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PROFESSOR: Hi.

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The aim of our lecture today is
to present what is perhaps

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the singly most powerful
recipe for evaluating

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00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:47,160
indefinite or, for that matter,
definite integrals.

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It's called integration by
parts, and therefore, today's

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lecture is called 'Integration
by Parts'.

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And what I want to emphasize is
essentially that this is a

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00:00:56,940 --> 00:01:00,960
technique which shows us how to
find indefinite integrals,

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00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:03,510
but then in theory, it
changes nothing over

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00:01:03,510 --> 00:01:04,319
what we've had before.

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00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:07,530
This is essentially, as we've
mentioned, a recipe for being

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00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:12,000
able to simplify or reduce
indefinite integrals to things

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that we can handle.

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00:01:12,960 --> 00:01:18,390
Well, it centers around
the rule for

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00:01:18,390 --> 00:01:19,660
differentiating a product.

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00:01:19,660 --> 00:01:22,150
And to show you what I mean by
that, let's just barge right

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00:01:22,150 --> 00:01:23,050
into this thing.

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00:01:23,050 --> 00:01:26,460
In differential notation, we
call the 'u' and 'v' our

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00:01:26,460 --> 00:01:29,260
differentiable functions
of 'x'.

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00:01:29,260 --> 00:01:32,690
The differential of 'uv' is 'u'
times the differential of

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00:01:32,690 --> 00:01:35,830
'v', plus 'v' times the
differential of 'u'.

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00:01:35,830 --> 00:01:39,190
And solving for 'udv', just
transposing, we have that

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00:01:39,190 --> 00:01:44,820
'udv' is the differential of
'u' times 'v' minus 'vdu'.

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00:01:44,820 --> 00:01:46,960
Now, what we do is
we integrate both

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00:01:46,960 --> 00:01:49,580
sides of this equality.

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00:01:49,580 --> 00:01:52,920
On the left-hand side,
we have interval udv.

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00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:56,270
On the right-hand side, recall
that the integral of the

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00:01:56,270 --> 00:02:00,145
derivative just gives us back
the original function.

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00:02:00,145 --> 00:02:02,580
In other words, if we integrate
the differential of

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00:02:02,580 --> 00:02:05,210
'uv' up to an arbitrary
constant, we get

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00:02:05,210 --> 00:02:07,150
back 'u' times 'v'.

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00:02:07,150 --> 00:02:11,480
The integral of 'vdu' we'll just
denote by integral 'vdu'.

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00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,740
And observe that there's really
an arbitrary constant

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00:02:14,740 --> 00:02:17,210
coming from this term, an
arbitrary constant coming from

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00:02:17,210 --> 00:02:19,130
this term, an arbitrary
constant

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coming from this term.

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00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:22,920
But since the sum and difference
of arbitrary

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00:02:22,920 --> 00:02:25,460
constants is still an arbitrary
constant, we can

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00:02:25,460 --> 00:02:28,950
neglected all the constants
here, and just lump them

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00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:31,730
together, and at the
end write plus 'c'.

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00:02:31,730 --> 00:02:35,330
Or we can leave the 'c' off,
making it implied that the

49
00:02:35,330 --> 00:02:38,330
arbitrary constant is contained
in the symbol

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00:02:38,330 --> 00:02:39,820
integral 'vdu'.

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All right, now we've done
this, but a much more

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important question would be--
or exclamation, for that

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matter-- would be so what?

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See, who cares whether this
happens to be true or not?

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00:02:51,210 --> 00:02:52,280
The answer is we care.

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00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:54,270
That's why we're making
up a lecture on it.

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00:02:54,270 --> 00:02:56,510
And the reason that
we care is this.

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That frequently, for a given 'u'
and 'v', 'udv' may have a

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00:03:01,490 --> 00:03:06,040
completely different nature
about it than does 'vdu'

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00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:09,230
insofar as being able to
find the integral.

