1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,077 [MUSIC PLAYING] 2 00:00:07,077 --> 00:00:08,410 JESSICA HARROP: Hi, I'm Jessica. 3 00:00:08,410 --> 00:00:10,650 And I'm going to show you a chemical demonstration 4 00:00:10,650 --> 00:00:14,240 that I like to call let's drink to that. 5 00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:17,210 Now performing chemistry demos is hard work. 6 00:00:17,210 --> 00:00:19,610 And MIT's Dr. John Dolhun-- 7 00:00:19,610 --> 00:00:21,710 here he is-- is thirsty. 8 00:00:21,710 --> 00:00:23,720 Let's watch him and his assistant Barry 9 00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:25,790 at the Cambridge Science Festival. 10 00:00:25,790 --> 00:00:26,390 [WHOOSH] 11 00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:28,431 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Here you've got some Fiji Water, 12 00:00:28,431 --> 00:00:31,460 but I figured you could try some of, I don't know, 13 00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:34,060 my personal favorite tap water as well. 14 00:00:34,060 --> 00:00:35,180 I don't know. 15 00:00:35,180 --> 00:00:37,000 JOHN DOLHUN: I think I'm going to stick with the Fiji water. 16 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:37,220 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: You're going to stick with that? 17 00:00:37,220 --> 00:00:38,090 OK, that's fine. 18 00:00:40,820 --> 00:00:43,670 Well, if you'd like I could treat you 19 00:00:43,670 --> 00:00:46,589 to something a little better. 20 00:00:46,589 --> 00:00:47,130 I don't know. 21 00:00:47,130 --> 00:00:48,710 What would you imagine? 22 00:00:48,710 --> 00:00:51,252 What it would like to drink right now? 23 00:00:51,252 --> 00:00:52,460 JOHN DOLHUN: A glass of wine. 24 00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:55,250 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: A glass of wine, absolutely. 25 00:00:55,250 --> 00:00:56,600 JOHN DOLHUN: Do you have a list? 26 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:57,140 Wine list? 27 00:00:57,140 --> 00:00:58,452 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh, yeah. 28 00:00:58,452 --> 00:00:59,660 JOHN DOLHUN: Oh, you do have? 29 00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:00,493 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh. 30 00:01:00,493 --> 00:01:02,490 JOHN DOLHUN: You left me a wine list. 31 00:01:02,490 --> 00:01:04,910 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Is there one in particular you'd like? 32 00:01:04,910 --> 00:01:08,660 JOHN DOLHUN: Actually, you have a cabernet on there, 33 00:01:08,660 --> 00:01:10,480 $15 a glass though, Barry. 34 00:01:10,480 --> 00:01:13,394 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK, I got it just for you. 35 00:01:13,394 --> 00:01:14,060 So one cabernet. 36 00:01:20,330 --> 00:01:22,350 JOHN DOLHUN: That's a nice light wine. 37 00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:23,600 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: There you go. 38 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:26,560 JOHN DOLHUN: Has a little color in it. 39 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:27,070 Nice. 40 00:01:27,070 --> 00:01:27,710 [WHOOSH] 41 00:01:27,710 --> 00:01:29,900 JESSICA HARROP: So Barry turned water into wine. 42 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,150 In our video recording of the experiment, 43 00:01:36,150 --> 00:01:38,490 the wine doesn't look very red, but you 44 00:01:38,490 --> 00:01:41,790 can see the red color forming at the bottom of the glass. 45 00:01:41,790 --> 00:01:43,950 He started with a clear, colorless liquid 46 00:01:43,950 --> 00:01:45,750 that looks like water but that actually 47 00:01:45,750 --> 00:01:49,330 contains sodium carbonate. 48 00:01:49,330 --> 00:01:51,810 Now, in water, sodium carbonate breaks apart 49 00:01:51,810 --> 00:01:58,380 into CO32 minus, HCO3 minus, and OH minus. 50 00:01:58,380 --> 00:02:02,160 To go from water to wine, Barry poured this sodium carbonate 51 00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:04,710 solution into a wine glass that contained 52 00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:07,660 a little bit of the indicator phenolphthalein. 53 00:02:10,289 --> 00:02:13,680 In acidic solutions, phenolphthalein is colorless. 54 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,890 But in basic solutions, it's dark pink. 55 00:02:16,890 --> 00:02:18,180 So here's a pH scale. 56 00:02:22,950 --> 00:02:27,850 At around 8 on the pH scale, phenolphthalein turns pink. 57 00:02:27,850 --> 00:02:31,210 So it goes from acidic to basic. 58 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:37,860 And the OH ions in Barry's fake water make it basic, 59 00:02:37,860 --> 00:02:41,100 so the indicator turns pink. 60 00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:42,660 So when mixed with phenolphthalein, 61 00:02:42,660 --> 00:02:45,180 the sodium carbonate looks like wine. 62 00:02:45,180 --> 00:02:46,620 Now, let's see what happens next. 63 00:02:46,620 --> 00:02:47,120 [WHOOSH] 64 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:50,280 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: I have my own favorite drink, milk, you know. 65 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:52,560 It goes well with cookies and everything. 66 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:53,580 I really love it. 67 00:02:53,580 --> 00:02:57,750 So I'd love to show you that if you-- 68 00:02:57,750 --> 00:02:59,750 JOHN DOLHUN: All right, you convinced me, Barry. 69 00:02:59,750 --> 00:03:01,140 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK. 70 00:03:01,140 --> 00:03:02,520 JOHN DOLHUN: I'll go with milk-- 71 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:03,600 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK, absolutely. 72 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:04,724 JOHN DOLHUN: --and cookies. 