible basis

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for management actions
towards conservation.

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SPEAKER: Remote sensing is
one of the latest technology,

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I wouldn't say latest
because it is there

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in the market since 1970s,
is the only practical way

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to get rapid information
about mangrove changes.

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HONG CHING GOH: Strategy three.

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Core management for
mangrove governance.

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The institutional structure
for managing natural resources

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in most developing countries,
including Malaysia,

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is based on a top down approach,
and is very much development

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driven.

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In light of sustainable
city's development objectives,

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and the current state
of mangrove destruction,

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combination among interdependent
governance structures

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is the core of effective
mangrove management.

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As land is prescribed
as state matter

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under the federal
constitution, the agencies

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dealing with mangrove, such as
the Department of Environment,

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are merely technical advisers
reviewing land development

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proposals.

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They have little power
when it comes to land

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development decision making.

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It is recommended that these
agencies be given more power,

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and be directly involved in
the decision making process.

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Moreover, [INAUDIBLE] impact
assessment requirement

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must be strictly enforced.

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At the local level, the Iskandar
regional development authority

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has initiated efforts to
include local communities

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in mangrove
conservation projects.

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However, the scope
of participation

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is confined to
public [INAUDIBLE]

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and the capacity
building related

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to resource consumption.

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MADAM IVY WONG ABDULLAH:
Within IRDA we've

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got a social development
division that works closely

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with the communities to
ensure that whatever economic

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development that we
bring to the region,

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it needs to have the
inclusion of the people.

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For example, closely to mangrove
communities is the [INAUDIBLE]

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so we have been working
closely with them

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for the last few years to build
the capacity of the community

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in arranging visits by tourists
to the surrounding mangroves.

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So boat visits to the mangrove
forest, and also to the kelong,

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where the community is rearing
mussels, green mussels,

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and also some fishes.

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So I think the sea
bass and all that.

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We're working with the
people because there's

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a platform that was created,
Friends of Iskandar Ramsar,

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to work with them in carrying
out educational research

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programs.

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HONG CHING GOH:
It is [INAUDIBLE]

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that the level of
participations amongst

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local and indigenous
communities be expanded,

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and that they are not only
given the rights to use

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mangrove resources as
granted by the authorities,

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but also the rights to
take part in managing

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those resources together
with government agencies.

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For that, core management
becomes a viable means

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to bring all
stakeholders together

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despite their
different interests.

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Here, finding the right
mix of stakeholders

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to govern the resources
becomes the key.

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The Senai Pulai Forest
Reserve, an area

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in urgent need for
protected area status,

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provides a example of the need
for a core management strategy.

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At present, harvesting this on
a 20 years rotation schedule,

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is the major economic
activities here.

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The mangrove management
plan is outlined

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in the overall forestry
management plan

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but this will expire in 2015.

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VINCENT K.K. CHOW:
If it is talking

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about the role of
the forestry, I

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think they're doing
a very good job.

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Although you see
mangrove being cut,

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but this is on rotation
basis, small areas where

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the concessionary will replant.

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So the only fear is the
original species maybe

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wiped out because they're
going to mono-cropping.

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HONG CHING GOH: Therefore,
the preparations

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of a comprehensive
management plan specifically

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00:14:09,870 --> 00:14:12,280
for mangrove forest
is urgently needed

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to indicate the
permitted land uses,

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the carrying capacity
of those uses,

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and the stakeholders
that need to be involved

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in the management process.

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Apart from the tree
shortages just described,

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the potential for
moral considerations

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and religious values to play a
unifying and revitalizing role

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in mangrove conservation, and
nature conservation in general,

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must be further explored
in development planning

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and at the societal level.

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00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:44,180
In fact, a holistic
approach to land

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00:14:44,180 --> 00:14:48,970
use development planning, known
as the total planning doctrine,

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was introduced in the mid-1990s
by the federal government

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of Malaysia.

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It aims to integrate
physical and social planning

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with moral and spiritual values.

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However, little evidence
shows the implementations

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of the approach in reality.

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At the societal level, the
dominant religious customs

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have been still mainly confined
to discrete practices, rather

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than a way of life,
which has the potential

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to cultivate a direct
connection between humans

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and the environment.

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WAN MOHD YUSOF WAN
CHIK: [NON ENGLISH]

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HONG CHING GOH:
Urbanization is one

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of the most complex
and important

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social economic phenomena
of the 21st century.

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It is forceful, irreversible,
and constantly evolving.

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It also represents a major
change in the extraction

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and consumptions of
nature resources,

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and the way that society
interacts with nature.

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Yet, if we only see
cities as a problem,

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we fail to recognize how cities
offer improved quality of life,

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and serve us the
centers for culture.

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The strategies
recommended in this video

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for mangrove governance
in Iskandar Malaysia

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incorporates a wide range of
appreciations for mangrove.

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This [INAUDIBLE] the quest
for a meaningful practice

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of sustainable
urban development.

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At the regional level
the strong presence

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of mangrove and
indigenous people

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presents an opportunity
for Iskandar Malaysia

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to be a unique living model
of a developing countries that

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substantially improve the
metropolises by making

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the relationship between nature,
culture, and view environment

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a synergized and symbiotic one.

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At the national level,
mangrove conservation

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directly supports
Malaysians' efforts

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to reduce carbon emission in
light of the global climate

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change agenda.

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So are there
strategies likely to be

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useful for other cities facing
similar development driven

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challenges?

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Yes, they are.

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These studies is an
example of [INAUDIBLE]

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learning by sharing
lessons and ideas

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through digital communication.

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Similar to the case of Iskandar
Malaysia, many emerging

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cities in developing countries
are rich in natural resources

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and culture, and striving
for economic development

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has put tremendous pressure
on these precious assets.

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Meanwhile, transparency
has been a key concern

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in developing countries.

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Yet little evidence reveals
that transparency alone

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can make a significant
contribution

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towards sustainabilities' goals.

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Benefits sharing and
capacity building,

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as highlighted in the
mangrove management strategies

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in this video,
are believed to be

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the enabling factors
for transparency

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to achieve its effect.

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However, the prioritizations
of these strategies

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require careful considerations
of the past and present,

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political and social
cultural context of the city,

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as well as the state
and the ideologies

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behind the region's economic
development activity.

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Bye bye.

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[MUSIC PLAYING]