1 00:00:00,500 --> 00:00:42,032 [MUSIC PLAYING] 2 00:00:42,032 --> 00:00:43,990 AKMAL ABDELFATAH: Developing sustainable cities 3 00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:48,000 is one of the major concerns for planners around the world. 4 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,090 Sustainable transportation systems 5 00:00:50,090 --> 00:00:54,180 add vital elements of a sustainable city. 6 00:00:54,180 --> 00:00:57,040 Transportation planners considered the [INAUDIBLE] 7 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:01,250 for public transportation such as buses and light rail. 8 00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:03,270 And growth of private transportation, 9 00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:07,080 such as passenger cars and motorcycles as measures 10 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:10,630 of the level of sustainability for a transportation system. 11 00:01:10,630 --> 00:01:13,060 Developing countries that experience increases 12 00:01:13,060 --> 00:01:16,040 in income level are also witnessing high increase 13 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:18,550 in population and vehicle restoration rates. 14 00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:21,590 For example, in Malaysia there is an increase 15 00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:25,370 of about one passenger car and one motorcycle for each person 16 00:01:25,370 --> 00:01:27,190 added to the population. 17 00:01:27,190 --> 00:01:29,480 Such an increase in private transportation, 18 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:31,580 is there a matching in rate of increase 19 00:01:31,580 --> 00:01:33,590 in public transportation system? 20 00:01:33,590 --> 00:01:36,280 In Malaysia, there have been no additions 21 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:39,110 to the rail system over the past few years, 22 00:01:39,110 --> 00:01:42,170 and only a very small increase in bus registration 23 00:01:42,170 --> 00:01:44,140 over the same period. 24 00:01:44,140 --> 00:01:47,020 For each 1000 persons increase in population, 25 00:01:47,020 --> 00:01:49,280 there is an increase of less than four buses, 26 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:52,390 including private buses and public buses, 27 00:01:52,390 --> 00:01:56,360 about 1000 passenger cars and about 1000 motorcycles 28 00:01:56,360 --> 00:01:58,630 added to the road network. 29 00:01:58,630 --> 00:02:01,070 So why should transportation planners 30 00:02:01,070 --> 00:02:03,050 worry about such a situation? 31 00:02:03,050 --> 00:02:06,180 Because there are several negative impacts, including, 32 00:02:06,180 --> 00:02:09,280 higher traffic congestion levels, more air pollution, 33 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:12,320 greater noise levels, and increase in accident rates. 34 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:14,120 The increase in accident rates often 35 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:16,540 results in higher fatality rates, 36 00:02:16,540 --> 00:02:18,820 which is the focus of this presentation. 37 00:02:18,820 --> 00:02:22,220 What is a fatality rate, and how it can be used? 38 00:02:22,220 --> 00:02:24,800 The traffic fatality rate represents the number 39 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:29,450 of deaths due to traffic accidents put each 100,000 40 00:02:29,450 --> 00:02:30,945 of population in any country. 41 00:02:30,945 --> 00:02:33,360 It's one of the major indicators used 42 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:38,290 to measure the level of traffic safety on a road network. 43 00:02:38,290 --> 00:02:41,020 Most developing countries have higher fatality rates 44 00:02:41,020 --> 00:02:42,570 than developed countries. 45 00:02:42,570 --> 00:02:46,700 Malaysia has set its goal to be among the developed countries 46 00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:48,470 by the year 2020. 47 00:02:48,470 --> 00:02:50,740 However, the current fatality rate in Malaysia 48 00:02:50,740 --> 00:02:53,760 is much higher than all developed countries. 49 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:56,720 As shown in the illustration, the fatality rate 50 00:02:56,720 --> 00:02:58,670 in most of the developing countries 51 00:02:58,670 --> 00:03:01,880 is in the range of about three to seven deaths per 100,000 52 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:02,560 people. 53 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:06,050 In Malaysia the rate jumps to approximately 25 deaths 54 00:03:06,050 --> 00:03:07,670 per 100,000 population. 