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Now again, the best way to show
what we mean by this is

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to choose a particular
example.

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Let me start, just arbitrarily
here, picking a couple of

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simple functions for us to
differentiate or to integrate.

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Let's pick 'u' to equal 'x'
and 'v' to equal 'sine x'.

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Now, it's simple to see from
this example that in this

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case, if 'u' equals 'x' and 'v'
is 'sine x', then 'dv' is

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''cosine x' dx'.

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00:03:35,356 --> 00:03:40,380
In fact, let's write that down
so we can see it here.

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00:03:40,380 --> 00:03:43,790
Notice that in this particular
case, integral 'udv' is

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integral of 'x 'cosine
x' dx'--

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'udv'.

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00:03:48,260 --> 00:03:51,500
On the other hand,
what is 'vdu'?

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'v' is 'sine x'.

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00:03:53,350 --> 00:04:01,790
Then since 'u' equals
'x', 'du' is 'dx'.

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00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:06,550
Therefore, 'vdu' is just
integral ''sine x' dx'.

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00:04:06,550 --> 00:04:10,200
Now, look at these
two integrals.

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This one we can integrate
just by looking at it.

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00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:15,760
It's minus 'cosine x'.

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00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:19,649
This one, well, offhand, we
don't know a function whose

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00:04:19,649 --> 00:04:23,720
derivative with respect to
'x' is 'x 'cosine x''.

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00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:29,360
However, by this recipe, we now
have a way of showing how

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00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:36,070
to 'udv' once we know
integral 'vdu'.

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00:04:36,070 --> 00:04:39,140
In other words, in this
particular problem, letting

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00:04:39,140 --> 00:04:46,890
'u' equal 'x' and 'dv' being
''cosine x' dx', we can

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00:04:46,890 --> 00:04:48,240
proceed as follows.

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Namely, by this recipe,
we get what?

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00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:57,130
Integral 'x 'cosine x' dx' is
equal to-- this is 'udv'

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00:04:57,130 --> 00:04:58,790
equals 'u' times 'v'.

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00:04:58,790 --> 00:05:02,370
Recall that 'u' was 'x', 'v' is
'sine x', so 'u' times 'v'

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00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:08,010
is 'x sine x', minus
integral 'vdu'.

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00:05:08,010 --> 00:05:12,460
But 'v' is 'sine x', 'du' is
'dx', so we wind up with this.

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00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:15,160
But now we know that the
integral of 'sine x' with

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00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:17,740
respect to 'x' is minus
the 'cosine x'.

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00:05:17,740 --> 00:05:20,640
The minus and the minus cancel
to give me a plus.

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00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:24,330
And I wind up with that the
integral of 'x 'cosine x' dx'

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00:05:24,330 --> 00:05:27,770
is 'x sine x' plus 'cosine
x' plus an

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00:05:27,770 --> 00:05:30,790
arbitrary constant, OK.

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00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:33,760
That's all integration
by parts really is.

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00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:37,970
All we do here is we evaluate
one integral by knowing

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00:05:37,970 --> 00:05:38,970
another integral.

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00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:42,600
And by the way, what I meant
here when I said that one did

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not have to change any of the
theory, what does the integral

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00:05:46,710 --> 00:05:47,720
mean here anyway?

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00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:49,600
What we mean by this is what?

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Find all functions whose
derivative with respect to 'x'

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00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:55,100
is 'x cosine x'.

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00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,780
Now, what integration by parts
did for us was it showed us

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00:05:58,780 --> 00:06:00,330
how to get this result.

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00:06:00,330 --> 00:06:03,620
But if we didn't know how to get
this result, observe that

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00:06:03,620 --> 00:06:06,030
we check the answer the
same way as always.

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00:06:06,030 --> 00:06:09,100
Namely, one thing that hopefully
we can do is

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00:06:09,100 --> 00:06:10,600
differentiate this thing.

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00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:12,040
And if we differentiate
it, let's see.

