1
00:00:00,150 --> 00:00:02,520
The following content is
provided under a Creative

2
00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:04,059
Commons license.

3
00:00:04,059 --> 00:00:06,360
Your support will help
MIT OpenCourseWare

4
00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,720
continue to offer high quality
educational resources for free.

5
00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,350
To make a donation or
view additional materials

6
00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,280
from hundreds of MIT courses,
visit MIT OpenCourseWare

7
00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:18,450
at ocw.mit.edu.

8
00:00:28,944 --> 00:00:30,423
[APPLAUSE]

9
00:00:31,434 --> 00:00:33,100
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Thank you very much.

10
00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:34,150
Good afternoon, everyone.

11
00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:35,490
It's almost evening.

12
00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:37,890
It's a pleasure
to be back at MIT.

13
00:00:37,890 --> 00:00:40,740
It's always a pleasure to
be back in the Boston area

14
00:00:40,740 --> 00:00:42,570
because this is
where we first lived,

15
00:00:42,570 --> 00:00:46,680
when my family and I came to
the United States in 1957.

16
00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:50,700
In fact, we arrived
here September 17, 1957.

17
00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:53,636
My dad came as a visiting
professor to Harvard

18
00:00:53,636 --> 00:00:55,260
from the American
University of Beirut.

19
00:00:55,260 --> 00:00:57,629
And then Harvard said,
stay another year stay,

20
00:00:57,629 --> 00:00:58,170
another year.

21
00:00:58,170 --> 00:01:00,600
He never went back.

22
00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,730
So I enrolled at
Boston University.

23
00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:04,260
My dad then moved to NIH.

24
00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:06,210
Both my parents
are deceased now.

25
00:01:06,210 --> 00:01:08,400
But the Boston area
is very special to us

26
00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,200
because it was the
first place that we

27
00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:14,490
lived in this great and
wonderful country of ours.

28
00:01:14,490 --> 00:01:16,410
And then, I'm very,
very happy to be back

29
00:01:16,410 --> 00:01:19,260
as a guest of Professor Lippert,
and the students in his class,

30
00:01:19,260 --> 00:01:21,000
and the colleagues.

31
00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:23,363
And I promise you a good
time, if you pay attention.

32
00:01:23,363 --> 00:01:24,229
[LAUGHTER]

33
00:01:26,269 --> 00:01:27,810
So what I really
would like you to do

34
00:01:27,810 --> 00:01:30,210
is sit back and
relax because I'm

35
00:01:30,210 --> 00:01:33,630
going to share with
you, to begin with,

36
00:01:33,630 --> 00:01:36,390
some important convictions
about what it is that we do

37
00:01:36,390 --> 00:01:40,350
in science and why we do it.

38
00:01:40,350 --> 00:01:42,540
I wish I had more
time to go in depth.

39
00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:47,400
But I just want to go
quickly through some

40
00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:51,370
of these convictions
that I hold very deeply.

41
00:01:51,370 --> 00:01:54,999
So let's see if this
is going to work here.

42
00:01:54,999 --> 00:01:56,040
I want to see your faces.

43
00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:56,540
OK.

44
00:01:56,540 --> 00:02:00,130
I can still see your faces.

45
00:02:00,130 --> 00:02:02,750
So Science is Fun and
the Joy of Learning.

46
00:02:02,750 --> 00:02:04,320
That's the title
of my presentation,

47
00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:07,440
Science is Fun and
the Joy of Learning.

48
00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:09,960
And every word is
carefully selected.

49
00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:12,040
You know, English is
my second language.

50
00:02:12,040 --> 00:02:15,810
So I think about every
word and its meaning.

51
00:02:15,810 --> 00:02:17,760
I also want to say that
it's a pleasure for me

52
00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:21,900
to see some old friends here,
but also to make new friends.

53
00:02:21,900 --> 00:02:26,190
And to see someone who
watched me in Singapore, when

54
00:02:26,190 --> 00:02:27,437
I was in Singapore--

55
00:02:27,437 --> 00:02:28,020
Where are you?

56
00:02:28,020 --> 00:02:29,910
Right there, yeah, yeah--

57
00:02:29,910 --> 00:02:31,320
about three years ago.

58
00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:35,670
So welcome.

59
00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:42,040
So what I'd like to
say to you immediately,

60
00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,750
that your brain
and my brain will

61
00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:48,720
be different after
this presentation,

62
00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:50,820
if you pay attention.

63
00:02:50,820 --> 00:02:54,750
If you don't pay attention,
I can't do much about it.

64
00:02:54,750 --> 00:03:00,930
But both my brain and your
brain will be different.

65
00:03:00,930 --> 00:03:05,040
35, 40 years ago, when students
went to medical school,

66
00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:07,880
they were told that
the brain is an organ.

67
00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:10,200
It doesn't change very much.

68
00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:11,890
But now we know more.

69
00:03:11,890 --> 00:03:14,910
Through the neurosciences,
we know a lot more.

70
00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,280
We know about plasticity.

71
00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:19,890
In fact, changes in
the brain happen.

72
00:03:19,890 --> 00:03:22,090
That's what education
is all about.

73
00:03:22,090 --> 00:03:25,290
That's what learning is about,
if those changes were not

74
00:03:25,290 --> 00:03:26,560
happening.

75
00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:30,210
So I just want to share with
you the importance of being

76
00:03:30,210 --> 00:03:32,430
focused and paying attention.

77
00:03:32,430 --> 00:03:38,150
We live in the most advanced
society in humankind.

78
00:03:38,150 --> 00:03:40,610
And these advances are
due to advances in science

79
00:03:40,610 --> 00:03:43,580
and in technology.

80
00:03:43,580 --> 00:03:47,360
I want you to think of
this statement I just made.

81
00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:49,610
Everything we enjoy
now is the result

82
00:03:49,610 --> 00:03:52,430
of advances in science
and in technology.

83
00:03:52,430 --> 00:03:54,890
The advances are so
great, much greater

84
00:03:54,890 --> 00:03:57,380
than we knew 50 years
ago when I first

85
00:03:57,380 --> 00:04:01,100
came to this country,
or a hundred years ago,

86
00:04:01,100 --> 00:04:05,150
or 200 years ago, or 500 years
ago, a thousand years ago.

87
00:04:05,150 --> 00:04:10,400
A long time ago,
technology drove society.

88
00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:12,680
The printing press was invented.

89
00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:17,899
Electricity lit the world before
we learned about the electron,

90
00:04:17,899 --> 00:04:19,700
before the electron
was discovered.

91
00:04:19,700 --> 00:04:21,260
There are all kinds
of connections

92
00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:23,480
between science and technology.

93
00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:27,950
But nowadays, it's science
that drives technology.

94
00:04:27,950 --> 00:04:29,420
Our ancestors were very good.

95
00:04:29,420 --> 00:04:30,260
They built cities.

96
00:04:30,260 --> 00:04:31,370
They built canals.

97
00:04:31,370 --> 00:04:33,020
They built pyramids.

98
00:04:33,020 --> 00:04:35,520
But now, we can build
pyramids at the atomic level.

99
00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:37,460
You've seen pictures of them.

100
00:04:37,460 --> 00:04:40,310
A great deal of
wonderful transformations

101
00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:43,430
have happened because
of advances in science

102
00:04:43,430 --> 00:04:45,230
and in technology.

103
00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:49,660
And it is the brain,
our brain, that is

104
00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:52,640
responsible for those changes.

105
00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:57,010
We're all capable of doing
good things, each one of us.

106
00:04:57,010 --> 00:05:00,730
And each one of us is
capable of doing evil.

107
00:05:00,730 --> 00:05:03,340
And that's why we have
to be selective about how

108
00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:06,070
we use the results of
those advances in science

109
00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:07,450
and in technology.

110
00:05:07,450 --> 00:05:10,090
These are different parts
of the control mechanisms

111
00:05:10,090 --> 00:05:13,390
that we know about
now for the brain.

112
00:05:13,390 --> 00:05:18,480
So please pay attention
and bear with me.

113
00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:21,120
You came to see some experiments
and some demonstrations.

114
00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:22,450
I promise I will get to them.

115
00:05:22,450 --> 00:05:23,302
[LAUGHTER]

116
00:05:23,302 --> 00:05:24,510
I promise I will get to them.

117
00:05:24,510 --> 00:05:29,280
But I want you to understand
the perspective and the context

118
00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:32,400
for doing those experiments
and those demonstrations.

119
00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:35,460
So we all like to
say that chemistry

120
00:05:35,460 --> 00:05:36,640
is the central science.

121
00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:38,700
And it is the central science.

122
00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,592
I like to say it's
the familiar science.

123
00:05:41,592 --> 00:05:43,050
In fact, what I'd
like to say, it's

124
00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:46,290
the science of the familiar
because everything around us

125
00:05:46,290 --> 00:05:47,910
is made of chemicals.

126
00:05:47,910 --> 00:05:49,740
The air that we
breathe is a mixture

127
00:05:49,740 --> 00:05:51,900
of usually good chemicals.

128
00:05:51,900 --> 00:05:54,000
The food that we eat is
a mixture of chemicals.

129
00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,610
The clothes that we wear
are made of chemicals.

130
00:05:56,610 --> 00:05:58,710
Our own bodies are
made of chemicals.

131
00:05:58,710 --> 00:06:00,240
What goes on inside
our bodies is

132
00:06:00,240 --> 00:06:03,450
nothing but a series of
biochemical reactions.

133
00:06:03,450 --> 00:06:06,210
The medicine that we
take when we are sick

134
00:06:06,210 --> 00:06:07,490
is a mixture of chemicals.

135
00:06:10,390 --> 00:06:12,540
The drugs that some
people very stupidly

136
00:06:12,540 --> 00:06:15,195
experiment with are chemicals.

137
00:06:15,195 --> 00:06:16,380
Ah, some of you are smiling.

138
00:06:16,380 --> 00:06:19,810
I'm connecting with the already.

139
00:06:19,810 --> 00:06:22,700
That's why we need to
learn about chemicals,

140
00:06:22,700 --> 00:06:26,560
their proper handling, safe
handling, proper disposal,

141
00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:27,520
their benefits.

142
00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,280
It's so complex,
but it's beautiful.

143
00:06:30,280 --> 00:06:31,660
Beauty is part of science.

144
00:06:31,660 --> 00:06:34,585
It's an essential
part of science.

145
00:06:34,585 --> 00:06:36,460
Now having told you that
everything around us

146
00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:38,668
is made of chemicals, I'd
like to ask each one of you

147
00:06:38,668 --> 00:06:40,910
right now to reach out.

148
00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:42,430
It's OK, Lou.

149
00:06:42,430 --> 00:06:45,088
It's part of the effect.

150
00:06:45,088 --> 00:06:46,870
It already had the
same effect on you.

151
00:06:46,870 --> 00:06:48,280
So that's good.

152
00:06:48,280 --> 00:06:50,104
I'd like to ask each
one of you right now

153
00:06:50,104 --> 00:06:51,520
to reach out and
touch a chemical.

154
00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:53,220
Go ahead and do it right now.

155
00:06:53,220 --> 00:06:54,970
Somebody's tapping on
somebody's shoulder.

156
00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:56,140
Somebody's is pulling
somebody's hair.

157
00:06:56,140 --> 00:06:57,220
Don't pull it too long.

158
00:06:57,220 --> 00:06:58,810
Somebody is reaching
out in the air.

159
00:06:58,810 --> 00:06:59,309
Yes.

160
00:06:59,309 --> 00:07:00,770
Chemicals are all around us.

161
00:07:00,770 --> 00:07:05,470
And we want to learn and enjoy
the beautiful chemical world

162
00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:06,160
that we live in.

163
00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:10,120
That's why I say chemistry is
the science of the familiar.

164
00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,120
It's the science
of the familiar.

165
00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:16,960
So I want to share with you
for just a few short seconds

166
00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:20,920
the theme that I have selected
for the American Chemical

167
00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:21,620
Society.

168
00:07:21,620 --> 00:07:24,160
As Professor Lippert said,
I will be the president

169
00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:25,415
beginning January 1.

170
00:07:25,415 --> 00:07:27,040
But I'm not waiting
till then because I

171
00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,810
want to get a good head
start and get going.

172
00:07:29,810 --> 00:07:31,900
The theme I selected
is advancing chemistry,

173
00:07:31,900 --> 00:07:34,750
communicating chemistry;
advancing chemistry,

174
00:07:34,750 --> 00:07:38,290
communicating chemistry;
advancing chemistry,

175
00:07:38,290 --> 00:07:40,450
communicating chemistry.

176
00:07:40,450 --> 00:07:42,730
And I want to call your
attention to the ACS mission

177
00:07:42,730 --> 00:07:44,800
statement.

178
00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:46,840
One of the worst things
that a presenter can do

179
00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:48,879
is show a slide and
then proceed to read it.

180
00:07:48,879 --> 00:07:50,170
It's an insult to the audience.

181
00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:51,250
You can read it.

182
00:07:51,250 --> 00:07:52,016
But forgive me.

183
00:07:52,016 --> 00:07:53,140
I don't mean to insult you.

184
00:07:53,140 --> 00:07:56,320
I want to share with you
the emphasis about this.

185
00:07:56,320 --> 00:08:00,130
So it says, "To advance the
broader chemistry enterprise

186
00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:03,670
and its practitioners
for the benefit of Earth

187
00:08:03,670 --> 00:08:05,120
and its people."

188
00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:09,190
Such a profound statement, I
only wish I had written it.

189
00:08:09,190 --> 00:08:12,270
And then there's the ACS vision,
"Improving people's lives

190
00:08:12,270 --> 00:08:14,440
through the transforming
power of chemistry."

191
00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:16,900
"Transform" is a
very powerful word.

192
00:08:16,900 --> 00:08:20,350
That's what happens to us
when we become educated.

193
00:08:20,350 --> 00:08:23,620
This is what happens to us when
we become learned individuals.

194
00:08:23,620 --> 00:08:26,050
This is what happens
to societies when they

195
00:08:26,050 --> 00:08:27,640
become advanced and learned.

196
00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:31,050
They are transformed.

197
00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:33,419
I've selected four initiatives.

198
00:08:33,419 --> 00:08:35,309
Next year is the
sesquicentennial

199
00:08:35,309 --> 00:08:37,140
of the Land Grant Act.

200
00:08:37,140 --> 00:08:38,850
And the Land Grant
Act, as some of you

201
00:08:38,850 --> 00:08:41,580
know, and I'm about to tell
you if you didn't know it,

202
00:08:41,580 --> 00:08:44,580
transformed America.

203
00:08:44,580 --> 00:08:46,710
MIT is a land grant institution.

204
00:08:46,710 --> 00:08:47,532
Did you know that?

205
00:08:47,532 --> 00:08:49,740
Raise your hand if you knew
that MIT was a land grant

206
00:08:49,740 --> 00:08:50,350
institution.

207
00:08:50,350 --> 00:08:51,270
OK.

208
00:08:51,270 --> 00:08:54,060
Raise your hand now if you
know that MIT is a land grant

209
00:08:54,060 --> 00:08:55,490
institution?

210
00:08:55,490 --> 00:08:56,460
Everybody-- right?

211
00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:58,620
I mean, look, I asked
you to pay attention.

212
00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:00,010
[LAUGHTER]

213
00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:02,292
I said your brains
will be different.

214
00:09:02,292 --> 00:09:03,750
My brain is being
different already

215
00:09:03,750 --> 00:09:05,374
because I can tell
from your reactions,

216
00:09:05,374 --> 00:09:09,420
when it is visual reactions,
and also from your sound

217
00:09:09,420 --> 00:09:11,160
that you're sharing with me.

218
00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:14,220
So we're going to mark the
sesquicentennial of the Land

219
00:09:14,220 --> 00:09:18,600
Grant Act at the national
ACS meeting in San Diego

220
00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:21,480
and Philadelphia by
looking retrospectively

221
00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:24,750
at what chemistry departments
have done in the past 150

222
00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:25,440
years.

223
00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:27,880
So we educate ourselves
about our heritage.

224
00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:29,422
What I'm really most
interested in is

225
00:09:29,422 --> 00:09:31,463
what we're going to do in
the future, what you're

226
00:09:31,463 --> 00:09:32,550
going to do in the future?

227
00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:34,450
I'm not going to be
around much longer.

228
00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:35,380
I hope a long time.

229
00:09:35,380 --> 00:09:37,290
But not as long as
you're going to be.

230
00:09:37,290 --> 00:09:39,180
So we want to be prospective.

231
00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:41,190
We want a glance in
the real view mirror.

232
00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:43,440
But we want to look
ahead so we can

233
00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:47,190
be participants and leaders
in transformations that

234
00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:50,440
are good for our human society.

235
00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:54,540
Our second initiative deals
with appointing a blue ribbon

236
00:09:54,540 --> 00:09:58,087
commission to examine the
purposes of graduate education

237
00:09:58,087 --> 00:09:59,670
and research in the
chemical sciences.

238
00:09:59,670 --> 00:10:01,200
Look at the purposes.

239
00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:05,160
Why do we have graduate programs
in the chemical sciences?

240
00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:07,560
Has the German model
served us well?

241
00:10:07,560 --> 00:10:10,399
Is it appropriate
for the 21st century?

242
00:10:10,399 --> 00:10:11,940
We make promises to
graduate students

243
00:10:11,940 --> 00:10:13,356
when they come to
graduate school.

244
00:10:13,356 --> 00:10:15,210
Do we keep those promises?

245
00:10:15,210 --> 00:10:17,880
Look at the duration of the
postdoctoral appointment now.

246
00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:19,630
It's getting longer and longer.

247
00:10:19,630 --> 00:10:21,420
So we talk about
employment issues.

248
00:10:21,420 --> 00:10:24,060
We also look at the profile
of the graduate students,

249
00:10:24,060 --> 00:10:27,930
diversity, as well
as international part

250
00:10:27,930 --> 00:10:29,320
of the profile.