55 00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:10,430 Considering the countries around Malaysia, 56 00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:12,630 it's clear that some countries like Singapore, 57 00:03:12,630 --> 00:03:14,820 and Brunei have fatalities rates that 58 00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,670 are within the same range as developed countries. 59 00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:20,420 On the other hand, as you can see here, 60 00:03:20,420 --> 00:03:22,910 the fatality rate in Malaysia is among the highest 61 00:03:22,910 --> 00:03:24,280 in Southeast Asia. 62 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:26,620 In fact, the fatality rate in Malaysia 63 00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:28,510 is about five times the fatality rate 64 00:03:28,510 --> 00:03:31,780 in the closest neighboring country, Singapore. 65 00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,070 So, taking a closer look at Malaysia's accidents, 66 00:03:36,070 --> 00:03:39,130 it shows that the percentage of motorcycles involved 67 00:03:39,130 --> 00:03:43,120 in accidents is about 1.5%, while the percentage 68 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:47,320 of fatalities among motorcyclists is about 60% 69 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:48,960 of the total fatalities. 70 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:51,790 What might be some reasons for this high fatality 71 00:03:51,790 --> 00:03:54,080 rate among the motorcyclists? 72 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:56,490 One of the major problems with motorcyclists 73 00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,300 in developing countries is that they often 74 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:01,500 do not follow traffic laws. 75 00:04:01,500 --> 00:04:03,760 They may ride between traffic lanes, 76 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:06,270 a stop on pedestrian crossing area, 77 00:04:06,270 --> 00:04:08,540 or run a red light at intersections, 78 00:04:08,540 --> 00:04:10,540 as you can see from the video. 79 00:04:10,540 --> 00:04:14,340 Such a behavior is an indication of two main issues-- lack 80 00:04:14,340 --> 00:04:17,019 of enforcement, and lack of awareness. 81 00:04:17,019 --> 00:04:20,070 So what do motorcyclists say when 82 00:04:20,070 --> 00:04:23,050 they are asked about their view regarding wearing safety 83 00:04:23,050 --> 00:04:26,240 helmets, and their perception of high rate of fatalities 84 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:27,870 among motorcyclists? 85 00:04:27,870 --> 00:04:30,250 It appears from the presented information 86 00:04:30,250 --> 00:04:32,790 that most motorcyclists in Malaysia 87 00:04:32,790 --> 00:04:36,510 are not aware of traffic and safety regulations. 88 00:04:36,510 --> 00:04:41,000 However, according to a traffic safety expert, in Malaysia, 89 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,950 the main causes of accidents are-- road user incompetence 90 00:04:44,950 --> 00:04:46,660 and driver fatigue. 91 00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:49,580 Road environment and vehicle conditions are also mentioned. 92 00:04:49,580 --> 00:04:54,050 The driver's awareness of traffic safety regulations 93 00:04:54,050 --> 00:04:55,890 are not given enough consideration 94 00:04:55,890 --> 00:04:57,090 in the expert's opinion. 95 00:04:57,090 --> 00:04:59,381 MOHAMED SHAHARUDIN BIN LADEN: During the implementation 96 00:04:59,381 --> 00:05:04,847 of a system, they found out that 50% of traffic offenders that 97 00:05:04,847 --> 00:05:09,842 are caught under the system couldn't be [INAUDIBLE]. 98 00:05:09,842 --> 00:05:15,324 So this 50% is serious loopholes in the implementation 99 00:05:15,324 --> 00:05:16,296 of the system. 100 00:05:16,296 --> 00:05:21,160 That's why, in November-- last November they 101 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:25,270 tried to enforce the number of plates regulation 102 00:05:25,270 --> 00:05:29,490 to ensure that the ES system can work properly. 103 00:05:29,490 --> 00:05:31,440 AKMAL ABDELFATAH: So, what are the efforts 104 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,770 by the Malaysian government to reduce traffic accidents? 105 00:05:34,770 --> 00:05:36,470 According to one of the officials 106 00:05:36,470 --> 00:05:40,220 in the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, MIROS, 107 00:05:40,220 --> 00:05:42,320 the following are examples of the studies 108 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,350 to reduce traffic accidents over the past 10 years. 