73 00:03:04,724 --> 00:03:07,390 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: I'll give you the cookies afterwards, yes. 74 00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:09,270 So just take that from me for a sec. 75 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:15,880 Here's your milk. 76 00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:18,720 JOHN DOLHUN: Wait a minute, Barry. 77 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:22,620 That was my $15 cabernet and it just 78 00:03:22,620 --> 00:03:24,180 turned into a glass of milk. 79 00:03:24,180 --> 00:03:24,790 [WHOOSH] 80 00:03:24,790 --> 00:03:27,420 JESSICA HARROP: So Dr. Dolhun wants milk for his cookies, 81 00:03:27,420 --> 00:03:29,370 but all he has is wine. 82 00:03:29,370 --> 00:03:32,400 So to go from wine to milk, Barry pours the wine 83 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:34,020 into another glass. 84 00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:36,870 This glass contains barium chloride. 85 00:03:36,870 --> 00:03:38,920 And barium chloride dissolves in water, 86 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:42,630 forming barium 2 plus and 2 Cl minus. 87 00:03:42,630 --> 00:03:46,530 Now, the barium 2 plus reacts with the carbonate ions 88 00:03:46,530 --> 00:03:50,250 in the original solution to produce barium carbonate, which 89 00:03:50,250 --> 00:03:52,020 is a solid white precipitate. 90 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:58,640 And, of course, the solid white precipitate 91 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:00,900 makes it look like milk. 92 00:04:00,900 --> 00:04:03,170 But is Dr. Dolhun satisfied with milk? 93 00:04:03,170 --> 00:04:03,841 Let's find out. 94 00:04:03,841 --> 00:04:04,340 [WHOOSH] 95 00:04:04,340 --> 00:04:07,760 JOHN DOLHUN: That was my $15 cabernet. 96 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:10,670 And it just turned into a glass of milk. 97 00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:13,400 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh, sorry about that. 98 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:14,760 I thought you wanted the milk. 99 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,240 JOHN DOLHUN: Barry, it's a bad deal. 100 00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:18,750 Is this milk organic? 101 00:04:18,750 --> 00:04:19,750 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Uh, no. 102 00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:22,314 [LAUGHTER] 103 00:04:22,314 --> 00:04:23,480 JOHN DOLHUN: Barry, come on. 104 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:25,040 You you have to do something for me. 105 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:26,050 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK, fine. 106 00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:26,674 How about this? 107 00:04:26,674 --> 00:04:28,360 I'll treat you. 108 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:29,360 I'll give you some beer. 109 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,430 It's on the house. 110 00:04:31,430 --> 00:04:32,180 JOHN DOLHUN: Beer? 111 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:32,810 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Yeah. 112 00:04:32,810 --> 00:04:34,143 JOHN DOLHUN: Now you're talking. 113 00:04:34,143 --> 00:04:37,200 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: As a little substitute, a little pay, 114 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:42,080 you know, return for messing up your order. 115 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:44,220 So just take that from you right here. 116 00:04:59,836 --> 00:05:01,750 JOHN DOLHUN: That is nice. 117 00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:02,250 [APPLAUSE] 118 00:05:02,250 --> 00:05:06,216 A beer with a frothy top on it. 119 00:05:06,216 --> 00:05:08,476 BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Enjoy, enjoy. 120 00:05:08,476 --> 00:05:09,380 [WHOOSH] 121 00:05:09,380 --> 00:05:12,490 JESSICA HARROP: Finally, Barry turns the milk into beer. 122 00:05:19,030 --> 00:05:22,920 To do this, he adds some hydrochloric acid to the mix. 123 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:25,070 Now this dissolves the barium carbonate, 124 00:05:25,070 --> 00:05:27,374 the solid white precipitate. 125 00:05:27,374 --> 00:05:28,415 And this is the reaction. 126 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:37,720 So he adds the hydrochloric acid, which breaks apart 127 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,940 the barium carbonate solid. 128 00:05:39,940 --> 00:05:45,120 This yields barium, water, and carbon dioxide gas is released. 129 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:47,110 And this H plus in the reaction comes 130 00:05:47,110 --> 00:05:49,360 from the hydrochloric acid. 131 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:51,100 To get the yellow beer color, Barry 132 00:05:51,100 --> 00:05:53,710 throws in some dichromate, which is yellow. 133 00:05:53,710 --> 00:05:57,550 And he puts a lump of solid carbon dioxide or dry ice in it 134 00:05:57,550 --> 00:05:59,290 to make it bubble. 135 00:05:59,290 --> 00:06:02,380 So what did Dr. Dolhun and Barry show us today? 136 00:06:02,380 --> 00:06:05,920 They took a clear solution with certain chemicals in it 137 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:09,490 that turns color, pink, when another chemical is added, 138 00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:12,430 then goes milky when another chemical is added, 139 00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:15,130 then goes clear again when another is added, 140 00:06:15,130 --> 00:06:17,410 and then goes yellow and bubbles when 141 00:06:17,410 --> 00:06:19,720 two more chemicals are added. 142 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:21,250 This shows us how chemistry can be 143 00:06:21,250 --> 00:06:24,580 used to program a system to take on different observable 144 00:06:24,580 --> 00:06:25,570 properties. 145 00:06:25,570 --> 00:06:26,620 It's truly magical. 146 00:06:26,620 --> 00:06:27,280 [MUSIC PLAYING] 147 00:06:27,280 --> 00:06:28,120 That's it for me. 148 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:30,480 Hope you enjoyed the magic.