251
00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:31,890
And we want to, of
course, remember

252
00:10:31,890 --> 00:10:34,620
that the graduate students
were undergraduates before.

253
00:10:34,620 --> 00:10:36,767
And before that, they
were in precollege.

254
00:10:36,767 --> 00:10:38,100
So we're going to segue to that.

255
00:10:38,100 --> 00:10:42,180
But the focus is on
this level right now.

256
00:10:42,180 --> 00:10:44,130
There'll be listening sessions.

257
00:10:44,130 --> 00:10:47,780
There'll be opportunities to
interact via email, webinars,

258
00:10:47,780 --> 00:10:50,190
with this blue ribbon commission
that I have appointed.

259
00:10:50,190 --> 00:10:52,710
The third initiative is to
help the public understand

260
00:10:52,710 --> 00:10:54,900
the science of climate change.

261
00:10:54,900 --> 00:10:57,990
The science of climate
change, not the politics,

262
00:10:57,990 --> 00:11:01,050
not the economics, but the
science of climate change.

263
00:11:01,050 --> 00:11:02,520
What is a greenhouse gas?

264
00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:04,290
What makes it a greenhouse gas?

265
00:11:04,290 --> 00:11:07,650
Did you know that any molecule
with three atoms or more

266
00:11:07,650 --> 00:11:09,590
in the gaseous phase
is a greenhouse gas?

267
00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:10,500
Did you know that?

268
00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:11,040
Yes or no?

269
00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:12,240
Did you know that?

270
00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:13,350
You didn't know it, right.

271
00:11:13,350 --> 00:11:15,180
Well, I just told you.

272
00:11:15,180 --> 00:11:15,900
OK.

273
00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:18,540
Every molecule in
the gaseous phase,

274
00:11:18,540 --> 00:11:21,750
that has three atoms or
more, is a greenhouse gas.

275
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:24,360
But they're not all effective.

276
00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:25,980
And why aren't
they all effective?

277
00:11:25,980 --> 00:11:27,990
And what does it
take for a molecule

278
00:11:27,990 --> 00:11:29,550
to become a greenhouse gas?

279
00:11:29,550 --> 00:11:31,361
We all know about
dipole moments.

280
00:11:31,361 --> 00:11:31,860
Yes.

281
00:11:31,860 --> 00:11:32,940
You know about dipole moments?

282
00:11:32,940 --> 00:11:33,480
OK.

283
00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:35,520
So what I'd like you to do is
make connections between what

284
00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:37,110
you know and what
you're hearing me

285
00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:39,660
say now because
that's how we learn.

286
00:11:39,660 --> 00:11:42,540
And that's how we share the
knowledge with each other.

287
00:11:42,540 --> 00:11:45,699
So it takes a dipole
moment to effect, right?

288
00:11:45,699 --> 00:11:46,740
You're shaking your head.

289
00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:49,440
And I'm beginning to
connect with you, right?

290
00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:55,380
But there are molecules with two
atoms in the gaseous phase that

291
00:11:55,380 --> 00:11:57,180
have a dipole moment too.

292
00:11:57,180 --> 00:11:58,307
Carbon monoxide, right?

293
00:11:58,307 --> 00:11:59,640
Well, it's not a greenhouse gas.

294
00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:00,450
How come?

295
00:12:00,450 --> 00:12:04,110
So what does it take
to be a greenhouse gas?

296
00:12:04,110 --> 00:12:05,640
Think about it.

297
00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:07,410
Here's the big question.

298
00:12:07,410 --> 00:12:12,120
How does the vibrational
energy change into heat energy?

299
00:12:12,120 --> 00:12:14,600
I'm not going to ask any
one individual to tell me

300
00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:16,010
the answer to that one.

301
00:12:16,010 --> 00:12:17,570
But I'm asking you
to think about it.

302
00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,650
How does the vibrational
energy change into heat energy?

303
00:12:21,650 --> 00:12:24,310
You know, most of the air
is nitrogen and oxygen.

304
00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:26,420
But now, we're putting
greenhouse gases in there,

305
00:12:26,420 --> 00:12:27,890
more than we did before.

306
00:12:27,890 --> 00:12:28,580
Why?

307
00:12:28,580 --> 00:12:30,230
Because the
Industrial Revolution

308
00:12:30,230 --> 00:12:33,980
has been so successful,
extremely successful.

309
00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:39,980
This is why we have the most
advanced society in humankind.

310
00:12:39,980 --> 00:12:41,980
But because of the
Industrial Revolution,

311
00:12:41,980 --> 00:12:44,510
we put more carbon
dioxide in the air.

312
00:12:44,510 --> 00:12:46,730
We put more CO2 gas in the air.

313
00:12:46,730 --> 00:12:47,990
Is that a good thing?

314
00:12:47,990 --> 00:12:49,910
Up to a point,
it's a good thing.

315
00:12:49,910 --> 00:12:52,240
If it weren't for
the greenhouse gases,

316
00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:53,990
the surface of the
planet would be as cold

317
00:12:53,990 --> 00:12:57,810
as it is on Mars and life as
we know it would not exist.

318
00:12:57,810 --> 00:12:59,270
So there are good
and not so good

319
00:12:59,270 --> 00:13:01,310
things about the
greenhouse gases.

320
00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:03,560
And that's what this third
initiative deals about.

321
00:13:03,560 --> 00:13:06,050
The fourth one is to
consider the possibility

322
00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:08,480
of establishing an ACS high
school teacher fellowship

323
00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:09,290
program.

324
00:13:09,290 --> 00:13:10,820
We will be hearing
about this later

325
00:13:10,820 --> 00:13:12,920
on from reading
chemical engineering

326
00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:14,630
news and other sources.

327
00:13:14,630 --> 00:13:16,640
So that's briefly what
I want to focus on.

328
00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:17,640
It's not the only thing.

329
00:13:17,640 --> 00:13:20,180
But that's what I want to
focus on for next year.

330
00:13:20,180 --> 00:13:22,310
So advancing
chemistry, how do how

331
00:13:22,310 --> 00:13:24,790
do we do it, through research.

332
00:13:24,790 --> 00:13:26,670
Research is so enjoyable.

333
00:13:26,670 --> 00:13:28,140
It's so rewarding.

334
00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:29,360
We ask questions.

335
00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:30,710
We want to know the answers.

336
00:13:30,710 --> 00:13:31,790
We're curious.

337
00:13:31,790 --> 00:13:32,880
Why is the sky blue?

338
00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:34,072
Why is the sky blue?

339
00:13:34,072 --> 00:13:35,780
Scattering, you're to
tell me scattering.

340
00:13:35,780 --> 00:13:36,640
OK, that's good.

341
00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:37,140
OK.

342
00:13:37,140 --> 00:13:37,850
[LAUGHTER]

343
00:13:38,990 --> 00:13:41,080
Why do leaves change
color in the fall?

344
00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:43,640
One of the most beautiful
experiences I had in my life,

345
00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:46,640
when we first came
to Boston in 1957,

346
00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:50,540
a colleague of my dad at Harvard
took us to New Hampshire,

347
00:13:50,540 --> 00:13:52,760
to Vermont, in the fall.

348
00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:53,780
It just-- it was--

349
00:13:53,780 --> 00:13:56,690
I can't use adequate
words to describe

350
00:13:56,690 --> 00:14:00,200
the beauty of the
chemical transformations

351
00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:02,270
that were happening
in the leaves

352
00:14:02,270 --> 00:14:04,920
and how the chlorophyll
reaction shuts down.

353
00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:07,400
And all these other
colors are there already.

354
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,250
But we don't see them because
they're masked by chlorophyll.

355
00:14:10,250 --> 00:14:13,400
And just understanding
that and asking questions

356
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:17,460
is what we're trying to do, both
in research and in education.

357
00:14:17,460 --> 00:14:21,210
Of course advanced chemistry
by being innovative as well.

358
00:14:21,210 --> 00:14:25,880
So I'd like to just take a
couple of moments to tell you

359
00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:28,970
that in society
today, we have two

360
00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:33,260
sectors, the science-rich sector
and the science-poor sector.

361
00:14:33,260 --> 00:14:36,140
Who is in the
science-rich sector?

362
00:14:36,140 --> 00:14:41,610
Colleges and universities,
parts of industry,

363
00:14:41,610 --> 00:14:43,870
the national laboratories.

364
00:14:43,870 --> 00:14:46,420
Who is in the
science-poor sector?

365
00:14:46,420 --> 00:14:48,950
Everyone else.

366
00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:51,070
And those of us who
are fortunate to be

367
00:14:51,070 --> 00:14:54,400
in the science-rich
sector have an obligation

368
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:56,800
to the people who are in
the science-poor sector.

369
00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,130
I want you for a moment to
think about science-rich

370
00:15:00,130 --> 00:15:01,570
and science-poor.

371
00:15:01,570 --> 00:15:04,960
But I also want you to think
about what you hear on the news

372
00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:08,760
now daily and cross
out the word "science"

373
00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,860
and cross out the word
"science from the second one.

374
00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:14,030
And look at the
turmoil that we have.

375
00:15:14,030 --> 00:15:16,810
There's a gap that is
widening at an alarming

376
00:15:16,810 --> 00:15:19,450
rate between those of us
who are rich in knowledge

377
00:15:19,450 --> 00:15:22,110
and otherwise, and
those who are not.

378
00:15:22,110 --> 00:15:26,140
And it's incumbent upon
us to narrow that gap.

379
00:15:26,140 --> 00:15:29,020
We have to do it for a lot
of profound societal reasons.

380
00:15:29,020 --> 00:15:30,550
But I'll give you
one crass reason

381
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,520
why it's important for those of
us in the science-rich sector

382
00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,860
to communicate with the
science-poor sector.

383
00:15:36,860 --> 00:15:39,040
And you know what
that crass reason is.

384
00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:41,810
The people here, in
this sector here, they

385
00:15:41,810 --> 00:15:46,640
pay for what it is that we do
in the science-rich sector,

386
00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:49,040
government funds,
private foundation funds.

387
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:52,450
So we need to be thinking about
our role as science students,

388
00:15:52,450 --> 00:15:57,110
as scientists, as learned
individuals in this regard.

389
00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:57,680
All right.

390
00:15:57,680 --> 00:15:59,441
So there's scientific
competence,

391
00:15:59,441 --> 00:16:01,190
which is what we acquire
by doing research

392
00:16:01,190 --> 00:16:01,940
through education.

393
00:16:01,940 --> 00:16:03,650
There's scientific expertise.

394
00:16:03,650 --> 00:16:06,320
But there's also
science literacy.

395
00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:09,260
Our goal should be to increase
the level of science literacy

396
00:16:09,260 --> 00:16:11,990
among people in the
science-poor sector.

397
00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:14,300
Science literacy is the
appreciation of science

398
00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:17,690
without a deep knowledge of
chemistry, physics, or biology,

399
00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:18,740
or any other science.

400
00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:19,790
It's an appreciation.

401
00:16:19,790 --> 00:16:23,330
Let me give you an analogy to
make this point as clearly as I

402
00:16:23,330 --> 00:16:24,140
know how.

403
00:16:24,140 --> 00:16:26,480
And this analogy
comes from sports.

404
00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:29,155
I know as a classroom teacher
the danger of using analogies

405
00:16:29,155 --> 00:16:30,530
because you remember
the analogy,

406
00:16:30,530 --> 00:16:33,159
and not the real thing
that I'm talking about.

407
00:16:33,159 --> 00:16:35,450
Just as we have professional
football players, baseball

408
00:16:35,450 --> 00:16:39,170
players, hockey players, and
so on, we have sports fans.

409
00:16:39,170 --> 00:16:40,910
Without those sports
fans, you know

410
00:16:40,910 --> 00:16:44,450
the interprofessional sports
enterprise would be nothing.

411
00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:46,860
You also know that's
not an exaggeration.

412
00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:48,950
So what we need,
we need scientists

413
00:16:48,950 --> 00:16:51,050
and we need science fans.

414
00:16:51,050 --> 00:16:52,610
And we want those
science fans not

415
00:16:52,610 --> 00:16:55,174
to be sitting in the stands
as passive spectators.

416
00:16:55,174 --> 00:16:56,840
We want them to follow
what we're doing.

417
00:16:56,840 --> 00:16:59,006
Some of them might even
show up on the playing field

418
00:16:59,006 --> 00:17:01,360
to become scientists like us.

419
00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:02,860
But we have to pay
attention to them

420
00:17:02,860 --> 00:17:07,210
so we can improve the
level of science literacy.

421
00:17:07,210 --> 00:17:08,250
Communications.

422
00:17:08,250 --> 00:17:10,000
There are many elements
to communications.

423
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:11,990
I just list five of them here.

424
00:17:11,990 --> 00:17:14,207
One is to inform, to engage--

425
00:17:14,207 --> 00:17:15,790
that's what I hope
to do very shortly.

426
00:17:15,790 --> 00:17:17,859
I promised you I'll
do experiments.

427
00:17:17,859 --> 00:17:18,650
They're engaging.

428
00:17:18,650 --> 00:17:19,733
I'm going to get to that--

429
00:17:19,733 --> 00:17:23,984
to educate, to advocate,
and to persuade.

430
00:17:23,984 --> 00:17:25,150
There are other parts of it.

431
00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:27,500
There's entertain, all kinds
of things you can think about.

432
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:29,080
But those are the
five I want to try

433
00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:32,260
to focus on as important
elements of communication.

434
00:17:32,260 --> 00:17:34,750
In the scientific community
we communicate with each other

435
00:17:34,750 --> 00:17:35,420
very well.

436
00:17:35,420 --> 00:17:37,270
But we don't do it as
well yet with people

437
00:17:37,270 --> 00:17:38,480
in the science-poor sector.

438
00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:40,810
So we have to work on that.

439
00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:42,790
One purpose of
communicating chemistry

440
00:17:42,790 --> 00:17:45,540
is to showcase
chemistry at its best

441
00:17:45,540 --> 00:17:48,260
in addressing significant
human and societal issues.

442
00:17:48,260 --> 00:17:51,130
It's very important that we
do that, very, very important

443
00:17:51,130 --> 00:17:51,940
that we do that.

444
00:17:54,590 --> 00:17:56,800
Here's a statement from
a very famous person.

445
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,660
Everyone knows this
person by name.

446
00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:02,260
And he said, "Most of the
fundamental ideas of science

447
00:18:02,260 --> 00:18:04,960
are essentially m
and may, as a rule,

448
00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,800
be expressed in a language
comprehensible to everyone."

449
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:09,460
You think about that.

450
00:18:09,460 --> 00:18:11,980
He said most of the
fundamental ideas of science

451
00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:14,380
are essentially simple,
or maybe simple to him.

452
00:18:14,380 --> 00:18:16,487
But no, that's just a joke.

453
00:18:16,487 --> 00:18:18,070
Now, you think about
what he's saying.

454
00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:19,430
OK.

455
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:23,120
So we have to find ways to
improve our communication

456
00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:25,830
skills to the public at large.

457
00:18:25,830 --> 00:18:28,720
And so I want to mention
to you very briefly

458
00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:30,680
an activity we do
at the Wisconsin

459
00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:33,800
Initiative for Science Literacy,
asking graduate students

460
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,640
to include in their thesis
a chapter, explaining

461
00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:41,005
the research that they just
finished, to their mother,

462
00:18:41,005 --> 00:18:44,750
to their grandfather,
to their neighbor,

463
00:18:44,750 --> 00:18:48,190
to anyone, to their former
high school classmates.

464
00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:51,760
So that they get to appreciate
what it is that someone spent

465
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,260
five, six years,
working hard, using

466
00:18:54,260 --> 00:18:57,230
taxpayers' money and
other people's money,

467
00:18:57,230 --> 00:19:00,100
to improve knowledge and to
give us rewarding experiences.

468
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:02,510
And the goal, as I say, is
to explain the candidate's

469
00:19:02,510 --> 00:19:04,820
scholarly research
and its significance

470
00:19:04,820 --> 00:19:06,530
to a wider audience,
that includes

471
00:19:06,530 --> 00:19:09,140
family members, friends, civic
groups, newspaper reporters,

472
00:19:09,140 --> 00:19:10,980
state legislator, and so on.

473
00:19:10,980 --> 00:19:13,040
And if you do this,
we give you $500.

474
00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:14,720
We're beyond $10 now.

475
00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:16,280
We're beyond $10
among the graduates.

476
00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:18,020
This is catching on.

477
00:19:18,020 --> 00:19:20,849
And we will assist in the
public dissemination of this.

478
00:19:20,849 --> 00:19:23,390
So I'm going to tell you how
you can find out more about this

479
00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:24,890
because you can
read those chapters.

480
00:19:24,890 --> 00:19:27,270
We have them posted
them on my website.

481
00:19:27,270 --> 00:19:29,480
My website is www--

482
00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:32,570
they all start with www,
you know that, right?

483
00:19:32,570 --> 00:19:34,190
And then scifun--

484
00:19:34,190 --> 00:19:36,654
S-C-I-F-U-N-- .org.

485
00:19:36,654 --> 00:19:37,820
Somebody is writing it down.

486
00:19:37,820 --> 00:19:39,153
You don't have to write it down.

487
00:19:39,153 --> 00:19:42,230
Just say it quietly a couple
of times, scifun.org--

488
00:19:42,230 --> 00:19:46,661
S-C-I-F-U-N-- .org,
scifun.org, scifun.org.

489
00:19:46,661 --> 00:19:48,160
Now, this is how
we memorize things.

490
00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,630
But why do we memorize things?

491
00:19:49,630 --> 00:19:51,850
To store them in
our memory banks?

492
00:19:51,850 --> 00:19:53,172
They use them.

493
00:19:53,172 --> 00:19:54,180
To use them.