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00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:13,140
This is a product.

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00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,490
It's the first factor times the
derivative of the second.

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00:06:15,490 --> 00:06:17,380
That's 'x cosine x'.

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00:06:17,380 --> 00:06:20,430
Plus the second factor times the
derivative of the first.

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00:06:20,430 --> 00:06:22,100
That's just 'sine x'.

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00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,720
The derivative of 'cosine
x' is minus 'sine x'.

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00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:26,350
The derivative of
a constant is 0.

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00:06:26,350 --> 00:06:29,440
And if we now sum up the pieces
that we have here, we

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00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:31,900
wind up with 'x cosine x'.

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00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:35,650
Exactly what we were supposed
to get, OK?

125
00:06:35,650 --> 00:06:38,190
Now, you see again, nothing
has happened in theory.

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All we have now is a technique
that allows us to explicitly

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00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:45,210
solve certain problems that
we couldn't have solved

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otherwise, even though we
could've stated them before.

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00:06:48,420 --> 00:06:51,570
For example, let's go back to
a problem that technically

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00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:54,150
speaking we could have presented
before we got to

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00:06:54,150 --> 00:06:56,340
this unit of our material.

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00:06:56,340 --> 00:06:59,930
Let's support that the region
'R' is the region bounded

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above by 'y' equals 'cosine
x', below by the x-axis

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00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:07,490
between the y-axis at
'x' equals pi/2.

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00:07:07,490 --> 00:07:11,040
What we want to do is take this
region 'R' and revolve it

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about the y-axis.

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00:07:12,530 --> 00:07:16,100
And what we'd like to find is
what volume is generated when

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00:07:16,100 --> 00:07:19,160
the region 'R' is revolved
about the y-axis.

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Now, when we talked about
volumes and cylindrical

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shells, we already
had the recipe.

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00:07:24,420 --> 00:07:27,630
Recall that to rotate this
about the y-axis, just to

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refresh memories here, if we
call this 'x' and we call this

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'y', the element of
volume was what?

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00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:38,010
Well, you swung out a
circumference '2 pi x' times

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00:07:38,010 --> 00:07:40,460
height 'y' times
thickness 'dx'.

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00:07:40,460 --> 00:07:43,590
In other words, that the volume
when this was rotated

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00:07:43,590 --> 00:07:50,620
about the y-axis was just 2 pi
integral 'x 'cosine x' dx' as

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00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:52,850
'x' goes from 0 to pi/2.

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00:07:52,850 --> 00:07:55,300
You see, I rigged this
particular problem so we

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wouldn't have to waste the fact
that we've already found

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00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,040
out what the indefinite
integral of 'x

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00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:01,650
'cosine x' dx' is.

153
00:08:01,650 --> 00:08:03,870
In other words, we get down
to this step here.

154
00:08:03,870 --> 00:08:07,180
Now, by the first fundamental
theorem of integral calculus,

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00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:10,490
we know that whatever this
integral is, it's also equal

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00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:15,830
to 'G of pi/2' minus 'G of 0',
where 'G' is any function of

157
00:08:15,830 --> 00:08:18,670
'x' whose derivative with
respect to 'x' is the

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00:08:18,670 --> 00:08:21,690
integrand here, which
is 'x cosine x'.

159
00:08:21,690 --> 00:08:25,040
Now, you see, this part, or up
to here, we could have got

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00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:27,610
this result without
today's lecture.

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00:08:27,610 --> 00:08:30,370
The only thing that we learned
to do today that we couldn't

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00:08:30,370 --> 00:08:34,059
do before was the idea of how
we find a function whose

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00:08:34,059 --> 00:08:35,900
derivative is 'x cosine x'.

164
00:08:35,900 --> 00:08:38,030
In fact, what we
found was what?

165
00:08:38,030 --> 00:08:42,289
A function whose derivative is
'x cosine x' is just 'x sine

166
00:08:42,289 --> 00:08:44,390
x' plus 'cosine x'.