109 00:05:45,350 --> 00:05:47,950 Automated enforcement system implementation, 110 00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:49,910 such as using cameras at intersections 111 00:05:49,910 --> 00:05:52,190 to report traffic violations. 112 00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:56,600 Implementation of community based program on safety helmet. 113 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:59,890 Implementation of road safety education in schools. 114 00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:03,760 New driver training curriculum based on learning outcomes. 115 00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:06,800 However, these efforts to reduce traffic accidents 116 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:09,160 and improve awareness have not been 117 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,020 very successful at achieving their objectives. 118 00:06:12,020 --> 00:06:15,250 The last two Malaysian national plans, covering the period 119 00:06:15,250 --> 00:06:19,840 from 2006 to 2015, do emphasize the development 120 00:06:19,840 --> 00:06:21,740 of the public transportation system. 121 00:06:21,740 --> 00:06:26,220 However, these plans are still being implemented. 122 00:06:26,220 --> 00:06:29,340 Officials have indicated that there are studies regarding 123 00:06:29,340 --> 00:06:31,950 fatalities and some recommendations for reducing 124 00:06:31,950 --> 00:06:35,130 accidents, especially for motorcyclists. 125 00:06:35,130 --> 00:06:38,490 However, it seems that these recommendations have not 126 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:40,730 had significant impact in reducing 127 00:06:40,730 --> 00:06:42,757 the motorcyclists fatality rate. 128 00:06:42,757 --> 00:06:45,090 MOHAMED SHAHARUDIN BIN LADEN: Why I changed my workplace 129 00:06:45,090 --> 00:06:53,780 probably because there's no public transport mode that 130 00:06:53,780 --> 00:06:56,790 can move me from home to my workplace, 131 00:06:56,790 --> 00:07:00,030 so that my personal experience why 132 00:07:00,030 --> 00:07:01,930 I'm changing mode of transport. 133 00:07:01,930 --> 00:07:08,030 As for right now, as speaking of our land 134 00:07:08,030 --> 00:07:09,700 transport especially in the big cities, 135 00:07:09,700 --> 00:07:13,240 I believe, yes, they do have buses, 136 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:19,670 but most of public in big cities depends 137 00:07:19,670 --> 00:07:22,572 on-- and that the commuter. 138 00:07:22,572 --> 00:07:28,030 The [INAUDIBLE] commuter is, I believe it's overloaded. 139 00:07:28,030 --> 00:07:31,430 They cannot fulfill the public demands on it. 140 00:07:31,430 --> 00:07:34,470 So the demand is sped up. 141 00:07:34,470 --> 00:07:38,710 So the sped up choice, either mode of transport, 142 00:07:38,710 --> 00:07:41,040 and I believe that motorcyclists is 143 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:43,820 some of the most very popular choice for motor 144 00:07:43,820 --> 00:07:48,640 transport among big cities commuter compared 145 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:51,961 to [INAUDIBLE] of course. 146 00:07:51,961 --> 00:07:53,960 AKMAL ABDELFATAH: The following video shows part 147 00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,600 of an interview with the assistant director of the Road 148 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,260 Safety Department for Malaysia, indicating some of the causes 149 00:08:00,260 --> 00:08:03,064 of accidents and suggested solutions. 150 00:08:03,064 --> 00:08:04,480 MOHAMED SHAHARUDIN BIN OSMIN: It's 151 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:09,800 an offence for drivers under the influence of drugs to drive. 152 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:13,110 Even to sit in the car is an offense. 153 00:08:13,110 --> 00:08:18,320 But there's a difference between when the police enforce it. 154 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:22,234 When the police find out that drivers driving 155 00:08:22,234 --> 00:08:23,650 under the influence of drugs, they 156 00:08:23,650 --> 00:08:28,820 will be charged under something related to drug possession. 157 00:08:28,820 --> 00:08:35,210 It's not road traffic offences, but it's 158 00:08:35,210 --> 00:08:36,570 related to drug offences. 159 00:08:36,570 --> 00:08:40,740 So it's a big difference in terms of enforcement. 