494
00:19:54,180 --> 00:19:57,175
So I'm going to check
with my web master

495
00:19:57,175 --> 00:19:59,300
in the next couple of days
to see how many new hits

496
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:00,780
we get from the Cambridge area.

497
00:20:00,780 --> 00:20:02,370
See if anybody's
been to my website.

498
00:20:02,370 --> 00:20:03,290
OK.

499
00:20:03,290 --> 00:20:04,430
All right.

500
00:20:04,430 --> 00:20:06,110
The great master
Leonardo said, "There

501
00:20:06,110 --> 00:20:08,540
is no higher or lower
knowledge, but one only,

502
00:20:08,540 --> 00:20:10,310
flowing out of experimentation.

503
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:13,220
We're getting close to
my keeping my promise,

504
00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:14,070
keeping my promise.

505
00:20:14,070 --> 00:20:15,320
That's what you came here for.

506
00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:17,620
So I'm going to do
some experiments.

507
00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:22,880
And my latest book is
volume 5 in this series.

508
00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,060
It deals with color, light,
vision, and perception.

509
00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:27,110
It deals with what happens
in front of the eye.

510
00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:29,600
But now because of
advances in neurosciences,

511
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,030
we learn more about what
happens behind the eye.

512
00:20:32,030 --> 00:20:34,130
So that's included
in this book here.

513
00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:38,060
And there's a little flyer
that you may pick up as you

514
00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:40,820
walked in or when you walk out.

515
00:20:40,820 --> 00:20:43,580
And if you have a favorite
high school teacher,

516
00:20:43,580 --> 00:20:46,370
you might want to give
him a copy as a Christmas

517
00:20:46,370 --> 00:20:49,760
gift or a holiday
gift, if you wish to.

518
00:20:49,760 --> 00:20:52,680
The book has been out
now since February.

519
00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:54,580
This is the cover of the book.

520
00:20:54,580 --> 00:20:57,110
What are these three
things that you see here?

521
00:20:57,110 --> 00:20:58,289
What do they look like?

522
00:20:58,289 --> 00:20:59,330
AUDIENCE: Drops of water.

523
00:20:59,330 --> 00:21:00,340
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Mumble, mumble, mumble.

524
00:21:00,340 --> 00:21:02,350
I like that because
everybody saying things--

525
00:21:02,350 --> 00:21:03,900
huh?

526
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:06,410
Are they paperweights?

527
00:21:06,410 --> 00:21:07,677
They could be.

528
00:21:07,677 --> 00:21:09,010
They're actually water droplets.

529
00:21:09,010 --> 00:21:09,940
That's what are.

530
00:21:09,940 --> 00:21:12,380
They're water droplets,
as some of you said.

531
00:21:12,380 --> 00:21:14,680
So here's an experiment
that I want--

532
00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:17,287
the first experiment I
want to ask to look at.

533
00:21:17,287 --> 00:21:18,245
This is a checkerboard.

534
00:21:18,245 --> 00:21:19,870
This is about perception
because you're

535
00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:21,310
going to be seeing things now.

536
00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:24,650
And the brain, the brain
sometimes plays tricks on us.

537
00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:26,480
So here's the checkerboard.

538
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:28,130
And you see this
object right here.

539
00:21:28,130 --> 00:21:30,020
And you see it casts a shadow.

540
00:21:30,020 --> 00:21:34,500
So my question to
you is, is the shade

541
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,710
in square of number 1 the same
as the shade in square number

542
00:21:37,710 --> 00:21:38,897
2, yes or no?

543
00:21:38,897 --> 00:21:39,480
AUDIENCE: Yes.

544
00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:40,909
AUDIENCE: No.

545
00:21:40,909 --> 00:21:42,450
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
How many say yes?

546
00:21:42,450 --> 00:21:44,070
Raise your hand if you say yes.

547
00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:45,980
And how many say no?

548
00:21:45,980 --> 00:21:47,180
More people say no.

549
00:21:47,180 --> 00:21:49,880
So we have to train
ourself to do this.

550
00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,770
Now, remember now, this
one is labeled number 1.

551
00:21:52,770 --> 00:21:54,090
This is labeled number 2.

552
00:21:54,090 --> 00:21:58,190
I'm going to now cover this.

553
00:21:58,190 --> 00:22:02,990
And now, you see that they
both have the same shade.

554
00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:04,840
You see that, right?

555
00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:08,438
So those of you who said yes
before probably have seen this.

556
00:22:08,438 --> 00:22:10,830
[LAUGHTER]

557
00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:12,910
And you know what?

558
00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:14,710
Your brain is
using the knowledge

559
00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:15,800
that you had from before.

560
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:16,930
That's great.

561
00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:18,622
So let's look at
this one more time.

562
00:22:18,622 --> 00:22:19,330
So I take it off.

563
00:22:19,330 --> 00:22:19,930
You see.

564
00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:21,610
So what's going on here?

565
00:22:21,610 --> 00:22:25,600
The shadow is telling
the brain something.

566
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,520
And we have to develop
the skills with our brains

567
00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:33,220
to sort out the information, and
be very careful about it, so we

568
00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:35,620
have the proper interpretation.

569
00:22:35,620 --> 00:22:36,990
So this is when I cover it now.

570
00:22:36,990 --> 00:22:39,190
You see this shadow
cannot be seen.

571
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:41,560
And that's how we
started with it.

572
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:43,406
So we have to make connections.

573
00:22:43,406 --> 00:22:44,780
We have to make
good connections.

574
00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:46,660
We don't want to have
any impedance problems.

575
00:22:46,660 --> 00:22:48,370
That's what we
don't want to have.

576
00:22:48,370 --> 00:22:51,910
And I want to show
you why we want

577
00:22:51,910 --> 00:22:54,550
to do experiments
and demonstrations,

578
00:22:54,550 --> 00:22:57,570
why we want to be engaging.

579
00:22:57,570 --> 00:22:59,730
This is why.

580
00:22:59,730 --> 00:23:01,510
That's why.

581
00:23:01,510 --> 00:23:03,300
That's why.

582
00:23:03,300 --> 00:23:05,260
That's why.

583
00:23:05,260 --> 00:23:06,440
That's why.

584
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:07,990
You just look at those faces.

585
00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:10,620
You just look at those faces.

586
00:23:10,620 --> 00:23:13,510
And each one of them is engaged.

587
00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:14,790
Engagement is important.

588
00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:17,480
But what's really important
is what happens after that.

589
00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:20,440
So we're going to
now get into what

590
00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:23,260
happens as you become engaged.

591
00:23:23,260 --> 00:23:24,700
Lights out, please.

592
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:27,670
Because we're going to do
some experiments, in addition

593
00:23:27,670 --> 00:23:29,031
to the one we did.

594
00:23:29,031 --> 00:23:29,530
Yes.

595
00:23:29,530 --> 00:23:29,800
Yes.

596
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,050
I know you've waited too long.

597
00:23:31,050 --> 00:23:31,710
I know.

598
00:23:31,710 --> 00:23:32,770
I know.

599
00:23:32,770 --> 00:23:35,500
When we do experiments, we'll
obey all the safety rules.

600
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:36,880
You notice I have my goggles on.

601
00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:38,290
Did you notice that?

602
00:23:38,290 --> 00:23:39,919
I just pointed it
out as a reminder.

603
00:23:39,919 --> 00:23:42,460
For those of you who noticed
and those of you who didn't, you

604
00:23:42,460 --> 00:23:44,537
just saw that I have them on.

605
00:23:44,537 --> 00:23:46,120
I have a fire
extinguisher right here.

606
00:23:46,120 --> 00:23:48,760
It's ready to be used, just
in case something goes out

607
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:49,587
of control.

608
00:23:49,587 --> 00:23:51,670
I'm not planning on anything
going out of control.

609
00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,790
But we have it as a
safety precaution.

610
00:23:54,790 --> 00:24:00,370
So what I'm going to do is
take a match and strike it.

611
00:24:03,490 --> 00:24:04,720
You like that, right?

612
00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:05,680
[LAUGHTER]

613
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,370
So this is an example of what
we call a combustion reaction.

614
00:24:08,370 --> 00:24:10,800
I'm going to light a candle.

615
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:11,790
And--

616
00:24:11,790 --> 00:24:12,590
AUDIENCE: Whoa.

617
00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:15,990
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: --I'm
going to-- whoa is right, see.

618
00:24:15,990 --> 00:24:17,832
Engagement.

619
00:24:17,832 --> 00:24:19,290
I want to tell you
something that I

620
00:24:19,290 --> 00:24:20,498
have observed over the years.

621
00:24:20,498 --> 00:24:23,790
I've been doing these
demonstrations for over 40

622
00:24:23,790 --> 00:24:25,050
years.

623
00:24:25,050 --> 00:24:28,200
Youngsters and people
in retirement homes

624
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,650
are not inhibited
like the rest of us.

625
00:24:31,650 --> 00:24:34,900
So we have to allow ourselves
to express ourselves.

626
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:38,170
So this is an example of
a combustion reaction.

627
00:24:38,170 --> 00:24:44,770
And it is, of course,
related to Michael Faraday.

628
00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:47,190
You know who Michael
Faraday was, right?

629
00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:49,800
He used to gather young
people around Christmas time

630
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:52,630
at the Royal Institution and
do experiments with them.

631
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:54,610
And one of his most
famous lectures

632
00:24:54,610 --> 00:24:57,750
is on the chemical
history of the candle.

633
00:24:57,750 --> 00:24:59,610
So what I'm going to
do now, because you're

634
00:24:59,610 --> 00:25:02,940
paying good attention,
I'm going to reach back

635
00:25:02,940 --> 00:25:05,580
into my back pocket
and get my wallet out.

636
00:25:05,580 --> 00:25:07,683
What do people usually
keep in their wallets?

637
00:25:07,683 --> 00:25:08,410
AUDIENCE: Money.

638
00:25:08,410 --> 00:25:08,650
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Money.

639
00:25:08,650 --> 00:25:09,302
What else?

640
00:25:09,302 --> 00:25:10,260
AUDIENCE: Credit cards.

641
00:25:10,260 --> 00:25:10,900
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Credit cards.

642
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:11,340
What else?

643
00:25:11,340 --> 00:25:12,120
AUDIENCE: Driver's license.

644
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:12,840
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Driver's license,

645
00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:14,220
if you're old
enough to have one.

646
00:25:14,220 --> 00:25:14,670
What else?

647
00:25:14,670 --> 00:25:15,330
AUDIENCE: Pictures.

648
00:25:15,330 --> 00:25:16,600
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Pictures,
all kinds of things.

649
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,016
So what I'm going to do now
is I'm going to reach in here.

650
00:25:19,016 --> 00:25:20,730
I'm going to take a
dollar bill and I'm

651
00:25:20,730 --> 00:25:23,650
going to put it into the
flame, just like that.

652
00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:24,667
AUDIENCE: Wow.

653
00:25:24,667 --> 00:25:26,250
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Was that too fast?

654
00:25:26,250 --> 00:25:26,660
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

655
00:25:26,660 --> 00:25:28,493
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Well, I asked you to pay

656
00:25:28,493 --> 00:25:29,950
close attention, didn't I?

657
00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:33,810
I'm trying to engage your brain.

658
00:25:33,810 --> 00:25:37,072
So that was not a
real dollar bill.

659
00:25:37,072 --> 00:25:38,250
[LAUGHTER]

660
00:25:38,250 --> 00:25:40,970
That was a fake dollar bill.

661
00:25:40,970 --> 00:25:43,290
That was a phony dollar bill.

662
00:25:43,290 --> 00:25:46,250
It's called flash paper.

663
00:25:46,250 --> 00:25:50,060
What we always do in science
is repeat the experiment.

664
00:25:50,060 --> 00:25:52,450
So I take out what looks
like a dollar bill.

665
00:25:52,450 --> 00:25:54,110
But it's not a real dollar bill.

666
00:25:54,110 --> 00:25:55,560
I bring it close to the flame.

667
00:26:03,272 --> 00:26:05,300
It disappears into thin air.

668
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,060
It looks like magic.

669
00:26:08,060 --> 00:26:10,190
I love magic.

670
00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:15,040
Magic is engaging,
but not informative.

671
00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,590
Magic is engaging.

672
00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:20,590
So this is paper that has
been treated with chemicals so

673
00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:23,350
that when it burns, it
doesn't leave any ash behind.

674
00:26:23,350 --> 00:26:25,290
It's called flash paper.

675
00:26:25,290 --> 00:26:28,180
And so what are the chemicals
that are used for this?

676
00:26:28,180 --> 00:26:29,680
You want to think
about this, right.

677
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:32,560
So you want to educate yourself
about it if you want to.

678
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:34,789
And you might want
to go to my website

679
00:26:34,789 --> 00:26:35,830
to learn more about this.

680
00:26:35,830 --> 00:26:37,325
How do you get to my website?

681
00:26:37,325 --> 00:26:38,972
AUDIENCE: www.funsci.org.

682
00:26:38,972 --> 00:26:39,930
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: OK.

683
00:26:39,930 --> 00:26:41,100
You got it.

684
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:43,350
So now I would
like to ask someone

685
00:26:43,350 --> 00:26:45,030
in the audience to
volunteer to help me

686
00:26:45,030 --> 00:26:45,870
with the next experiment.

687
00:26:45,870 --> 00:26:46,620
Who wants to help?

688
00:26:46,620 --> 00:26:49,095
Well, let me tell you first
what I need help with, OK.

689
00:26:49,095 --> 00:26:50,280
[LAUGHTER]

690
00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,300
I'd like someone in the audience
to let me borrow from them

691
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:55,920
a real $1 bill.

692
00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:57,420
Is there someone
in the audience who

693
00:26:57,420 --> 00:26:58,795
would let me--
who would trust me

694
00:26:58,795 --> 00:27:02,340
with a real $1
bill or a $5 bill?

695
00:27:02,340 --> 00:27:04,290
Steve, how about
a $20 bill, huh?

696
00:27:04,290 --> 00:27:06,650
You got a $20 bill?

697
00:27:06,650 --> 00:27:07,150
OK.

698
00:27:07,150 --> 00:27:08,490
Here's a $1 bill.

699
00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:09,660
It's a real $1 bill.

700
00:27:09,660 --> 00:27:11,940
You know what I'm going
to do with it, don't you?

701
00:27:11,940 --> 00:27:14,640
You know where this is going.

702
00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:17,100
So combustion, combustion is--

703
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:18,405
AUDIENCE: You did say borrow.

704
00:27:18,405 --> 00:27:18,840
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Huh?

705
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:20,048
AUDIENCE: You did say borrow.

706
00:27:20,048 --> 00:27:21,640
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
I did say borrow.

707
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:22,780
You know what?

708
00:27:22,780 --> 00:27:26,430
That's a very important
observation that you made

709
00:27:26,430 --> 00:27:28,260
and you are reporting it.

710
00:27:28,260 --> 00:27:33,480
Because the whole exchange
for the benefit of society

711
00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:36,240
works on the element of trust.

712
00:27:36,240 --> 00:27:39,720
You trusted me
with this $1 bill.

713
00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:42,710
So I did say borrow, which
means I'm going to give it back.

714
00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:43,439
AUDIENCE: Right.

715
00:27:43,439 --> 00:27:44,980
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
I didn't say what

716
00:27:44,980 --> 00:27:47,195
form it's going to be
in when I give it back.

717
00:27:47,195 --> 00:27:48,185
[LAUGHTER]

718
00:27:50,170 --> 00:27:53,290
So, well, I have
a jar right here.

719
00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:55,992
And I have in this jar--

720
00:27:55,992 --> 00:27:56,950
what does it look like?

721
00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:57,470
I have a liquid.

722
00:27:57,470 --> 00:27:58,240
What does it look like?

723
00:27:58,240 --> 00:27:58,900
It looks like?

724
00:27:58,900 --> 00:27:59,260
AUDIENCE: Water.

725
00:27:59,260 --> 00:28:00,926
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
It looks like water.

726
00:28:00,926 --> 00:28:02,890
The way we described this
liquid is to say it's

727
00:28:02,890 --> 00:28:06,490
a clear and colorless liquid,
which is what water is.

728
00:28:06,490 --> 00:28:10,320
So I'm going to take
this liquid and--

729
00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:12,820
so I want everybody to
see the jar right here,

730
00:28:12,820 --> 00:28:14,730
get this out of the way.

731
00:28:14,730 --> 00:28:17,490
I'm going to take
the dollar bill.

732
00:28:17,490 --> 00:28:21,060
I'm going to soak it in this
clear and colorless liquid,

733
00:28:21,060 --> 00:28:23,210
which looks like water.

734
00:28:23,210 --> 00:28:26,640
And I'm going to fish it
out using those tongs.

735
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:28,839
You see, it's dripping
like any wet object would.

736
00:28:28,839 --> 00:28:30,630
And then I'm going to
take it to the flame.

737
00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:31,780
Take a good look at it now.

738
00:28:31,780 --> 00:28:33,510
It may be last time you see it.

739
00:28:33,510 --> 00:28:38,692
So here is the dollar
bill on fire, or is it?

740
00:28:38,692 --> 00:28:39,482
AUDIENCE: No.

741
00:28:39,482 --> 00:28:41,815
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: But you
did see a flame, didn't you?

742
00:28:41,815 --> 00:28:42,280
AUDIENCE: Yes.

743
00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:44,920
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So now I ask
you, can this liquid be water?

744
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:45,787
AUDIENCE: No.

745
00:28:45,787 --> 00:28:47,620
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You
know from experience

746
00:28:47,620 --> 00:28:50,650
that water does not burn
under these conditions.

747
00:28:50,650 --> 00:28:52,950
So I will tell you
what's in this jar.