167
00:08:44,390 --> 00:08:47,220
So by the first fundamental
theorem, the answer to our

168
00:08:47,220 --> 00:08:51,810
volume problem is that it's 2 pi
times the quantity 'x sine

169
00:08:51,810 --> 00:08:56,330
x' plus 'cosine x' evaluated
between 0 and pi/2.

170
00:08:56,330 --> 00:09:00,660
Putting in 'x' equals pi/2,
this term is pi/2.

171
00:09:00,660 --> 00:09:02,240
This term is 0.

172
00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,890
Putting in the lower limit when
'x' is 0, this term is 0.

173
00:09:05,890 --> 00:09:07,030
This term is 1.

174
00:09:07,030 --> 00:09:08,740
We subtract the lower limit.

175
00:09:08,740 --> 00:09:10,310
That gives us a minus 1.

176
00:09:10,310 --> 00:09:14,860
And therefore, the volume that
we get is simply 2 pi times

177
00:09:14,860 --> 00:09:16,860
pi/2 minus 1.

178
00:09:16,860 --> 00:09:19,830
Again, notice then, that the
only new thing that we had to

179
00:09:19,830 --> 00:09:23,890
do here was devise a way for
finding a function whose

180
00:09:23,890 --> 00:09:27,510
derivative with respect to
'x' was 'x cosine x'.

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00:09:27,510 --> 00:09:30,330
By the way, I think you'll
observe over here that I

182
00:09:30,330 --> 00:09:34,210
started in kind of a rigged
fashion, namely, I started

183
00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:36,040
with a specific 'u' and 'v'.

184
00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,290
It might be interesting to see
how would one tackle this

185
00:09:39,290 --> 00:09:43,500
problem if one had just been
given the 'x 'cosine x' dx'

186
00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:45,040
and had to work from there.

187
00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:47,960
In other words, instead of
working backwards now, let's

188
00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:50,310
present the problem as it
would come up in a real

189
00:09:50,310 --> 00:09:53,430
problem, namely, all of a
sudden, we find that we have

190
00:09:53,430 --> 00:09:55,990
to integrate 'x cosine x'.

191
00:09:55,990 --> 00:09:58,100
And the idea go something
like this.

192
00:09:58,100 --> 00:09:59,120
You see, we say lookit.

193
00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:01,790
If this 'x' weren't in
here, this would be

194
00:10:01,790 --> 00:10:02,940
pretty easy to handle.

195
00:10:02,940 --> 00:10:04,130
So why don't we do this?

196
00:10:04,130 --> 00:10:07,260
Why don't we call this piece
here 'u' and call

197
00:10:07,260 --> 00:10:10,060
this piece here 'dv'.

198
00:10:10,060 --> 00:10:14,730
Then, you see, 'du' would
just be 'dx'.

199
00:10:14,730 --> 00:10:17,200
'v' would just be 'sine x'.

200
00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,230
In other words, the differential
of 'sine x' is

201
00:10:20,230 --> 00:10:21,970
'cosine x dx'.

202
00:10:21,970 --> 00:10:24,640
See, if 'u' is 'x',
'du' is 'dx'.

203
00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:28,480
If 'dv' is 'cosine x dx', 'v'
is equal to 'sine x'.

204
00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:31,070
I suppose, technically speaking
here, I should put in

205
00:10:31,070 --> 00:10:35,060
plus a constant, but I'll show
later why we can disregard

206
00:10:35,060 --> 00:10:36,010
this constant.

207
00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:38,290
Roughly speaking, it just hinges
on the fact that we

208
00:10:38,290 --> 00:10:39,770
want only one solution.

209
00:10:39,770 --> 00:10:41,330
But we'll talk about
that later.

210
00:10:41,330 --> 00:10:44,380
For the time being, I'll just
leave out the fact that

211
00:10:44,380 --> 00:10:45,590
there's a whole family
of functions.