160 00:08:40,740 --> 00:08:47,030 And currently, there's no region type of policy 161 00:08:47,030 --> 00:08:48,780 to tackle this thing. 162 00:08:48,780 --> 00:08:51,560 For example, we do have a continuous meeting 163 00:08:51,560 --> 00:08:55,760 with the Ministry of Works on the importance 164 00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:59,620 of having dedicated motorcycle lane to separate motorcyclists 165 00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:01,270 from other road users. 166 00:09:01,270 --> 00:09:04,320 But the main issue, whenever it came 167 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:09,910 to bid up the new dedicated motorcycle lane, it's lost. 168 00:09:09,910 --> 00:09:17,004 So whatever causes the obstacle, then it never can-- 169 00:09:17,004 --> 00:09:21,463 as we are the Road Safety Panel, so we cannot do anything, 170 00:09:21,463 --> 00:09:25,250 because it falls under the Ministry of Work jurisdiction 171 00:09:25,250 --> 00:09:32,410 that can build the dedicated motorcycle lane. 172 00:09:32,410 --> 00:09:35,000 AKMAL ABDELFATAH: The following are some short-term strategies 173 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:37,420 that can reduce the number of traffic fatalities 174 00:09:37,420 --> 00:09:39,300 among the motorcyclists. 175 00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:41,220 Enforcing stricter licensing procedure 176 00:09:41,220 --> 00:09:43,790 for motorcycles-- for example, increasing 177 00:09:43,790 --> 00:09:47,290 the age of receiving a motorcycle driving license, 178 00:09:47,290 --> 00:09:50,060 canceling some of the old models of motorcycles, 179 00:09:50,060 --> 00:09:52,280 and increasing registration fees. 180 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:54,850 Implementing higher levels of enforcement 181 00:09:54,850 --> 00:09:57,840 through the use of technology-- for example, 182 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:00,450 by using automated systems at traffic signals 183 00:10:00,450 --> 00:10:01,870 and for speed control. 184 00:10:01,870 --> 00:10:04,410 Such systems can reduce the traffic violations 185 00:10:04,410 --> 00:10:06,690 shown in the videos in this presentation. 186 00:10:06,690 --> 00:10:09,340 Apply tougher penalties for traffic violations, 187 00:10:09,340 --> 00:10:11,330 especially for motorcyclists. 188 00:10:11,330 --> 00:10:13,210 improve awareness through campaigns 189 00:10:13,210 --> 00:10:18,140 that educate motorcyclists about traffic and safety regulations. 190 00:10:18,140 --> 00:10:20,930 In addition to these short-term strategies targeted 191 00:10:20,930 --> 00:10:23,510 at reducing motorcycle fatalities, 192 00:10:23,510 --> 00:10:26,960 cities should also make a concerted effort 193 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,270 to improve the public transportation infrastructure, 194 00:10:30,270 --> 00:10:33,240 to ensure long-term sustainability. 195 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:35,690 What are the benefits of having a higher [INAUDIBLE] 196 00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:37,510 for public transportation? 197 00:10:37,510 --> 00:10:42,540 It can result in lower delays, less pollution, fewer accidents 198 00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:45,850 and fatalities, and a more sustainable transportation 199 00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:46,670 system. 200 00:10:46,670 --> 00:10:49,160 What are the main deficiencies in the public transportation 201 00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:54,160 system in Malaysia that deter people from using it? 202 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:59,160 Primary drawbacks are the lack of connectivity, low frequency, 203 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:03,140 and less flexibility as compared to motorcycles. 204 00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:05,282 INTERVIEWER: If there is a good bus and rates 205 00:11:05,282 --> 00:11:07,410 that would provide reasonable flexibility 206 00:11:07,410 --> 00:11:12,386 and reasonably priced-- compared with the price [INAUDIBLE] 207 00:11:12,386 --> 00:11:13,530 would he use that? 208 00:11:13,530 --> 00:11:15,270 We know it's not there in JB now, 209 00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:18,630 but if that system would exist, would that change his mind, 210 00:11:18,630 --> 00:11:20,462 or would he use it? 211 00:11:20,462 --> 00:11:24,883 INTERPRETER: [SPEAKING MALAYSIAN] 212 00:11:24,883 --> 00:11:34,710 MAN ON STREET: [SPEAKING MALAYSIAN] 213 00:11:34,710 --> 00:11:37,038 INTERPRETER: He would choose-- yes, he 214 00:11:37,038 --> 00:11:39,040 says if the system is there, he would just 215 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:40,430 use that [INAUDIBLE] system. 