748
00:28:52,950 --> 00:28:54,790
This clear and
colorless liquid is

749
00:28:54,790 --> 00:28:59,800
a mixture of rubbing alcohol
and water, isopropyl alcohol

750
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:01,030
and water.

751
00:29:01,030 --> 00:29:05,680
You know also from experience
that when you burn alcohol,

752
00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:07,917
what color flame do you see?

753
00:29:07,917 --> 00:29:08,750
It's kind of bluish.

754
00:29:08,750 --> 00:29:10,745
Do you remember what
color flame you saw here?

755
00:29:10,745 --> 00:29:13,040
It was a little yellowish.

756
00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:16,010
That's because we also added a
little bit of sodium chloride

757
00:29:16,010 --> 00:29:16,970
in there.

758
00:29:16,970 --> 00:29:19,370
The eye is more sensitive
to the yellow color

759
00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:21,150
than it is to the blue color.

760
00:29:21,150 --> 00:29:24,380
So we added the sodium chloride
to enhance the visibility

761
00:29:24,380 --> 00:29:26,120
of what's going on.

762
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:29,480
How can sodium chloride
enhance the visibility?

763
00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:32,725
So we're exciting the
electrons and the sodium ions.

764
00:29:32,725 --> 00:29:34,100
They go to a higher
energy state.

765
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:35,300
Do you remember all the
stuff that you learned

766
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:37,040
in atomic structure, and so on?

767
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:38,330
Make connections.

768
00:29:38,330 --> 00:29:39,960
Make connections with that.

769
00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:44,600
So I give you back
this dollar bill

770
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:47,000
because I said I
would borrow it.

771
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:47,960
So here it is.

772
00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,417
So what does it feel like?

773
00:29:51,417 --> 00:29:52,250
Of course, it's wet.

774
00:29:52,250 --> 00:29:55,400
It's 50% water, 50% alcohol.

775
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:57,230
So wait a little
bit until it dries.

776
00:29:57,230 --> 00:29:58,010
And then you can--

777
00:29:58,010 --> 00:29:59,000
so thank you very much.

778
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,135
Give her a hand for
helping out with this.

779
00:30:01,135 --> 00:30:02,760
[APPLAUSE]

780
00:30:03,260 --> 00:30:06,890
So when you burn something
that has carbon in it,

781
00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:08,940
you get carbon dioxide.

782
00:30:08,940 --> 00:30:11,270
Carbon dioxide is a gas
at room temperature.

783
00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,090
We can't see it because
it has no color.

784
00:30:14,090 --> 00:30:17,120
And we can't smell it
because it has no odor.

785
00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:19,730
But everyone knows
about carbon dioxide gas

786
00:30:19,730 --> 00:30:22,890
because you know about
carbonated beverages.

787
00:30:22,890 --> 00:30:25,470
In fact, they're called
carbonated beverages.

788
00:30:25,470 --> 00:30:27,150
They have carbon
dioxide in them.

789
00:30:27,150 --> 00:30:29,910
I'm going to do an
experiment right now

790
00:30:29,910 --> 00:30:33,030
so that we can learn a bit more
about how much carbon dioxide

791
00:30:33,030 --> 00:30:34,980
is dissolved in this liquid.

792
00:30:34,980 --> 00:30:37,602
And to do this experiment, I'm
going to use a baby bottle.

793
00:30:37,602 --> 00:30:38,810
[LAUGHTER]

794
00:30:38,810 --> 00:30:41,640
You remember that, huh?

795
00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:45,210
So this baby bottle has
been modified slightly.

796
00:30:45,210 --> 00:30:48,180
I have replaced the nipple
that has the hole in it where

797
00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:51,250
the milk flows out, with the
rubber bulb from a medicine

798
00:30:51,250 --> 00:30:52,510
dropper.

799
00:30:52,510 --> 00:30:54,260
And this is a very
strong piece of rubber.

800
00:30:54,260 --> 00:30:56,010
I'm going to try to
show you how strong it

801
00:30:56,010 --> 00:30:59,950
is by attempting to blow air in
it to see if I can inflate it.

802
00:30:59,950 --> 00:31:00,450
Here we go.

803
00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:05,580
Can't do it.

804
00:31:05,580 --> 00:31:07,330
It's very, very strong.

805
00:31:07,330 --> 00:31:11,520
So now, please listen carefully
to this very familiar sound

806
00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:12,990
as I open the can.

807
00:31:12,990 --> 00:31:15,131
You've all done this
or seen someone do it.

808
00:31:15,131 --> 00:31:15,630
Here we go.

809
00:31:15,630 --> 00:31:17,040
AUDIENCE: Yes.

810
00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:18,660
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Did you hear that?

811
00:31:18,660 --> 00:31:21,450
Now, the can is open
to the atmosphere.

812
00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:23,580
That's the sound from the metal.

813
00:31:23,580 --> 00:31:29,350
I'm going to take the liquid
and put it in this baby bottle.

814
00:31:29,350 --> 00:31:31,460
What do you see?

815
00:31:31,460 --> 00:31:32,470
You see fizz.

816
00:31:32,470 --> 00:31:33,670
You see bubbles.

817
00:31:33,670 --> 00:31:35,959
What kind of bubbles are those?

818
00:31:35,959 --> 00:31:37,250
They're carbon dioxide bubbles.

819
00:31:37,250 --> 00:31:39,990
Where are they coming from?

820
00:31:39,990 --> 00:31:45,470
They're coming from the
drink, from the liquid.

821
00:31:45,470 --> 00:31:49,340
But the pressure now is
open to the atmosphere.

822
00:31:49,340 --> 00:31:50,930
And that's why
they're bubbling out.

823
00:31:50,930 --> 00:31:55,580
So I'm going to fill it to
the top, take the screw cap

824
00:31:55,580 --> 00:31:56,870
and tighten it.

825
00:31:56,870 --> 00:31:58,243
What should I do next?

826
00:31:58,243 --> 00:31:59,130
AUDIENCE: Shake it.

827
00:31:59,130 --> 00:32:01,630
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You've done
this experiment before, huh?

828
00:32:01,630 --> 00:32:02,423
So I shake it.

829
00:32:06,590 --> 00:32:09,770
And now you see how much
carbon dioxide is dissolved

830
00:32:09,770 --> 00:32:12,440
in this carbonated beverage.

831
00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:14,520
There's so much carbon
dioxide in there

832
00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:18,380
it's able to partially inflate
this strong piece of rubber,

833
00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:20,720
that neither I, nor
any other human being,

834
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:24,324
can inflate with all
the powers of our lungs.

835
00:32:24,324 --> 00:32:25,740
But you already
know that there is

836
00:32:25,740 --> 00:32:27,750
a lot of carbon dioxide
in drinks like this

837
00:32:27,750 --> 00:32:31,006
because what do you do
after you take a sip or two?

838
00:32:31,006 --> 00:32:31,980
AUDIENCE: Burp.

839
00:32:31,980 --> 00:32:33,021
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Burp.

840
00:32:33,021 --> 00:32:34,140
Yes, you burp.

841
00:32:34,140 --> 00:32:37,890
When you burp, please do
it gently and politely.

842
00:32:37,890 --> 00:32:39,560
Your burp because the
carbon dioxide gas

843
00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:41,250
is coming out of the liquid.

844
00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:43,590
So now let's see
if I can release

845
00:32:43,590 --> 00:32:45,630
the pressure a little bit here.

846
00:32:45,630 --> 00:32:47,590
I do it carefully.

847
00:32:47,590 --> 00:32:50,190
If I don't do it carefully,
what will happen?

848
00:32:50,190 --> 00:32:51,219
I will make a mess.

849
00:32:51,219 --> 00:32:51,760
You're right.

850
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:52,770
It'll spread out.

851
00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:55,320
But I don't want to
make a mess because

852
00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:57,630
this carbonated beverage
has, among other things

853
00:32:57,630 --> 00:32:58,599
in it, sugar.

854
00:32:58,599 --> 00:32:59,640
And that sugar is sticky.

855
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:00,605
I don't want to have.

856
00:33:00,605 --> 00:33:01,230
So there it is.

857
00:33:01,230 --> 00:33:02,930
It's open to the atmosphere now.

858
00:33:02,930 --> 00:33:05,400
And the carbon dioxide
still bubbles out.

859
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:10,470
You know from experience that
when the drink goes flat,

860
00:33:10,470 --> 00:33:11,980
it doesn't taste as good.

861
00:33:11,980 --> 00:33:12,480
Right?

862
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:13,230
Right?

863
00:33:13,230 --> 00:33:14,940
You're shaking your heads.

864
00:33:14,940 --> 00:33:17,230
Why doesn't it
taste good, as good?

865
00:33:17,230 --> 00:33:20,160
Because all the carbon
dioxide has disappeared.

866
00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:23,190
So why do we like
carbonated beverages?

867
00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:25,210
Some of them have
alcohol in them.

868
00:33:25,210 --> 00:33:28,540
Some of them have some
sugar or sweetener in them.

869
00:33:28,540 --> 00:33:31,920
We like them because when we
put the liquid in our mouth,

870
00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:34,110
the tiny gas bubbles
come out of liquid

871
00:33:34,110 --> 00:33:35,730
and they tingle us
under the tongue

872
00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:38,310
and give us a
pleasant sensation.

873
00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:41,240
So that's about
carbon dioxide gas.

874
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:46,350
It is a colorless and
it is a odorless gas.

875
00:33:46,350 --> 00:33:49,650
Now, what I'm going to
do is an experiment using

876
00:33:49,650 --> 00:33:51,210
another form of carbon dioxide.

877
00:33:51,210 --> 00:33:52,800
It's called dry ice.

878
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,740
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide.

879
00:33:55,740 --> 00:33:57,888
And you'll notice
I'm putting what on?

880
00:33:57,888 --> 00:33:59,640
AUDIENCE: Gloves.

881
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,380
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Putting gloves.

882
00:34:01,380 --> 00:34:03,600
And I'm going to
open this bucket

883
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:10,080
and pick up three chunks
of carbon dioxide, solid.

884
00:34:10,080 --> 00:34:12,989
This is solid carbon dioxide.

885
00:34:12,989 --> 00:34:17,620
It's temperature is
minus 78 degrees Celsius.

886
00:34:17,620 --> 00:34:19,300
It's very cold.

887
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:21,460
That's why I use these
gloves to protect

888
00:34:21,460 --> 00:34:24,190
my hands from frostbite.

889
00:34:24,190 --> 00:34:26,096
These gloves are not
very good insulators.

890
00:34:26,096 --> 00:34:28,179
But for this purpose,
they're good because I'm not

891
00:34:28,179 --> 00:34:29,980
squeezing on the dry ice.

892
00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:32,860
Dry ice changes from being a
solid to a gas by a process we

893
00:34:32,860 --> 00:34:34,912
call sublimation.

894
00:34:34,912 --> 00:34:36,370
Sublimation is
happening right now.

895
00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:37,203
But we can't see it.

896
00:34:37,203 --> 00:34:39,000
How come we can't see it?

897
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,977
Because carbon dioxide
is gas, is what?

898
00:34:41,977 --> 00:34:42,810
AUDIENCE: Invisible.

899
00:34:42,810 --> 00:34:43,500
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
It's invisible.

900
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:44,489
It has no color.

901
00:34:44,489 --> 00:34:49,330
By the way, if you
ever see a colored gas,

902
00:34:49,330 --> 00:34:51,370
you run away from it.

903
00:34:51,370 --> 00:34:52,330
You heard me.

904
00:34:52,330 --> 00:34:54,940
If you ever see a colored
gas, you run away from it

905
00:34:54,940 --> 00:34:58,030
because all colored
gases are poisonous.

906
00:34:58,030 --> 00:35:00,640
All colored gases are poisonous.

907
00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:02,210
The converse is not true.

908
00:35:02,210 --> 00:35:05,170
There are some colorless gases
that are deadly poisonous,

909
00:35:05,170 --> 00:35:08,200
including the close
relative to carbon dioxide?

910
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:09,320
AUDIENCE: Carbon monoxide.

911
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:10,150
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Carbon monoxide.

912
00:35:10,150 --> 00:35:10,650
OK.

913
00:35:10,650 --> 00:35:11,440
So, all right.

914
00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:13,870
So sublimation is
happening right now.

915
00:35:13,870 --> 00:35:15,710
We can't see it.

916
00:35:15,710 --> 00:35:18,110
And I'm going to put
those three back in here.

917
00:35:18,110 --> 00:35:20,750
And I ask you to focus
your attention on what you

918
00:35:20,750 --> 00:35:22,340
see between my two hands here.

919
00:35:22,340 --> 00:35:24,630
What do you see
between my two hands?

920
00:35:24,630 --> 00:35:25,630
AUDIENCE: Cylinders.

921
00:35:25,630 --> 00:35:27,370
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
What shape are they?

922
00:35:27,370 --> 00:35:28,000
Cylinders.

923
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:29,477
How many of them are there?

924
00:35:29,477 --> 00:35:30,061
AUDIENCE: Six.

925
00:35:30,061 --> 00:35:31,977
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And
are they big cylinders

926
00:35:31,977 --> 00:35:33,020
or small cylinders.

927
00:35:33,020 --> 00:35:33,700
AUDIENCE: Big.

928
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:35,806
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Well, how big is big?

929
00:35:35,806 --> 00:35:36,590
This big.

930
00:35:36,590 --> 00:35:37,170
Yeah, I know.

931
00:35:37,170 --> 00:35:37,836
That's this big.

932
00:35:37,836 --> 00:35:39,190
[LAUGHTER]

933
00:35:40,570 --> 00:35:42,760
I'm going to ask you to
do the very same thing I

934
00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:47,110
ask my students in my freshman
chemistry course at Wisconsin

935
00:35:47,110 --> 00:35:48,220
to do.

936
00:35:48,220 --> 00:35:50,740
In order to sharpen your
powers of observation

937
00:35:50,740 --> 00:35:54,100
and develop the skills of
reporting these observations,

938
00:35:54,100 --> 00:35:58,570
I ask you to pretend to be the
play-by-play radio announcer,

939
00:35:58,570 --> 00:36:00,640
describing to someone
who is not with us what's

940
00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:02,872
going on, not the TV announcer.

941
00:36:02,872 --> 00:36:05,080
That person has got it made
because the picture tells

942
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:06,230
almost everything.

943
00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:08,402
So there are how many cylinders?

944
00:36:08,402 --> 00:36:09,429
AUDIENCE: Six.

945
00:36:09,429 --> 00:36:11,970
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And what do
you see inside the cylinders?

946
00:36:11,970 --> 00:36:13,320
AUDIENCE: Colored liquids.

947
00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:14,080
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Colored liquids.

948
00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:14,580
OK.

949
00:36:14,580 --> 00:36:16,340
I'm listening to
you on the radio.

950
00:36:16,340 --> 00:36:19,420
And what I hear you say is
that there are six cylinders.

951
00:36:19,420 --> 00:36:21,340
And they have in
them colored liquids.

952
00:36:21,340 --> 00:36:22,150
Come on.

953
00:36:22,150 --> 00:36:24,400
Your brain learned a
lot more information

954
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,010
than those two statements.

955
00:36:27,010 --> 00:36:28,710
So they're about
this big, you said.

956
00:36:28,710 --> 00:36:31,570
I can see you on the radio
saying, it's about this big.

957
00:36:31,570 --> 00:36:33,310
You've got to do
better than this.

958
00:36:33,310 --> 00:36:36,190
Are they 100
millimeters in size?

959
00:36:36,190 --> 00:36:38,530
Are they 10 liters in size?

960
00:36:38,530 --> 00:36:40,100
Are they somewhere in between?

961
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:40,600
Yes.

962
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:41,590
We put a bracket on it.

963
00:36:41,590 --> 00:36:44,680
When we estimate in science,
we put a bracket on it.

964
00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:47,000
And they have, yes,
colored liquids.

965
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,070
How do you know they're liquids?

966
00:36:50,070 --> 00:36:50,940
They could be gels.

967
00:36:50,940 --> 00:36:51,780
How do we find out?

968
00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,700
We shake them up a
little bit because we

969
00:36:57,700 --> 00:36:58,780
know from experience.

970
00:36:58,780 --> 00:36:59,920
It's a keyword.

971
00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:00,840
We learn things.

972
00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:02,350
Our brain learns things.

973
00:37:02,350 --> 00:37:03,730
So we use them.

974
00:37:03,730 --> 00:37:05,440
So they're liquids.

975
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:09,530
And they seem to be arranged
in some kind of order.

976
00:37:09,530 --> 00:37:10,705
What is the order?

977
00:37:10,705 --> 00:37:13,390
It's the order of the
color in the liquids.

978
00:37:13,390 --> 00:37:15,450
And they're arranged in pairs.

979
00:37:15,450 --> 00:37:17,416
This pair has what
colored liquid in it?

980
00:37:17,416 --> 00:37:18,040
AUDIENCE: Blue.

981
00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:19,015
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This one?

982
00:37:19,015 --> 00:37:19,510
AUDIENCE: Pink.

983
00:37:19,510 --> 00:37:20,366
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This one?

984
00:37:20,366 --> 00:37:20,742
AUDIENCE: Purple.

985
00:37:20,742 --> 00:37:21,991
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: All right.

986
00:37:21,991 --> 00:37:24,460
So I'm going to take
chunks of dry ice

987
00:37:24,460 --> 00:37:27,850
and put them in the cylinders
in a very special way.

988
00:37:27,850 --> 00:37:34,156
And when I get done, you tell
me what the special way is.

989
00:37:34,156 --> 00:37:36,790
AUDIENCE: It's blowing out.

990
00:37:36,790 --> 00:37:39,892
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
What's blowing out?

991
00:37:39,892 --> 00:37:42,270
Do you see any bubbles?

992
00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:43,835
What kind of bubbles are those?

993
00:37:52,354 --> 00:37:54,020
I wish I had a camera
and take a picture

994
00:37:54,020 --> 00:37:55,710
of the facial
expressions I see here.

