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Some of you might
want to present

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what happens over time
with your photographs.

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Other than creating a video,
it's usually quite compelling

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when watching a dynamic
phenomena that's true.

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And if you think about
it, all of science

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is ultimately dynamic, right?

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Things change over time.

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We generally assume one
has to watch a moving image

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to see that change.

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So here, for example,
you are seeing

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something called the
Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

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It's a complicated
oscillating reaction

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that we're observing
within a Petri dish.

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But it's not a video, in
the sense that it wasn't

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taken with a video camera.

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You're seeing a series of
still images that I made

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and I was privileged
to make in professor

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Zhabotinsky's lab at Brandeis.

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I took the images
11 seconds apart

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over a period of five minutes.

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By the way, I made
the images in film,

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which became slide formats,
as you might remember--

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or then again, maybe you don't!

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And you're seeing digital scans
of those individual frames.

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We're seeing the
spiral waves forming.

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A color indicator allows
us to see the reaction.

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So what we're really seeing
is a series of still images,

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one right after the other.

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That is in fact what a
moving image is, isn't it?

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So that looks
pretty interesting.

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But in my opinion,
just as interesting,

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is seeing the individual
images lined up in a grid,

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so that we can compare
one image to the other,

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and note two changes that occur.

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I am convinced there is a place
for this kind of presentation.

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Here's another example.

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You're looking at
a one centimeter

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across circular
"sandwich", let's call it,

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of two pieces of glass.

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The glass contains, within this
"sandwich", material called

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block copolymers in a solvent.

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And over time, the solvent
evaporates around the edges

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so that over time the
block copolymers self

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assemble in different
orientations.

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And that change is
visually translated

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into changes in color.

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And so again, we're
seeing a series of stills,

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one right after the other,
viewing it as a moving image.

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But here too, looking
at each side by side

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can clarify exactly
what is going on.

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I just want you to
think a little bit

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about seeing a series of stills
instead of only an animation.

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By the way, here is that
still image in the journal.

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Let's talk a little
bit about showing scale

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in your presentations.

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My purpose here is to nudge you
to think a little differently

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from perpetuating the standard
approach to showing scale

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within an image.

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Instead of for example showing
that overused coin side by side

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with your device, how about
making the composition ever so

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slightly more interesting.

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You could also think
about showing your device

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on top of something other
than a coin, for example,

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something more recognizable and
more interesting in structure.

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In this case, I
use a compact disk,

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which might not be familiar
from years to come,

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but I'm trying in here anyway.

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I hope you still
know what it is!

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And in the caption we
can get more information

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about the size of the
device or the material.

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And here we're seeing
an image of a structure,

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giving the reader both a
sense of scale and property.

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The presence of the
coins suggests the scale

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of the small objects,
but we're also

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seeing that the structure itself
can collapse and then bounce

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back, which is in fact
the important part of what

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this is about.

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In this image, which we'll
see again in week six,

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you're seeing a
syringe needle, which

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I used to place some colored
water onto a surface.

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It's a suggestion of the scale
of the square drops of water.

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It isn't quantitative.

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But just a hint of
a size, if you know

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the size of the syringe needle.

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And another way you might
present an idea of scale

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is to show something from
various points of view

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as we zoom into the material.

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So here is that old computer
memory core we saw before.

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Something I'll bet most of you
haven't seen before this class.

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And in the next image, I made
the picture with a 105 lens

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getting closer to the material.

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And again, here I'm coming
even closer with another tool,

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something called a
stereo microscope.

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Once again, even getting closer
with a compound microscope.

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And finally, I made an image
with a scanning electron

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microscope, which I've colored.

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So yes, it's true.

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I'm not exactly showing you
the exact size of the material,

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but I'm taking you sort of
through a sense of scale

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and maybe sort of
telling a scale story.

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The same with this
morpho butterfly wing.

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As we zoom into this
structure, first

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taken with a camera and lens.

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Then getting closer
to the material,

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looking with a colored
scanning electron micrograph,

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we see more detail.

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And even getting more
enlarged, seeing it

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with another scanning electron
micrograph, which I colored.

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Now it appears blue
initially, but there's

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no blue dye present.

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The color is due to the
structure of the wing, which

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is what we're seeing.

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And it's an interesting story,
which I suggest you look into.

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Here's another idea.

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Instead of always
placing a scale bar

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either in the lower right hand
corner or the lower left hand

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corner, how about if we place
the scale bar within the image

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in a more designed approach.

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You just did see
an example of this.

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And here's another example.

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I've placed and labeled the
scale bar within the image.

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The full design of the
image works better.

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The information is there,
but doesn't compromise

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the aesthetics of the image.

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The scale bar works with it.

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And the same with this image,
which you've also seen before.

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The bar doesn't always
have to be on the bottom

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right or left, unless of course
the journal insists on that.

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There is no reason why it has
to be placed in that format.

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That's one of those perpetuated
rules that, in my opinion,

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have no logic to it.

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For our book On The
Surface of Things,

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we wanted to suggest a
comparative sense of scale

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when looking at all of
the images in the book.

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We used the head of a pin,
which measures about between one

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to two millimeters,
as a reference point.

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Next to each image,
you see a blue outline

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of a pinhead made relative
to the size of what's

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in the photograph.

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So for example, looking at
this image of ferrofluid,

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the pinhead appears
around this size.

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Note the blue circle.

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But when we have to zoom way
down to the nano scale level

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in order to see the indentations
of this compact disk,

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the pinhead circle almost
becomes a straight line.

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We hardly see the curvature.

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Because the indented
areas are so small,

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we cannot use photons
to image that surface.

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We have to use electrons with
a scanning electron microscope.

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So just imagine traveling
down to that nano scale.

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Well the pin head enlarges
as you pass it by.

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I think it worked quite
well for the book.

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I hope you do.