216 00:11:40,430 --> 00:11:42,780 INTERVIEWER: So what is the most important thing for him 217 00:11:42,780 --> 00:11:44,500 to see on that system to use? 218 00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:46,440 What would be his [INAUDIBLE] priority? 219 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:48,230 Is it the cost or the flexibility? 220 00:11:48,230 --> 00:11:51,470 Is it the timing, the frequency? 221 00:11:51,470 --> 00:11:54,250 What is his most important element 222 00:11:54,250 --> 00:11:55,750 to use the public transport? 223 00:11:55,750 --> 00:11:57,910 INTERPRETER: [SPEAKING MALAYSIAN]? 224 00:11:57,910 --> 00:12:00,170 MAN ON STREET: [SPEAKING MALAYSIAN]. 225 00:12:00,170 --> 00:12:02,745 INTERPRETER: Time would be his most priority-- time. 226 00:12:02,745 --> 00:12:04,495 INTERVIEWER: Thank you very much for that. 227 00:12:04,495 --> 00:12:04,850 MAN ON STREET: Thank you. 228 00:12:04,850 --> 00:12:06,391 INTERVIEWER: Appreciate it very much. 229 00:12:06,391 --> 00:12:07,540 Thank you. 230 00:12:07,540 --> 00:12:09,498 MOHAMED SHAHARUDIN BIN OSMIN: Under the purview 231 00:12:09,498 --> 00:12:13,830 of [INAUDIBLE] area, which is under the jurisdiction 232 00:12:13,830 --> 00:12:17,380 of Ministry of Transport, Ministry of [INAUDIBLE], 233 00:12:17,380 --> 00:12:22,150 and also Land Public Transport Commission, 234 00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:27,510 there's a target of increasing the number of public transport 235 00:12:27,510 --> 00:12:32,530 in the market, where they are promoting increasing 236 00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,700 numbers of service-- for example, the taxi 237 00:12:36,700 --> 00:12:41,030 numbers, the drivers numbers, for example, this, for example. 238 00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:45,310 Right now, the focus is increasing the service 239 00:12:45,310 --> 00:12:46,480 to meet the demand. 240 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:52,030 Because right now, the challenge is that the public is eager. 241 00:12:52,030 --> 00:12:54,910 We believe that the public's are willing to use 242 00:12:54,910 --> 00:12:58,820 the public transport, but the option is not there. 243 00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:00,560 AKMAL ABDELFATAH: In light of that fact-- 244 00:13:00,560 --> 00:13:02,530 that the majority of traffic fatalities 245 00:13:02,530 --> 00:13:05,420 are occurring among motorcyclists-- what 246 00:13:05,420 --> 00:13:07,520 are some possible long-term strategies that 247 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:11,250 can increase the use of public transportation? 248 00:13:11,250 --> 00:13:13,590 Which, in turn, may reduce the fatality rate 249 00:13:13,590 --> 00:13:16,340 among the motorcyclists in Malaysia 250 00:13:16,340 --> 00:13:19,530 and other developing countries facing similar problems. 251 00:13:19,530 --> 00:13:22,330 Providing sufficient funds can allow local authorities 252 00:13:22,330 --> 00:13:25,270 to develop the public transportation system, 253 00:13:25,270 --> 00:13:27,295 improving the connectivity, frequency, 254 00:13:27,295 --> 00:13:31,140 and punctuality of public transportation system. 255 00:13:31,140 --> 00:13:33,210 Utilizing intelligent transportation systems 256 00:13:33,210 --> 00:13:37,810 applications, such as transit signal priority, 257 00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:42,170 implementing an attractive and fair pricing system 258 00:13:42,170 --> 00:13:45,570 that can encourage people to use public transportation, 259 00:13:45,570 --> 00:13:47,450 considering transit oriented development 260 00:13:47,450 --> 00:13:49,810 concepts for new developments. 261 00:13:49,810 --> 00:13:54,180 In conclusion, rapidly growing cities in developing countries 262 00:13:54,180 --> 00:13:55,810 have populations that are growing 263 00:13:55,810 --> 00:13:58,940 at a much higher rate than their public transportation 264 00:13:58,940 --> 00:14:00,820 infrastructure. 265 00:14:00,820 --> 00:14:04,930 This leads to an increase in the use of private transportation. 266 00:14:04,930 --> 00:14:08,260 In cases where the percentage of motorcycles is high, 267 00:14:08,260 --> 00:14:11,730 the cities witness a high traffic fatality rate. 268 00:14:11,730 --> 00:14:14,120 The proposal strategies in this presentation 269 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:16,390 can benefit these cities.