995
00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,870
A lot of interesting
things are happening.

996
00:38:03,870 --> 00:38:05,012
How interesting are they?

997
00:38:05,012 --> 00:38:06,720
Are they interesting
enough that you want

998
00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:08,110
to ask questions about them?

999
00:38:08,110 --> 00:38:08,450
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

1000
00:38:08,450 --> 00:38:09,180
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Yeah.

1001
00:38:09,180 --> 00:38:10,770
Well, you want to
know what's in there?

1002
00:38:10,770 --> 00:38:12,686
You already know what's
in there, the dry ice.

1003
00:38:12,686 --> 00:38:14,310
I put the dry ice in there.

1004
00:38:14,310 --> 00:38:15,915
What did I put the dry ice into?

1005
00:38:15,915 --> 00:38:18,900
Into the cylinders that have
colored liquids in them.

1006
00:38:18,900 --> 00:38:20,920
And I put the dry ice
in every other cylinder.

1007
00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:22,560
I didn't put it
in every cylinder

1008
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:24,720
right, every other
cylinder, leaving one

1009
00:38:24,720 --> 00:38:26,030
for comparison purposes.

1010
00:38:26,030 --> 00:38:27,840
So these are dyes.

1011
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:30,630
They'll change color when
the pH of the liquid changes.

1012
00:38:30,630 --> 00:38:34,230
Because carbon dioxide gas in
water gives us carbonic acid.

1013
00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:37,201
Every time we drink a carbonated
beverage, we're drinking acid.

1014
00:38:37,201 --> 00:38:37,950
Did you know that?

1015
00:38:37,950 --> 00:38:40,800
That's a weak acid.

1016
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,540
But these cylinders have
in them a little bit

1017
00:38:43,540 --> 00:38:48,410
of sodium hydroxide, before
I did the experiment.

1018
00:38:48,410 --> 00:38:51,820
And they changed color because
carbon dioxide, the gas,

1019
00:38:51,820 --> 00:38:55,240
combines with the
base that's in there.

1020
00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:57,830
And the dyes are
acid/base indicators.

1021
00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,580
So this pair had an indicator
called bromothymol blue.

1022
00:39:03,580 --> 00:39:05,050
This has phenolphthalein.

1023
00:39:05,050 --> 00:39:07,940
And this had a
mixture of indicators.

1024
00:39:07,940 --> 00:39:10,600
So in this pair, the color
changed from what to what?

1025
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:12,040
AUDIENCE: Blue to yellow.

1026
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:13,498
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
How about this?

1027
00:39:13,498 --> 00:39:14,570
AUDIENCE: Pink to--

1028
00:39:14,570 --> 00:39:15,736
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: To what?

1029
00:39:15,736 --> 00:39:16,417
AUDIENCE: Clear.

1030
00:39:16,417 --> 00:39:17,500
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clear.

1031
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:19,150
This is a clear
and colored liquid.

1032
00:39:19,150 --> 00:39:20,170
This is a clear--

1033
00:39:20,170 --> 00:39:22,450
this is colorless, your right.

1034
00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,420
Clear and colorless do
not mean the same thing.

1035
00:39:24,420 --> 00:39:26,110
From now on, no one
in this audience

1036
00:39:26,110 --> 00:39:28,972
is going to confuse the words
"clear" and "colorless."

1037
00:39:28,972 --> 00:39:30,430
This is a clear
and colored liquid.

1038
00:39:30,430 --> 00:39:32,260
This is a clear and colorless.

1039
00:39:32,260 --> 00:39:37,560
So now I ask you to focus your
attention on this cylinder.

1040
00:39:37,560 --> 00:39:39,760
Actually, you can
focus your attention

1041
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:42,070
on anything you want to.

1042
00:39:42,070 --> 00:39:44,220
You can even not pay
attention if you want to.

1043
00:39:44,220 --> 00:39:46,450
We live in a free country.

1044
00:39:46,450 --> 00:39:48,960
But if you want to follow
the experiment with me,

1045
00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:51,040
I want you to focus your
attention on this one.

1046
00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:53,740
And tell me, count them out,
how many different color changes

1047
00:39:53,740 --> 00:39:57,754
you see as I drop
the dry ice in there?

1048
00:39:57,754 --> 00:39:59,245
[BUBBLING]

1049
00:40:04,220 --> 00:40:05,826
I'm listening to
you on the radio.

1050
00:40:05,826 --> 00:40:06,580
AUDIENCE: Wow.

1051
00:40:06,580 --> 00:40:07,700
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: One.

1052
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:08,570
Wow, I heard wow.

1053
00:40:08,570 --> 00:40:11,081
What kind of a count is that?

1054
00:40:11,081 --> 00:40:12,990
AUDIENCE: Three.

1055
00:40:12,990 --> 00:40:14,670
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Three so far?

1056
00:40:14,670 --> 00:40:16,151
Three different color changes.

1057
00:40:16,151 --> 00:40:18,150
But you know, I'm listening
to you on the radio.

1058
00:40:18,150 --> 00:40:21,850
And you want me to appreciate
what you're seeing.

1059
00:40:21,850 --> 00:40:24,390
So what were the color
changes that you saw?

1060
00:40:24,390 --> 00:40:25,980
Why couldn't you say those?

1061
00:40:25,980 --> 00:40:29,100
You see how we have
to help our brain make

1062
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,910
the right observations and
make the right reporting.

1063
00:40:32,910 --> 00:40:35,160
So what about this stuff
that's coming off of the top?

1064
00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:37,790
What does it look like?

1065
00:40:37,790 --> 00:40:38,730
AUDIENCE: Gas.

1066
00:40:38,730 --> 00:40:40,313
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
It looks like gas.

1067
00:40:40,313 --> 00:40:41,450
But actually what it is--

1068
00:40:41,450 --> 00:40:42,283
it looks like smoke.

1069
00:40:42,283 --> 00:40:43,340
But it's not smoke.

1070
00:40:43,340 --> 00:40:46,097
What's the name of the stuff
that floats up in the sky.

1071
00:40:46,097 --> 00:40:46,930
You can just say it.

1072
00:40:46,930 --> 00:40:47,710
You don't have to
raise your hand.

1073
00:40:47,710 --> 00:40:48,380
Just say it.

1074
00:40:48,380 --> 00:40:48,730
AUDIENCE: Clouds.

1075
00:40:48,730 --> 00:40:49,540
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clouds.

1076
00:40:49,540 --> 00:40:50,170
It's a fog.

1077
00:40:50,170 --> 00:40:50,950
It's fog.

1078
00:40:50,950 --> 00:40:52,270
It's a mist.

1079
00:40:52,270 --> 00:40:53,980
It's condensed water vapor.

1080
00:40:53,980 --> 00:40:57,490
The condensation is taking place
on the cold carbon dioxide gas

1081
00:40:57,490 --> 00:41:00,520
bubbles that are coming from
the sublimation process.

1082
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:04,480
That's why sublimation is
happening right now, right

1083
00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:06,130
here, and also in this bucket.

1084
00:41:06,130 --> 00:41:07,240
But we can't see it.

1085
00:41:07,240 --> 00:41:08,880
But over here we can
see it because gas

1086
00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:10,582
is mixing with what here?

1087
00:41:10,582 --> 00:41:11,290
AUDIENCE: Liquid.

1088
00:41:11,290 --> 00:41:11,383
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Liquid.

1089
00:41:11,383 --> 00:41:12,892
And here gas is
mixing with what?

1090
00:41:12,892 --> 00:41:13,475
AUDIENCE: Gas.

1091
00:41:13,475 --> 00:41:13,930
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Gas.

1092
00:41:13,930 --> 00:41:14,500
OK.

1093
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:20,740
So I always think, T-H-I-N-K,
T-H-I-N-K, remember that.

1094
00:41:20,740 --> 00:41:23,160
If you remember anything
about my visit with you today,

1095
00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:26,880
remember to T-H-I-N-K.
Remember to think.

1096
00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:28,890
So condensed water
vapor is coming out.

1097
00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:31,470
The mist is flowing downward.

1098
00:41:31,470 --> 00:41:34,090
Why is the mist
flowing downward?

1099
00:41:34,090 --> 00:41:37,654
Because carbon dioxide
gas is denser than air.

1100
00:41:37,654 --> 00:41:38,570
It's heavier than air.

1101
00:41:38,570 --> 00:41:40,580
And if we knew this,
this is a beautiful way

1102
00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,810
to be reminded of it.

1103
00:41:41,810 --> 00:41:43,880
And if we didn't know
it, we just learned it.

1104
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:45,770
So what I'm going to do here--

1105
00:41:45,770 --> 00:41:47,340
because she turned it off.

1106
00:41:47,340 --> 00:41:49,590
Ah.

1107
00:41:49,590 --> 00:41:50,130
No.

1108
00:41:50,130 --> 00:41:52,064
I wanted it on.

1109
00:41:52,064 --> 00:41:53,230
Let's see if it still works.

1110
00:41:53,230 --> 00:41:56,730
So I'm going to take this
bucket, this bucket right here.

1111
00:41:56,730 --> 00:41:58,200
It's empty except for what?

1112
00:41:58,200 --> 00:41:59,370
AUDIENCE: Air.

1113
00:41:59,370 --> 00:42:01,110
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
You can't see air.

1114
00:42:01,110 --> 00:42:04,480
And I'm going to take
the hot boiling--

1115
00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:05,310
ah, well, it's hot.

1116
00:42:05,310 --> 00:42:06,170
I don't know if it's boiling.

1117
00:42:06,170 --> 00:42:07,020
It was boiling.

1118
00:42:07,020 --> 00:42:07,820
You could see it.

1119
00:42:07,820 --> 00:42:12,090
I'm going to use my gloves now
to protect my hands from heat

1120
00:42:12,090 --> 00:42:13,770
because I don't
want to burn myself.

1121
00:42:13,770 --> 00:42:15,810
And I'm going to dump
this water in here.

1122
00:42:22,430 --> 00:42:24,945
I don't want to get the
water trapped in the gloves

1123
00:42:24,945 --> 00:42:26,570
because you know what
then will happen,

1124
00:42:26,570 --> 00:42:28,190
what will happen
to my-- here we go.

1125
00:42:28,190 --> 00:42:29,920
So what do you see
coming off the top?

1126
00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:30,640
AUDIENCE: Steam.

1127
00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:32,265
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Steam is invisible.

1128
00:42:32,265 --> 00:42:33,190
You can't see steam.

1129
00:42:33,190 --> 00:42:34,060
What are you seeing?

1130
00:42:34,060 --> 00:42:35,050
AUDIENCE: Water vapor.

1131
00:42:35,050 --> 00:42:35,840
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Water vapor.

1132
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:37,090
This room is full
of water vapor.

1133
00:42:37,090 --> 00:42:39,580
Otherwise, my throat would be
drier than it is right now.

1134
00:42:39,580 --> 00:42:41,320
What are you seeing
coming off the top?

1135
00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:42,550
AUDIENCE: Water vapor.

1136
00:42:42,550 --> 00:42:44,258
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
You're seeing a mist.

1137
00:42:44,258 --> 00:42:45,670
It's condensed water vapor.

1138
00:42:45,670 --> 00:42:47,720
The hot water vapor
hits the cold air.

1139
00:42:47,720 --> 00:42:48,400
It condenses.

1140
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:50,530
And then it gets the
same temperature.

1141
00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:51,880
It disappears.

1142
00:42:51,880 --> 00:42:56,020
So what I'm going to do now
is take the bucket of dry ice

1143
00:42:56,020 --> 00:43:00,246
and put the dry
ice right in there.

1144
00:43:00,246 --> 00:43:01,725
[YELLS]

1145
00:43:11,092 --> 00:43:12,571
[LAUGHTER]

1146
00:43:22,930 --> 00:43:24,670
Just be careful not
to touch the water

1147
00:43:24,670 --> 00:43:26,800
because the water is very hot.

1148
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:27,430
All right.

1149
00:43:27,430 --> 00:43:28,210
OK.

1150
00:43:28,210 --> 00:43:32,380
So what I'd like you to do
now is to go back and sit.

1151
00:43:32,380 --> 00:43:36,040
Go back and sit where
you were sitting before.

1152
00:43:36,040 --> 00:43:36,790
I know that's--

1153
00:43:41,350 --> 00:43:43,300
Condensed water
vapor is what we see.

1154
00:43:43,300 --> 00:43:44,920
We see the fog is moving?

1155
00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:45,740
AUDIENCE: Down.

1156
00:43:45,740 --> 00:43:46,170
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Downward.

1157
00:43:46,170 --> 00:43:46,670
Why?

1158
00:43:46,670 --> 00:43:48,550
Because the condensation
is taking place.

1159
00:43:48,550 --> 00:43:52,960
And the carbon dioxide gas,
which is denser than air.

1160
00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:55,660
This is a good way
to demonstrate this.

1161
00:43:55,660 --> 00:43:58,450
So I'm going to take this out of
the way and put it right here.

1162
00:44:03,477 --> 00:44:05,560
This is how they make fog
in the movies sometimes.

1163
00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:08,020
Take boiling water,
add dry ice to it.

1164
00:44:08,020 --> 00:44:10,884
And you put a fan
on it and blow it.

1165
00:44:10,884 --> 00:44:12,550
And I have to tell
you this little story

1166
00:44:12,550 --> 00:44:14,530
because it's a true story.

1167
00:44:14,530 --> 00:44:16,540
I do a lot of
these presentations

1168
00:44:16,540 --> 00:44:18,240
all over the world.

1169
00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:21,340
In Madison, Wisconsin,
my adopted hometown,

1170
00:44:21,340 --> 00:44:24,580
I was at the airport one time.

1171
00:44:24,580 --> 00:44:28,750
And a whole bunch of kids,
about 20, maybe 25 kids,

1172
00:44:28,750 --> 00:44:30,000
they saw me from a distance.

1173
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:32,291
They were getting on an
airplane, going on a field trip

1174
00:44:32,291 --> 00:44:33,280
to Washington, DC.

1175
00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:34,780
And they ran to me.

1176
00:44:34,780 --> 00:44:37,900
And they didn't say,
hi, Dr. Shakhashiri.

1177
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:39,400
You know what they said?

1178
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:41,350
Condensed water vapor.

1179
00:44:41,350 --> 00:44:42,220
[LAUGHTER]

1180
00:44:43,074 --> 00:44:43,990
That's what they said.

1181
00:44:43,990 --> 00:44:45,080
They learned it.

1182
00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:46,330
They learned it.

1183
00:44:46,330 --> 00:44:47,800
They said condensed water vapor.

1184
00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:48,591
So they learned it.

1185
00:44:48,591 --> 00:44:49,810
OK, good.

1186
00:44:49,810 --> 00:44:50,310
All right.

1187
00:44:50,310 --> 00:44:54,730
So now, we're going
to do an experiment.

1188
00:44:54,730 --> 00:44:56,260
Let's see.

1189
00:44:56,260 --> 00:44:59,530
This is moving along
very rapidly here.

1190
00:44:59,530 --> 00:45:01,600
I forgot the directions
for the next experiment.

1191
00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:03,470
But you know, I brought
my book with me.

1192
00:45:03,470 --> 00:45:05,020
So here's my new book.

1193
00:45:05,020 --> 00:45:07,185
So is it OK if I open
the book and read

1194
00:45:07,185 --> 00:45:08,310
from the book a little bit?

1195
00:45:08,310 --> 00:45:09,018
Would that be OK?

1196
00:45:09,018 --> 00:45:09,790
Is that OK?

1197
00:45:12,720 --> 00:45:13,220
Ah.

1198
00:45:13,220 --> 00:45:15,350
You see, this is not
an ordinary book.

1199
00:45:15,350 --> 00:45:16,280
This is a hot book.

1200
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,820
Actually, it's just
the book covers.

1201
00:45:25,820 --> 00:45:27,560
What's on the inside?

1202
00:45:27,560 --> 00:45:28,960
I'll show you.

1203
00:45:28,960 --> 00:45:30,830
There's a couple of
batteries right here.

1204
00:45:30,830 --> 00:45:32,800
I'll walk around so
everybody can see it.

1205
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:34,140
I have two batteries.

1206
00:45:34,140 --> 00:45:36,680
Batteries have stored
in them chemical energy.

1207
00:45:36,680 --> 00:45:40,170
And there is a filament up here.

1208
00:45:40,170 --> 00:45:43,730
And then there is a flint that
I soaked with lighter fluid

1209
00:45:43,730 --> 00:45:46,160
when you were not looking.

1210
00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:49,100
And what I have not told you
yet, and you have not seen it,

1211
00:45:49,100 --> 00:45:51,635
but I'm going to show it to
you and tell you right now,

1212
00:45:51,635 --> 00:45:52,760
there's a button down here.

1213
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:53,840
Can you can see the
button down there?

1214
00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:54,680
Huh?

1215
00:45:54,680 --> 00:45:56,364
What color is the button?

1216
00:45:56,364 --> 00:45:57,030
AUDIENCE: Black.

1217
00:45:57,030 --> 00:45:58,196
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Come on.

1218
00:45:58,196 --> 00:46:01,160
You're doing the
play-by-play description.

1219
00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:01,730
Yeah, black.

1220
00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:02,450
It is black.

1221
00:46:02,450 --> 00:46:06,710
You have to report
your observations.

1222
00:46:06,710 --> 00:46:08,469
So you know about
the fire triangle.

1223
00:46:08,469 --> 00:46:10,010
It takes three things
to have a fire.

1224
00:46:10,010 --> 00:46:10,790
What are they?

1225
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:12,620
Something that burns.

1226
00:46:12,620 --> 00:46:14,000
Oxygen, usually from the air.

1227
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:15,850
What's the third one?

1228
00:46:15,850 --> 00:46:18,980
Heat, a source of ignition,
a source of ignition.

1229
00:46:18,980 --> 00:46:21,860
So you watch how I do this now.

1230
00:46:21,860 --> 00:46:24,390
I stand over here.

1231
00:46:24,390 --> 00:46:26,654
I move the book
away from my face.

1232
00:46:26,654 --> 00:46:28,630
[LAUGHTER]

1233
00:46:28,630 --> 00:46:32,100
I'm connecting with you because
you're paying attention.

1234
00:46:32,100 --> 00:46:35,090
And I open the book.

1235
00:46:35,090 --> 00:46:37,850
And when I push the
button, chemical energy

1236
00:46:37,850 --> 00:46:39,710
changes into electrical energy.

1237
00:46:39,710 --> 00:46:43,160
And this light bulb filament
is like all other filaments.

1238
00:46:43,160 --> 00:46:45,590
It is not 100% efficient.

1239
00:46:45,590 --> 00:46:48,684
It gives off light energy and--

1240
00:46:48,684 --> 00:46:51,100
and so let's see what happens
when I push the button here,

1241
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:52,250
away from my face.

1242
00:46:52,250 --> 00:46:52,750
OK.

1243
00:46:52,750 --> 00:46:54,190
You saw that, right?

1244
00:46:54,190 --> 00:46:58,420
So you tell me now,
you tell me what

1245
00:46:58,420 --> 00:47:00,100
happens when I close the book?

1246
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:01,900
What happened when
I closed the book?

1247
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:03,237
Just say it out loud.

1248
00:47:03,237 --> 00:47:04,610
AUDIENCE: Cut off the oxygen.

1249
00:47:04,610 --> 00:47:06,240
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Cut off the oxygen.

1250
00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:08,570
You're like the
students in my class.

1251
00:47:08,570 --> 00:47:10,940
You give a correct answer,
but not to the question

1252
00:47:10,940 --> 00:47:12,410
that I asked.

1253
00:47:12,410 --> 00:47:14,360
And that's why people
sometimes don't do well

1254
00:47:14,360 --> 00:47:17,870
on tests because they
don't answer the question.

1255
00:47:17,870 --> 00:47:20,360
So what was the
question that I asked?

1256
00:47:20,360 --> 00:47:22,670
I asked you what happened
when I closed the book?

1257
00:47:22,670 --> 00:47:23,900
What happened when
I closed the book?

1258
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:24,300
AUDIENCE: The fire went out.

1259
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:25,883
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
The fire went out.

1260
00:47:25,883 --> 00:47:28,040
Why did the fire go out?

1261
00:47:28,040 --> 00:47:28,920
[LAUGHTER]

1262
00:47:28,920 --> 00:47:32,030
Because there is no
oxygen. You get it.

1263
00:47:32,030 --> 00:47:34,950
We have to train our
brains so we are connected

1264
00:47:34,950 --> 00:47:36,920
with each other properly.

1265
00:47:36,920 --> 00:47:38,380
So I open the book now.

1266
00:47:38,380 --> 00:47:39,360
Is there oxygen or not?

1267
00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:40,310
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1268
00:47:40,310 --> 00:47:42,018
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
But there's no flame.

1269
00:47:42,018 --> 00:47:43,180
How come there's no flame?

1270
00:47:43,180 --> 00:47:44,370
We're missing the heat.

1271
00:47:44,370 --> 00:47:46,220
What should I do?

1272
00:47:46,220 --> 00:47:47,900
Stop talking and push
the button, right.

1273
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:48,900
That's what I should do.

1274
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:50,150
So I push the button.

1275
00:47:50,150 --> 00:47:51,560
There it is.

1276
00:47:51,560 --> 00:47:52,880
I'm running out of fuel.

1277
00:47:52,880 --> 00:47:53,600
OK.

1278
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:54,290
OK.

1279
00:47:54,290 --> 00:48:02,030
So this book cover
is from volume 5.

1280
00:48:02,030 --> 00:48:04,250
And now I have used it once.

1281
00:48:04,250 --> 00:48:06,740
I cannot take it back
on the airplane with me.

1282
00:48:06,740 --> 00:48:08,900
But even if I
could, I don't want

1283
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:11,390
to because I want to give
it to Professor Lippard

1284
00:48:11,390 --> 00:48:14,410
as a memento of my visit here.

1285
00:48:14,410 --> 00:48:15,326
[APPLAUSE]

1286
00:48:18,990 --> 00:48:21,780
So you can use it safely, Steve.

1287
00:48:21,780 --> 00:48:23,220
And you know why?

1288
00:48:23,220 --> 00:48:26,789
You know why we teach
about the fire triangle?

1289
00:48:26,789 --> 00:48:28,580
Not to help people
start fires, but to help

1290
00:48:28,580 --> 00:48:30,810
people put out fires.

1291
00:48:30,810 --> 00:48:32,280
You think about that.

1292
00:48:32,280 --> 00:48:33,840
So let's see.

1293
00:48:33,840 --> 00:48:36,410
We've got a couple of
other things going on here.

1294
00:48:36,410 --> 00:48:38,460
What am I holding with
my two hands right here?

1295
00:48:38,460 --> 00:48:39,450
AUDIENCE: Bottles.

1296
00:48:39,450 --> 00:48:40,200
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
What kind of bottles?

1297
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:40,699
Come on.

1298
00:48:40,699 --> 00:48:44,040
Do I have to ask all the
questions all the time?

1299
00:48:44,040 --> 00:48:46,200
Play-by-play description, right.

1300
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:47,100
Are they what?

1301
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:48,870
What size bottles are they?

1302
00:48:48,870 --> 00:48:50,142
What are they made of?

1303
00:48:50,142 --> 00:48:51,434
AUDIENCE: Plastic.

1304
00:48:51,434 --> 00:48:52,850
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Do you realize

1305
00:48:52,850 --> 00:48:55,775
how much technology
is involved in this,

1306
00:48:55,775 --> 00:48:56,900
in just making this bottle?

1307
00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:58,670
Look, there's a shoulder here.

1308
00:48:58,670 --> 00:49:00,260
There's an opening here.

1309
00:49:00,260 --> 00:49:02,870
A lot of science and
applications of science

1310
00:49:02,870 --> 00:49:06,510
are involved in making those
two-liter bottles, that

1311
00:49:06,510 --> 00:49:07,590
are made of?

1312
00:49:07,590 --> 00:49:08,450
AUDIENCE: Plastic.

1313
00:49:08,450 --> 00:49:09,616
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Plastic.

1314
00:49:09,616 --> 00:49:11,127
They're made of plastic.

1315
00:49:11,127 --> 00:49:13,460
And there's a little bit of
a clear and colorless liquid

1316
00:49:13,460 --> 00:49:15,800
near the bottom of
each one of them.

1317
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:20,010
And I'm going to tell
you what the liquids are.

1318
00:49:20,010 --> 00:49:23,120
The liquid in here
is hydrogen peroxide.

1319
00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:27,170
It is 30% hydrogen peroxide, not
what you buy in the drugstore.

1320
00:49:27,170 --> 00:49:30,740
What you buying the drugstore
is 3% hydrogen peroxide.

1321
00:49:30,740 --> 00:49:32,690
And what do you buy it for?

1322
00:49:32,690 --> 00:49:35,060
Because if you have a cut,
you put the hydrogen peroxide

1323
00:49:35,060 --> 00:49:36,320
on your wound.

1324
00:49:36,320 --> 00:49:37,430
And what do you see?

1325
00:49:37,430 --> 00:49:38,180
AUDIENCE: Bubbles.

1326
00:49:38,180 --> 00:49:38,540
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Bubbles.

1327
00:49:38,540 --> 00:49:40,410
What kind of bubbles are those?

1328
00:49:40,410 --> 00:49:42,110
They're oxygen bubbles.

1329
00:49:42,110 --> 00:49:44,550
Because hydrogen peroxide
breaks down very,

1330
00:49:44,550 --> 00:49:48,810
very, very, very, very, very
slowly into water and oxygen.

1331
00:49:48,810 --> 00:49:51,470
But if there is
something that speeds up

1332
00:49:51,470 --> 00:49:55,130
that breakup, a catalyst,
then it goes very fast.

1333
00:49:55,130 --> 00:49:58,680
And the blood and the skin
have in them such substances.

1334
00:49:58,680 --> 00:50:01,910
So I'm going to take what
looks like a small tea bag

1335
00:50:01,910 --> 00:50:02,720
right here.

1336
00:50:02,720 --> 00:50:04,130
I'm going to put it in there.

1337
00:50:04,130 --> 00:50:09,740
And see if we can catalyze the
decomposition or the breakup

1338
00:50:09,740 --> 00:50:12,290
of the hydrogen peroxide.

1339
00:50:12,290 --> 00:50:16,120
You can see that already--

1340
00:50:16,120 --> 00:50:17,370
what do you see on the inside?

1341
00:50:17,370 --> 00:50:19,317
What do you see coming
off the top here?

1342
00:50:19,317 --> 00:50:20,400
AUDIENCE: Condensed water.

1343
00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:21,610
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Condensed water vapor.

1344
00:50:21,610 --> 00:50:22,515
It's a mist.

1345
00:50:22,515 --> 00:50:24,300
It's a mist, right?

1346
00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:25,470
And where is it coming from?

1347
00:50:25,470 --> 00:50:27,960
This reaction of the
breakup of the hydrogen

1348
00:50:27,960 --> 00:50:31,070
peroxide into water and
oxygen is exothermic.

1349
00:50:31,070 --> 00:50:32,130
It gives off heat.

1350
00:50:32,130 --> 00:50:33,860
So the water is boiling.

1351
00:50:33,860 --> 00:50:36,150
And the boiling water,
when it hits the cold air,

1352
00:50:36,150 --> 00:50:36,919
it condenses.

1353
00:50:36,919 --> 00:50:38,460
And we see that
until the temperature

1354
00:50:38,460 --> 00:50:41,340
gets to be the same as
the air temperature.

1355
00:50:41,340 --> 00:50:42,730
And we don't see it anymore.

1356
00:50:42,730 --> 00:50:45,240
So we always like to repeat
the experiment in science.

1357
00:50:45,240 --> 00:50:47,010
But before I repeat
the experiment,

1358
00:50:47,010 --> 00:50:49,260
I want you to look
very, very closely,

1359
00:50:49,260 --> 00:50:52,860
if you haven't been doing
so already, about what else

1360
00:50:52,860 --> 00:50:54,410
is happening to the plastic.

1361
00:50:54,410 --> 00:50:55,710
But what is this?

1362
00:50:55,710 --> 00:50:56,280
What is this?

1363
00:50:56,280 --> 00:50:57,696
I'm listening to
you on the radio.

1364
00:50:57,696 --> 00:50:59,240
I can't see this.

1365
00:50:59,240 --> 00:50:59,820
What is this?

1366
00:50:59,820 --> 00:51:00,580
Tell me.

1367
00:51:00,580 --> 00:51:01,750
Tell me out loud.

1368
00:51:01,750 --> 00:51:02,580
Huh?

1369
00:51:02,580 --> 00:51:04,440
The plastic bottle is shrinking.

1370
00:51:04,440 --> 00:51:06,360
Amazing.

1371
00:51:06,360 --> 00:51:08,400
When I was a student
at Boston University,

1372
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:10,830
I learned that if you take
a substance and you heat it,

1373
00:51:10,830 --> 00:51:12,840
it stretches.

1374
00:51:12,840 --> 00:51:14,130
But this is plastic.

1375
00:51:14,130 --> 00:51:15,570
This is made by people.

1376
00:51:15,570 --> 00:51:17,970
So plastics shrink.

1377
00:51:17,970 --> 00:51:20,520
You all know that plastics
shrink because you've

1378
00:51:20,520 --> 00:51:21,870
heard of shrink wrapping.

1379
00:51:21,870 --> 00:51:23,790
How does shrink wrapping works?

1380
00:51:23,790 --> 00:51:26,490
You cover something up
with a plastic sheet.

1381
00:51:26,490 --> 00:51:28,380
And then what do you do?

1382
00:51:28,380 --> 00:51:29,310
You heat it.

1383
00:51:29,310 --> 00:51:31,470
How come when we
heat plastic, it

1384
00:51:31,470 --> 00:51:34,710
shrinks and when I heat a
piece of copper, it stretches?

1385
00:51:34,710 --> 00:51:35,550
How come?

1386
00:51:35,550 --> 00:51:38,510
This is not a
rhetorical question.

1387
00:51:38,510 --> 00:51:40,730
I want to do T-H-I-N--

1388
00:51:40,730 --> 00:51:41,750
what?

1389
00:51:41,750 --> 00:51:44,210
"K" about this.

1390
00:51:44,210 --> 00:51:45,860
So be thinking about that.

1391
00:51:45,860 --> 00:51:47,810
So we repeat the experiment.

1392
00:51:47,810 --> 00:51:51,380
We're do the
experiment right here.

1393
00:51:51,380 --> 00:51:52,370
And there it is again.

1394
00:51:52,370 --> 00:51:54,290
Let's see if the
same thing happens.

1395
00:51:54,290 --> 00:51:57,470
As you're watching that, I'm
going to do now an experiment

1396
00:51:57,470 --> 00:52:03,380
right here whereby
I have this beaker.

1397
00:52:03,380 --> 00:52:06,500
It's volume is about
600 milliliters.

1398
00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:08,315
And it's empty, except for?

1399
00:52:08,315 --> 00:52:08,899
AUDIENCE: Air.

1400
00:52:08,899 --> 00:52:10,148
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: All right.

1401
00:52:10,148 --> 00:52:12,635
I'm going to put it on
top of this other beaker.

1402
00:52:12,635 --> 00:52:14,600
They're going to flip
around like this.

1403
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:16,500
So everybody can see it.

1404
00:52:16,500 --> 00:52:21,770
And I'm going to take two
liquids, a clear and colorless

1405
00:52:21,770 --> 00:52:26,770
liquid in my right-hand bottle
and a clear and colorless

1406
00:52:26,770 --> 00:52:28,651
liquid in the left hand.

1407
00:52:28,651 --> 00:52:29,150
OK.

1408
00:52:29,150 --> 00:52:32,480
You see that, if you're
paying attention over here.

1409
00:52:32,480 --> 00:52:34,250
But if you're still
looking over there,

1410
00:52:34,250 --> 00:52:35,610
then you're not watching this.

1411
00:52:35,610 --> 00:52:38,360
And that's really
what it's about.

1412
00:52:38,360 --> 00:52:42,240
You have the freedom to
choose what you want to do.

1413
00:52:42,240 --> 00:52:44,450
And you will be effective
in what you want to do.

1414
00:52:44,450 --> 00:52:46,050
Be very careful about it.

1415
00:52:46,050 --> 00:52:48,230
So that's kind of
interesting right there.

1416
00:52:48,230 --> 00:52:50,090
And you know what?

1417
00:52:50,090 --> 00:52:52,220
Don't rush into anything.

1418
00:52:52,220 --> 00:52:53,150
I'm rushing right now.

1419
00:52:53,150 --> 00:52:54,950
I'm keeping an eye
on the watch here.

1420
00:52:54,950 --> 00:52:56,720
You all have other
things you want to do.

1421
00:52:56,720 --> 00:52:59,030
You probably want to go
watch the Patriots play.

1422
00:52:59,030 --> 00:53:01,130
That's up to you.

1423
00:53:01,130 --> 00:53:04,340
But lots of fascinating,
captivating, engaging,

1424
00:53:04,340 --> 00:53:08,300
educating, informing,
changes, transformations

1425
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:09,540
are happening over here.

1426
00:53:09,540 --> 00:53:11,270
So watch this.

1427
00:53:11,270 --> 00:53:14,960
I take this clear and colorless
liquid and I put some of it

1428
00:53:14,960 --> 00:53:17,900
in the beaker, about
a hundred milliliters.

1429
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:20,890
How do I know it's about
a hundred millimeters?

1430
00:53:20,890 --> 00:53:23,927
I'm reading the markers
here, on the beaker.

1431
00:53:23,927 --> 00:53:25,510
And I take about a
hundred millimeters

1432
00:53:25,510 --> 00:53:27,334
of a different clear
and colorless liquid.

1433
00:53:27,334 --> 00:53:28,750
But you don't know
it's different.

1434
00:53:28,750 --> 00:53:29,932
They look the same.

1435
00:53:29,932 --> 00:53:30,640
And look at this.

1436
00:53:30,640 --> 00:53:33,000
Look what's going to happen now.

1437
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:34,464
AUDIENCE: It's yellow.

1438
00:53:34,464 --> 00:53:35,880
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Isn't that one

1439
00:53:35,880 --> 00:53:38,060
of the most fascinating
observations you make?

1440
00:53:38,060 --> 00:53:40,230
You take two clear,
colorless liquids.

1441
00:53:40,230 --> 00:53:41,500
You mix them together.

1442
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:45,810
And you get a yellow substance,
that is insoluble in water.

1443
00:53:45,810 --> 00:53:48,360
And you notice what
happened over here?

1444
00:53:48,360 --> 00:53:50,520
So this is-- this fell over.

1445
00:53:50,520 --> 00:53:51,460
So it's pretty hot.

1446
00:53:51,460 --> 00:53:53,190
I don't want to have it--

1447
00:53:53,190 --> 00:53:53,719
there it is.

1448
00:53:53,719 --> 00:53:54,510
I want to have it--

1449
00:53:57,090 --> 00:53:58,710
it's going to fall over again.

1450
00:53:58,710 --> 00:54:03,290
I'll prop it over here.

1451
00:54:03,290 --> 00:54:05,270
So the little tea bag
has in it a catalyst

1452
00:54:05,270 --> 00:54:08,420
called manganese dioxide, MnO2.

1453
00:54:08,420 --> 00:54:09,830
It has large surface area.

1454
00:54:09,830 --> 00:54:12,521
It catalyzed the decomposition
of the hydrogen peroxide.

1455
00:54:12,521 --> 00:54:13,770
Is this one going to fall off?

1456
00:54:13,770 --> 00:54:15,850
We'll wait and see.

1457
00:54:15,850 --> 00:54:17,810
This is lead iodide.

1458
00:54:17,810 --> 00:54:19,640
I mixed potassium
iodide solution

1459
00:54:19,640 --> 00:54:21,320
with lead nitrate solution.

1460
00:54:21,320 --> 00:54:23,840
So the magician never tells
you how the trick works.

1461
00:54:23,840 --> 00:54:26,520
But in science, we like
to know what's going on.

1462
00:54:26,520 --> 00:54:31,070
So I close these
back the same way.

1463
00:54:31,070 --> 00:54:34,280
And now I'm going to
ask you a question.

1464
00:54:34,280 --> 00:54:38,080
I have a magnet
coated with Teflon.

1465
00:54:38,080 --> 00:54:41,390
And it's sitting on top of a
motor, which I want to turn on.

1466
00:54:41,390 --> 00:54:44,374
Can you see the bars spin?

1467
00:54:44,374 --> 00:54:45,032
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1468
00:54:45,032 --> 00:54:46,490
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
And you tell me

1469
00:54:46,490 --> 00:54:48,200
what direction is
the bar spinning

1470
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:49,370
when we look down at it?

1471
00:54:49,370 --> 00:54:50,607
What direction is it?

1472
00:54:50,607 --> 00:54:51,440
AUDIENCE: Clockwise.

1473
00:54:51,440 --> 00:54:53,356
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: When
you look down at it--

1474
00:54:53,356 --> 00:54:55,847
I'll slow it down a little
bit so you can see it better.

1475
00:54:55,847 --> 00:54:56,680
AUDIENCE: Clockwise.

1476
00:54:56,680 --> 00:54:57,600
AUDIENCE: Clockwise.

1477
00:54:57,600 --> 00:54:59,433
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
It's spinning clockwise,

1478
00:54:59,433 --> 00:55:00,560
what we call clockwise.

1479
00:55:00,560 --> 00:55:02,680
Now, what I would
like you to do is

1480
00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:05,920
to visualize that
you're not looking down

1481
00:55:05,920 --> 00:55:07,480
at this spinning magnet.

1482
00:55:07,480 --> 00:55:09,170
But you're looking up at it.

1483
00:55:09,170 --> 00:55:12,190
Imagine there is a
ceiling fan up there.

1484
00:55:12,190 --> 00:55:16,760
And it's moving in the
same direction as this bar.

1485
00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:17,687
So what is that?

1486
00:55:17,687 --> 00:55:20,020
Here's what some of you are
doing, is you're doing this.

1487
00:55:20,020 --> 00:55:20,710
And you're looking up.

1488
00:55:20,710 --> 00:55:21,580
And what do you see?

1489
00:55:21,580 --> 00:55:22,710
What do you see up there?

1490
00:55:22,710 --> 00:55:23,543
AUDIENCE: The light.

1491
00:55:23,543 --> 00:55:25,240
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Counter-clockwise.

1492
00:55:25,240 --> 00:55:28,000
You're confusing me.

1493
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,480
Is this my right
hand or my left hand.

1494
00:55:30,480 --> 00:55:31,240
AUDIENCE: Right.

1495
00:55:31,240 --> 00:55:32,435
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
I'm looking up at it.

1496
00:55:32,435 --> 00:55:33,310
It's my right hand.

1497
00:55:33,310 --> 00:55:34,120
I put it down here.

1498
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:34,994
It is my?

1499
00:55:34,994 --> 00:55:35,660
AUDIENCE: Right.

1500
00:55:35,660 --> 00:55:38,040
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's
still in my right hand.

1501
00:55:38,040 --> 00:55:40,480
You're really confusing me.

1502
00:55:40,480 --> 00:55:42,280
What's going on here?

1503
00:55:42,280 --> 00:55:43,930
Here's what's going on.

1504
00:55:43,930 --> 00:55:46,000
I want everyone in the
audience, everyone,

1505
00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:48,290
stick your finger out like this.

1506
00:55:48,290 --> 00:55:50,870
And you and I are going
to rotate our fingers

1507
00:55:50,870 --> 00:55:51,920
in a clockwise direction.

1508
00:55:51,920 --> 00:55:52,420
Go.

1509
00:55:52,420 --> 00:55:52,940
Clockwise.

1510
00:55:52,940 --> 00:55:54,620
Hey, I said clockwise.

1511
00:55:54,620 --> 00:55:56,040
What are you doing?

1512
00:55:56,040 --> 00:55:56,850
Clockwise.

1513
00:55:56,850 --> 00:55:57,350
Watch me.

1514
00:55:57,350 --> 00:55:58,160
AUDIENCE: Clockwise.

1515
00:55:58,160 --> 00:55:59,701
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
I'm doing-- look.

1516
00:55:59,701 --> 00:56:03,380
When I turn around like this,
I'm doing it clockwise too.

1517
00:56:03,380 --> 00:56:05,900
But when I turn around
like this, what do you see?

1518
00:56:05,900 --> 00:56:06,740
AUDIENCE: Clockwise.

1519
00:56:08,422 --> 00:56:10,130
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
So you have to think.

1520
00:56:10,130 --> 00:56:11,870
You have to think
about the perspective

1521
00:56:11,870 --> 00:56:15,200
that you have in
making observations.

1522
00:56:15,200 --> 00:56:19,010
By the way, where does this
idea of clockwise movement

1523
00:56:19,010 --> 00:56:20,420
and counter-clockwise come from?

1524
00:56:20,420 --> 00:56:21,320
AUDIENCE: Clocks.

1525
00:56:21,320 --> 00:56:21,780
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clocks.

1526
00:56:21,780 --> 00:56:22,321
Yeah, I know.

1527
00:56:22,321 --> 00:56:23,337
It comes from clocks.

1528
00:56:23,337 --> 00:56:24,389
[LAUGHTER]

1529
00:56:24,389 --> 00:56:25,680
Where does it really come from?

1530
00:56:25,680 --> 00:56:27,430
Do you know?

1531
00:56:27,430 --> 00:56:29,390
AUDIENCE: The Sun.

1532
00:56:29,390 --> 00:56:31,280
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
From the sundial.

1533
00:56:31,280 --> 00:56:33,050
It's from the sundial.

1534
00:56:33,050 --> 00:56:36,200
And as far as we
know, was the sundial

1535
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,320
first observed in the
Northern Hemisphere

1536
00:56:39,320 --> 00:56:41,570
or in the Southern Hemisphere?

1537
00:56:41,570 --> 00:56:44,540
As far as we know, it's in
the Northern Hemisphere.

1538
00:56:44,540 --> 00:56:46,670
So I want you to
visualize, like you

1539
00:56:46,670 --> 00:56:50,160
did with the ceiling
fan, the sundial

1540
00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:52,086
in the Southern Hemisphere.

1541
00:56:52,086 --> 00:56:52,621
Oh, yeah.

1542
00:56:52,621 --> 00:56:53,120
Right.

1543
00:56:53,120 --> 00:56:55,310
I want you to think
about that and see

1544
00:56:55,310 --> 00:56:57,650
which direction it's going in.

1545
00:56:57,650 --> 00:56:58,190
All right.

1546
00:56:58,190 --> 00:56:58,970
It's moving.

1547
00:56:58,970 --> 00:57:03,810
So now what I want to
do, two more experiments.

1548
00:57:03,810 --> 00:57:07,850
So here's a beaker.

1549
00:57:07,850 --> 00:57:09,550
I have a question for you.

1550
00:57:09,550 --> 00:57:13,520
Do you suppose there's a way
for me to hold this beaker up

1551
00:57:13,520 --> 00:57:15,173
in the air without touching it.

1552
00:57:15,173 --> 00:57:15,812
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1553
00:57:15,812 --> 00:57:17,770
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So
let me borrow your book.

1554
00:57:17,770 --> 00:57:20,110
Now, it's your book, Steve.

1555
00:57:20,110 --> 00:57:21,910
I don't mean put it
on a book like this.

1556
00:57:21,910 --> 00:57:23,530
I'm touching it right now.

1557
00:57:23,530 --> 00:57:27,009
Do you suppose there's a way
to suspend this beaker up

1558
00:57:27,009 --> 00:57:28,300
in the air without touching it?

1559
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:29,293
Yes or no.

1560
00:57:29,293 --> 00:57:29,877
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1561
00:57:29,877 --> 00:57:31,793
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Some
of you are saying yes

1562
00:57:31,793 --> 00:57:33,380
because you know how it's done.

1563
00:57:33,380 --> 00:57:36,080
And some of you are saying
yes because you trust that I'm

1564
00:57:36,080 --> 00:57:38,300
going to show you how to do it.

1565
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:40,580
So here's what
we're going to do.

1566
00:57:40,580 --> 00:57:41,455
We're going to take--

1567
00:57:44,210 --> 00:57:46,310
you're doing the
play-by-play description.

1568
00:57:46,310 --> 00:57:47,898
What is this?

1569
00:57:47,898 --> 00:57:48,886
AUDIENCE: A balloon.

1570
00:57:51,850 --> 00:57:54,650
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What else
can you tell me about it?

1571
00:57:54,650 --> 00:57:55,858
Does it have a color?

1572
00:57:55,858 --> 00:57:58,279
AUDIENCE: It's blue.

1573
00:57:58,279 --> 00:57:59,320
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Look.

1574
00:57:59,320 --> 00:58:04,330
I am told the brain receives
every second about 11

1575
00:58:04,330 --> 00:58:07,450
million bits of information.

1576
00:58:07,450 --> 00:58:10,070
And a brain can't sort them
all out at the same time.

1577
00:58:10,070 --> 00:58:12,160
So we have to
train ourselves how

1578
00:58:12,160 --> 00:58:13,737
to make observations
and report them.

1579
00:58:13,737 --> 00:58:14,320
So here we go.

1580
00:58:19,040 --> 00:58:21,280
Ta-da.

1581
00:58:21,280 --> 00:58:22,630
Is the beaker up in air?

1582
00:58:22,630 --> 00:58:23,369
AUDIENCE: Yep.

1583
00:58:23,369 --> 00:58:24,868
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
Am I holding it?

1584
00:58:24,868 --> 00:58:25,779
AUDIENCE: No.

1585
00:58:25,779 --> 00:58:26,362
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1586
00:58:29,350 --> 00:58:32,530
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So can
you explain what this is?

1587
00:58:32,530 --> 00:58:33,850
I pulled it out.

1588
00:58:33,850 --> 00:58:36,780
Can you explain how this works?

1589
00:58:36,780 --> 00:58:39,450
Can you explain how this works?

1590
00:58:39,450 --> 00:58:40,950
So I want you to
think about this.

1591
00:58:40,950 --> 00:58:43,680
You also know what's going to
happen when I let the air out

1592
00:58:43,680 --> 00:58:44,230
of here.

1593
00:58:44,230 --> 00:58:45,210
AUDIENCE: Let go.

1594
00:58:45,210 --> 00:58:46,334
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Let go.

1595
00:58:46,334 --> 00:58:47,850
OK, I'll let go.

1596
00:58:47,850 --> 00:58:48,870
You've done that before.

1597
00:58:48,870 --> 00:58:50,280
Why does that happen?

1598
00:58:50,280 --> 00:58:53,630
Lots of interesting
things happen in science

1599
00:58:53,630 --> 00:58:56,240
with familiar items.

1600
00:58:56,240 --> 00:58:59,850
So how do you explain
what happened here?

1601
00:58:59,850 --> 00:59:00,450
What?

1602
00:59:00,450 --> 00:59:01,740
You're thinking about it?

1603
00:59:01,740 --> 00:59:07,032
Some people say that when I
inflated the balloon in here,

1604
00:59:07,032 --> 00:59:08,490
there was a change
in the pressure.

1605
00:59:08,490 --> 00:59:09,690
I want to tell you--

1606
00:59:09,690 --> 00:59:11,217
you can think about that too.

1607
00:59:11,217 --> 00:59:12,300
I didn't bring it with me.

1608
00:59:12,300 --> 00:59:16,410
But I went to the glass shop
at the University of Wisconsin

1609
00:59:16,410 --> 00:59:22,020
chemistry department and I sawed
off the bottom of the beaker

1610
00:59:22,020 --> 00:59:23,760
and it still works.

1611
00:59:23,760 --> 00:59:26,550
So it's not the change
in the pressure.

1612
00:59:26,550 --> 00:59:28,600
But everyone here
everyone, everyone,

1613
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:31,680
including the little
kids, know the explanation

1614
00:59:31,680 --> 00:59:33,420
as to why this works.

1615
00:59:33,420 --> 00:59:35,180
But you haven't
thought about it.

1616
00:59:35,180 --> 00:59:36,460
You haven't connected it yet.

1617
00:59:36,460 --> 00:59:40,170
So what I'd like you to do
is take both hands right now

1618
00:59:40,170 --> 00:59:41,965
and rub them very
fast with each other.

1619
00:59:41,965 --> 00:59:42,960
Rub very fast.

1620
00:59:42,960 --> 00:59:44,010
What do you feel?

1621
00:59:44,010 --> 00:59:44,970
AUDIENCE: Friction.

1622
00:59:44,970 --> 00:59:47,040
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
You feel friction?

1623
00:59:47,040 --> 00:59:49,860
You feel heat, which is
the result of friction.

1624
00:59:49,860 --> 00:59:52,950
As I said, you're like
the students in my class.

1625
00:59:52,950 --> 00:59:54,020
So friction.

1626
00:59:54,020 --> 00:59:55,900
So can friction be
related to this?

1627
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:57,319
You think about it.

1628
00:59:57,319 --> 00:59:58,110
You think about it.

1629
00:59:58,110 --> 01:00:02,280
So now what I want to do
is do another experiment

1630
01:00:02,280 --> 01:00:04,230
with the balloon right here.

1631
01:00:04,230 --> 01:00:06,866
This time, I'll take
what color balloon?

1632
01:00:06,866 --> 01:00:07,574
AUDIENCE: Yellow.

1633
01:00:09,579 --> 01:00:11,620
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This
balloon has a hole in it

1634
01:00:11,620 --> 01:00:13,376
so that doesn't work.

1635
01:00:13,376 --> 01:00:14,125
I'll try this one.

1636
01:00:18,760 --> 01:00:21,380
I inflate the balloon,
let some air out.

1637
01:00:21,380 --> 01:00:23,600
And then I tie it.

1638
01:00:23,600 --> 01:00:27,230
And now I'm going to
ask you a question.

1639
01:00:27,230 --> 01:00:31,360
Do you suppose there's a way
for me to hold this balloon up

1640
01:00:31,360 --> 01:00:35,080
in the air without touching it?

1641
01:00:35,080 --> 01:00:37,930
So I don't mean put it
in a beaker like this.

1642
01:00:37,930 --> 01:00:39,280
I'm not touching it now.

1643
01:00:39,280 --> 01:00:41,560
Do you suppose
there's a way for me

1644
01:00:41,560 --> 01:00:45,083
to suspend this up in the air
without touching it, yes or no?

1645
01:00:45,083 --> 01:00:45,666
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1646
01:00:45,666 --> 01:00:48,430
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Those
of you who say yes--

1647
01:00:48,430 --> 01:00:51,640
those of you who
say yes know how

1648
01:00:51,640 --> 01:00:53,680
it's done or trust that
I'm going to show you

1649
01:00:53,680 --> 01:00:55,150
how it's going to be done.

1650
01:00:55,150 --> 01:01:00,010
So suppose I take this
balloon and I blow air in it,

1651
01:01:00,010 --> 01:01:00,530
like this.

1652
01:01:04,691 --> 01:01:06,690
That was held up in the
air without touching it.

1653
01:01:06,690 --> 01:01:08,148
But that's kind of
hard on my neck.

1654
01:01:08,148 --> 01:01:09,580
So suppose I take--

1655
01:01:09,580 --> 01:01:10,530
suppose I take this.

1656
01:01:10,530 --> 01:01:12,470
What is this?

1657
01:01:12,470 --> 01:01:13,440
AUDIENCE: Blow dryer.

1658
01:01:18,739 --> 01:01:20,780
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Is
the balloon up in the air?

1659
01:01:20,780 --> 01:01:22,680
Am I touching it?

1660
01:01:22,680 --> 01:01:23,477
AUDIENCE: No.

1661
01:01:23,477 --> 01:01:25,560
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What
is holding the balloon up

1662
01:01:25,560 --> 01:01:26,408
in the air.

1663
01:01:26,408 --> 01:01:28,120
AUDIENCE: Air.

1664
01:01:28,120 --> 01:01:29,510
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Air?

1665
01:01:29,510 --> 01:01:31,445
There's air right
now, but it's--

1666
01:01:31,445 --> 01:01:33,070
now, you're going to
help me with that.

1667
01:01:36,700 --> 01:01:37,210
Thank you.

1668
01:01:37,210 --> 01:01:38,241
Thank you.

1669
01:01:38,241 --> 01:01:38,740
Thank you.

1670
01:01:38,740 --> 01:01:40,132
AUDIENCE: Go faster.

1671
01:01:40,132 --> 01:01:41,090
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: No.

1672
01:01:41,090 --> 01:01:43,540
I was pushing the cold one.

1673
01:01:43,540 --> 01:01:45,340
Look, you know.

1674
01:01:45,340 --> 01:01:47,560
Each one of you knows.

1675
01:01:47,560 --> 01:01:49,060
What was coming out
the nozzle here?

1676
01:01:49,060 --> 01:01:51,410
What was coming out of nozzle?

1677
01:01:51,410 --> 01:01:54,280
A stream of air, right?

1678
01:01:54,280 --> 01:01:56,890
A stream-- wind,
that's what it was.

1679
01:01:56,890 --> 01:01:58,280
So here we go.

1680
01:01:58,280 --> 01:01:59,080
So do it again.

1681
01:02:04,930 --> 01:02:06,850
Now, watch what I do here.

1682
01:02:06,850 --> 01:02:08,260
Watch how I turn this.

1683
01:02:08,260 --> 01:02:10,960
Watch how I turn this
to the side like this.

1684
01:02:10,960 --> 01:02:15,510
You can see how big of an
angle you can get away with.

1685
01:02:15,510 --> 01:02:16,390
See that.

1686
01:02:16,390 --> 01:02:19,240
See that.

1687
01:02:19,240 --> 01:02:20,110
All right.

1688
01:02:20,110 --> 01:02:21,984
All right, I'll have it
back from you please.

1689
01:02:24,440 --> 01:02:26,650
You're all thinking about
what the explanation is.

1690
01:02:26,650 --> 01:02:28,062
Thank you.

1691
01:02:28,062 --> 01:02:29,770
You're all thinking
about the explanation

1692
01:02:29,770 --> 01:02:32,650
because what I'm going
to do next is take this.

1693
01:02:32,650 --> 01:02:33,764
What is this?

1694
01:02:33,764 --> 01:02:35,216
AUDIENCE: It's a ball.

1695
01:02:41,024 --> 01:02:42,960
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
A Styrofoam ball.

1696
01:02:42,960 --> 01:02:45,864
AUDIENCE: Whoa.

1697
01:02:45,864 --> 01:02:47,330
And a balloon.

1698
01:02:47,330 --> 01:02:50,918
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And
a balloon, up there.

1699
01:02:50,918 --> 01:02:52,906
Am I touching any of them?

1700
01:02:52,906 --> 01:02:54,530
AUDIENCE: No.

1701
01:02:54,530 --> 01:02:57,710
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What was
holding them up in the air?

1702
01:02:57,710 --> 01:02:59,060
Thank you.

1703
01:02:59,060 --> 01:03:00,890
Moving air, right.

1704
01:03:00,890 --> 01:03:01,400
Look.

1705
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:02,990
You all know this effect.

1706
01:03:02,990 --> 01:03:05,600
You stand on a street
corner and a big bus

1707
01:03:05,600 --> 01:03:07,351
goes by, what do you feel?

1708
01:03:07,351 --> 01:03:07,850
Woo.

1709
01:03:07,850 --> 01:03:10,160
And you're driving on a
highway and the big lorry truck

1710
01:03:10,160 --> 01:03:11,748
passes by, what do you feel?

1711
01:03:11,748 --> 01:03:13,152
AUDIENCE: Nothing.

1712
01:03:13,152 --> 01:03:14,556
[LAUGHTER]

1713
01:03:16,234 --> 01:03:17,650
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
You know what?

1714
01:03:17,650 --> 01:03:19,870
I believe you.

1715
01:03:19,870 --> 01:03:21,220
That's your observation.

1716
01:03:21,220 --> 01:03:24,130
I respect you for
making an observation.

1717
01:03:24,130 --> 01:03:28,920
But watch for it next time, OK?

1718
01:03:28,920 --> 01:03:31,270
Now, this is a
scientific principle.

1719
01:03:31,270 --> 01:03:34,496
You all know what
this principle is.

1720
01:03:34,496 --> 01:03:36,120
It's named after a
Swiss mathematician.

1721
01:03:36,120 --> 01:03:36,914
It's called--

1722
01:03:36,914 --> 01:03:37,580
AUDIENCE: Magic.

1723
01:03:40,702 --> 01:03:42,910
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Bernoulli's
principle, Bernoulli.

1724
01:03:42,910 --> 01:03:43,290
Look.

1725
01:03:43,290 --> 01:03:44,380
You all know about this.

1726
01:03:44,380 --> 01:03:45,880
I don't want to get too
personal about this one.

1727
01:03:45,880 --> 01:03:47,200
You took a shower this morning.

1728
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:48,200
You turned the water on.

1729
01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:50,560
Did the shower curtain
move in or out,

1730
01:03:50,560 --> 01:03:52,170
if you have a shower curtain?

1731
01:03:52,170 --> 01:03:55,510
Sometimes we don't
have shower curtains.

1732
01:03:55,510 --> 01:03:56,830
So there's a change.

1733
01:03:56,830 --> 01:04:00,400
There's a stream of air that
causes things to happen,

1734
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:02,210
as we just saw here.

1735
01:04:02,210 --> 01:04:04,990
So now I'm going to
do an experiment.

1736
01:04:04,990 --> 01:04:08,080
This experiment,
with this, with this.

1737
01:04:08,080 --> 01:04:09,700
What is this?

1738
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:10,617
AUDIENCE: Plastic bag.

1739
01:04:10,617 --> 01:04:12,533
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Could
I ask you to help me

1740
01:04:12,533 --> 01:04:13,560
with this experiment?

1741
01:04:13,560 --> 01:04:15,220
OK.

1742
01:04:15,220 --> 01:04:18,480
So what is it that
Lou and I are holding?

1743
01:04:18,480 --> 01:04:19,960
A plastic what?

1744
01:04:19,960 --> 01:04:20,770
A piece of plastic.

1745
01:04:20,770 --> 01:04:22,008
What color is it?

1746
01:04:22,008 --> 01:04:23,920
AUDIENCE: Blue.

1747
01:04:23,920 --> 01:04:26,170
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Do I
have to ask all the questions

1748
01:04:26,170 --> 01:04:27,340
all the time?

1749
01:04:27,340 --> 01:04:28,210
AUDIENCE: No.

1750
01:04:28,210 --> 01:04:28,710
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: No.

1751
01:04:28,710 --> 01:04:29,560
You are asking them.

1752
01:04:29,560 --> 01:04:30,830
You have to make
these observations.

1753
01:04:30,830 --> 01:04:31,330
Look.

1754
01:04:31,330 --> 01:04:33,930
How long is it?

1755
01:04:33,930 --> 01:04:36,330
It's about what?

1756
01:04:36,330 --> 01:04:38,610
Is it about 1 meter, 10 meters?

1757
01:04:38,610 --> 01:04:40,440
It's 2 meters in length.

1758
01:04:40,440 --> 01:04:42,150
I have an opening
at this end here.

1759
01:04:42,150 --> 01:04:43,520
Do you have an opening
over there, Lou?

1760
01:04:43,520 --> 01:04:43,900
LOU: No.

1761
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:44,730
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's sealed.

1762
01:04:44,730 --> 01:04:45,000
OK.

1763
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:46,724
So I'm going to
change sides with you.

1764
01:04:46,724 --> 01:04:48,640
I'm going to give you
this opening right here.

1765
01:04:48,640 --> 01:04:49,556
You hold it like this.

1766
01:04:49,556 --> 01:04:50,640
You got it?

1767
01:04:50,640 --> 01:04:53,010
And I'd like you to blow
air in here so that we

1768
01:04:53,010 --> 01:04:55,700
can count how many
breaths it's going

1769
01:04:55,700 --> 01:04:58,186
to take her to inflate this.

1770
01:04:58,186 --> 01:04:59,520
And don't make her laugh now.

1771
01:04:59,520 --> 01:04:59,760
OK.

1772
01:04:59,760 --> 01:05:00,310
Come on, go.

1773
01:05:02,850 --> 01:05:08,210
One, two, three, four.

1774
01:05:08,210 --> 01:05:08,840
That's enough.

1775
01:05:08,840 --> 01:05:10,970
I don't want you
to hyperventilate.

1776
01:05:10,970 --> 01:05:12,810
You know what
hyperventilation is?

1777
01:05:12,810 --> 01:05:15,830
Is it related to
carbon dioxide gas?

1778
01:05:15,830 --> 01:05:19,940
So this is what she
did with four breaths.

1779
01:05:19,940 --> 01:05:23,600
Now, I'm going to let the
air out that you put in there

1780
01:05:23,600 --> 01:05:26,300
and give you the closed end.

1781
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:30,479
And then I'm going to show
you, if you pay attention,

1782
01:05:30,479 --> 01:05:32,270
if you pay attention,
I'm going to show you

1783
01:05:32,270 --> 01:05:36,350
how you can inflate this
two-meter long bag with one

1784
01:05:36,350 --> 01:05:38,866
breath.

1785
01:05:38,866 --> 01:05:39,740
You're smiling at me.

1786
01:05:39,740 --> 01:05:41,120
You don't believe me.

1787
01:05:41,120 --> 01:05:42,736
Do you remember what she did?

1788
01:05:42,736 --> 01:05:44,360
She blew into it the
same way you and I

1789
01:05:44,360 --> 01:05:49,402
blow into a paper bag.

1790
01:05:49,402 --> 01:05:50,860
So now I'm going
to do it this way.

1791
01:05:50,860 --> 01:05:52,830
I'm going to open
this up like this.

1792
01:05:52,830 --> 01:05:55,080
I lift it up a little bit
so it's about-- yeah, right.

1793
01:05:55,080 --> 01:05:55,579
Here we go.

1794
01:05:58,610 --> 01:05:59,928
Let go.

1795
01:05:59,928 --> 01:06:01,410
[LAUGHTER]

1796
01:06:02,892 --> 01:06:04,374
[APPLAUSE]

1797
01:06:06,350 --> 01:06:08,680
Did you see how it was done?

1798
01:06:08,680 --> 01:06:10,382
Would you like to try it?

1799
01:06:10,382 --> 01:06:11,145
LOU: Yes.

1800
01:06:11,145 --> 01:06:12,186
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Yeah.

1801
01:06:12,186 --> 01:06:13,750
That's the spirit.

1802
01:06:13,750 --> 01:06:17,552
See, Leonardo said, you
know, about experiments.

1803
01:06:17,552 --> 01:06:19,990
So I take all the air out.

1804
01:06:19,990 --> 01:06:22,350
And now you do it
the way I did it,

1805
01:06:22,350 --> 01:06:24,310
not the way you did
it the first time.

1806
01:06:24,310 --> 01:06:26,590
One long breath,
right down the middle.

1807
01:06:26,590 --> 01:06:29,100
Whenever you're ready.

1808
01:06:29,100 --> 01:06:30,154
Close it off.

1809
01:06:30,154 --> 01:06:32,050
[LAUGHTER]

1810
01:06:32,050 --> 01:06:32,620
Only one.

1811
01:06:32,620 --> 01:06:33,130
Only one.

1812
01:06:38,360 --> 01:06:40,570
A lot better than the
first time, right?

1813
01:06:40,570 --> 01:06:41,670
[APPLAUSE]

1814
01:06:42,380 --> 01:06:44,720
So here's a question for you.

1815
01:06:44,720 --> 01:06:47,115
Do you think she has that
much air in her lungs?

1816
01:06:47,115 --> 01:06:47,656
AUDIENCE: No.

1817
01:06:47,656 --> 01:06:48,239
AUDIENCE: Yes.

1818
01:06:49,922 --> 01:06:52,130
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Do you
think I have that much air

1819
01:06:52,130 --> 01:06:55,310
in my lungs to blow this?

1820
01:06:55,310 --> 01:06:59,050
What's the explanation?

1821
01:06:59,050 --> 01:06:59,550
What?

1822
01:07:05,704 --> 01:07:08,120
Well, the thing-a-ma-jigger
doesn't have much in air in it

1823
01:07:08,120 --> 01:07:09,280
right now.

1824
01:07:09,280 --> 01:07:11,260
So look.

1825
01:07:11,260 --> 01:07:15,460
You all know the
explanation for this

1826
01:07:15,460 --> 01:07:18,100
because we just went through
it in the previous set

1827
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:20,230
of experiments.

1828
01:07:20,230 --> 01:07:24,360
What did I blow out of my
mouth and what did she do?

1829
01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:28,346
A stream of moving air.

1830
01:07:28,346 --> 01:07:30,220
Remember, one of my
slides says connectivity.

1831
01:07:30,220 --> 01:07:31,512
You make connections.

1832
01:07:31,512 --> 01:07:33,220
You make connections
between what you see

1833
01:07:33,220 --> 01:07:34,750
and what you already know.

1834
01:07:34,750 --> 01:07:37,600
So a stream of
moving air creates

1835
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:40,300
a partial vacuum and air
comes in from the outside.

1836
01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:42,050
That's called "what's
his name" principle.

1837
01:07:42,050 --> 01:07:43,002
What's his name?

1838
01:07:43,002 --> 01:07:43,906
AUDIENCE: Bernoulli.

1839
01:07:46,620 --> 01:07:48,660
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: The
whole thing was a setup.

1840
01:07:48,660 --> 01:07:49,350
You knew that.

1841
01:07:49,350 --> 01:07:50,430
That's why-- OK.

1842
01:07:50,430 --> 01:07:51,870
So here's our grand finale.

1843
01:07:56,810 --> 01:07:58,650
Here's our grand finale.

1844
01:07:58,650 --> 01:08:00,860
It's a repeat of
that experiment,

1845
01:08:00,860 --> 01:08:02,340
which we're going to do.

1846
01:08:02,340 --> 01:08:05,030
In this, you're doing the
play-by-play description.

1847
01:08:05,030 --> 01:08:06,344
What is it?

1848
01:08:06,344 --> 01:08:07,300
AUDIENCE: Black.

1849
01:08:07,300 --> 01:08:09,288
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Black what?

1850
01:08:09,288 --> 01:08:11,290
AUDIENCE: Black tub.

1851
01:08:11,290 --> 01:08:12,540
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Black tub.

1852
01:08:12,540 --> 01:08:14,617
And what is this?

1853
01:08:14,617 --> 01:08:15,408
AUDIENCE: Cylinder.

1854
01:08:25,170 --> 01:08:28,319
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And I take
a clear and colorless liquid

1855
01:08:28,319 --> 01:08:29,682
from this bottle.

1856
01:08:29,682 --> 01:08:32,147
And I put it in there.

1857
01:08:36,082 --> 01:08:37,540
And this clear and
colorless liquid

1858
01:08:37,540 --> 01:08:43,880
is 30% hydrogen peroxide,
35% hydrogen peroxide.

1859
01:08:43,880 --> 01:08:44,689
And I take what?

1860
01:08:47,489 --> 01:08:48,655
I put some of this in there.

1861
01:08:54,479 --> 01:08:58,779
But I want to help the hydrogen
peroxide break down into water

1862
01:08:58,779 --> 01:09:00,950
and oxygen. So what do I need?

1863
01:09:00,950 --> 01:09:02,529
I need a catalyst.

1864
01:09:02,529 --> 01:09:04,090
I could use manganese dioxide.

1865
01:09:04,090 --> 01:09:06,100
But it's not the only catalyst.

1866
01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,720
I'm going to use this
liquid right here.

1867
01:09:09,720 --> 01:09:14,455
This is a clear, but
slightly colored liquid.

1868
01:09:14,455 --> 01:09:15,330
It's slightly yellow.

1869
01:09:15,330 --> 01:09:18,295
So I'm going to put some of that
in there and see what happens.

1870
01:09:24,730 --> 01:09:25,720
AUDIENCE: It's yellow.

1871
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:30,768
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI:
What's happening?

1872
01:09:38,750 --> 01:09:40,880
You're doing the play-by-play
description, not me.

1873
01:09:52,260 --> 01:09:54,720
Ah, it's going out
of control here.

1874
01:09:54,720 --> 01:09:56,591
I better put it down here.

1875
01:10:01,950 --> 01:10:04,300
So this is that the
decomposition of hydrogen

1876
01:10:04,300 --> 01:10:09,520
peroxide using potassium iodide
solution as the catalyst.

1877
01:10:09,520 --> 01:10:12,910
So the different catalyst caused
a lot of different changes

1878
01:10:12,910 --> 01:10:14,120
to happen.

1879
01:10:14,120 --> 01:10:16,270
And this is why we
need to learn more

1880
01:10:16,270 --> 01:10:21,850
about the science of the
familiar, which is chemistry.

1881
01:10:21,850 --> 01:10:26,430
And I want to really
thank you for coming

1882
01:10:26,430 --> 01:10:28,830
this afternoon-- this evening.

1883
01:10:28,830 --> 01:10:35,080
I want to ask you one more
time, what does my T-shirt say?

1884
01:10:35,080 --> 01:10:37,960
AUDIENCE: Science is fun.

1885
01:10:37,960 --> 01:10:41,040
BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: That's what
I like, enthusiasm, science.

1886
01:10:41,040 --> 01:10:44,260
So whatever you do,
do it-- do it-- do it

1887
01:10:44,260 --> 01:10:47,390
with a purpose in mind.

1888
01:10:47,390 --> 01:10:52,321
Try to help the
plasticity in your brain.

1889
01:10:52,321 --> 01:10:54,570
But it's not just your brain
that we're talking about.

1890
01:10:54,570 --> 01:10:56,460
It's what's in your heart.

1891
01:10:56,460 --> 01:10:59,850
Because one of the important
elements of communication

1892
01:10:59,850 --> 01:11:03,380
is what you feel in your
heart, which is not something

1893
01:11:03,380 --> 01:11:04,620
that was on my slide.

1894
01:11:04,620 --> 01:11:06,150
So thank you all very much.

1895
01:11:06,150 --> 01:11:06,900
Thank you, Steve.

1896
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:07,856
Thank you, Lou.

1897
01:11:07,856 --> 01:11:09,290
Thank you, everybody.

1898
01:11:09,290 --> 01:11:10,730
[APPLAUSE]

1899
01:11:10,730 --> 01:11:16,250
And remember, no matter
what you do, science is fun.

1900
01:11:16,250 --> 01:11:17,150
Thank you very much.

1901
01:11:17,150 --> 01:11:17,650
Thanks.

1902
01:11:17,650 --> 01:11:19,300
AUDIENCE: Thank you.