212
00:10:45,590 --> 00:10:48,170
All I want is one function
whose differential

213
00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:49,140
is 'cosine x dx'.

214
00:10:49,140 --> 00:10:54,520
At any rate, I now apply my
recipe, namely, integral 'udv'

215
00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,260
is equal to 'u' times 'v'--

216
00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:59,100
that's 'x sine x'--

217
00:10:59,100 --> 00:11:03,580
minus integral 'v', which
is 'sine x', times 'du',

218
00:11:03,580 --> 00:11:05,050
which is just 'dx'.

219
00:11:05,050 --> 00:11:08,740
In other words, integral 'x
'cosine x' dx' is just 'x sine

220
00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,210
x' minus 'sine x dx'.

221
00:11:11,210 --> 00:11:13,620
But I know how to integrate
'sine x'.

222
00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:15,500
It's just minus 'cosine x'.

223
00:11:15,500 --> 00:11:19,720
Therefore, replacing integral
'sine x dx' by minus 'cosine

224
00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:21,500
x' plus a constant.

225
00:11:21,500 --> 00:11:22,860
The minus cancels here.

226
00:11:22,860 --> 00:11:26,830
I wind up with the same result
as before, only now hopefully

227
00:11:26,830 --> 00:11:29,410
in terms of a smooth flow
not that didn't

228
00:11:29,410 --> 00:11:30,950
presuppose the answer.

229
00:11:30,950 --> 00:11:33,860
Namely, this integral
is 'x sine x' plus

230
00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,000
'cosine x' plus a constant.

231
00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,400
And by the way, I should
mention here that this

232
00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:42,060
technique does require a certain
amount of ingenuity.

233
00:11:42,060 --> 00:11:45,300
In other words, in a given
problem, where you're not told

234
00:11:45,300 --> 00:11:48,580
what to call 'u' and what to
call 'v', where you have the

235
00:11:48,580 --> 00:11:51,820
choice of picking what's going
to be 'u' and what's going to

236
00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:55,610
be 'dv', there is a certain
element of insight that one

237
00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:57,880
needs to guess wisely.

238
00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:00,470
In this particular problem,
it's kind of obvious

239
00:12:00,470 --> 00:12:01,360
which way to guess.

240
00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:04,370
But let me, just to give you the
experience, show you what

241
00:12:04,370 --> 00:12:06,270
happens when you guess
incorrectly.

242
00:12:06,270 --> 00:12:09,600
For example, given the same
problem, why couldn't I have

243
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:14,100
said gee, I think I'll let
'cosine x' be 'u', and what's

244
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:16,290
left over, namely, 'xdx'.

245
00:12:16,290 --> 00:12:18,790
That will be 'dv'.

246
00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:20,850
Now, notice that mathematically,
no harm is

247
00:12:20,850 --> 00:12:21,760
done this way.

248
00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:26,080
Namely, if 'u' is 'cosine x',
'du' is minus 'sine x dx'.

249
00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:30,040
If 'dv' is 'xdx', 'v'
is 1/2 'x squared'.

250
00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:34,260
And now, applying the recipe,
integral 'udv' is what?

251
00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:35,460
It's 'uv'.

252
00:12:35,460 --> 00:12:40,050
That's 1/2 'x squared' times
'cosine x' minus

253
00:12:40,050 --> 00:12:42,140
the integral 'vdu'.

254
00:12:42,140 --> 00:12:47,780
But 'vdu' is already minus 1/2
'x squared' 'sine x dx', so

255
00:12:47,780 --> 00:12:51,020
minus that is plus
1/2 integral ''x

256
00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:52,670
squared' 'sine x' dx'.

257
00:12:52,670 --> 00:12:55,920
And I wind up with the result
that the integral 'x 'cosine

258
00:12:55,920 --> 00:13:00,820
x' dx' is 1/2 'x squared'
'cosine x' plus 1/2 integral

259
00:13:00,820 --> 00:13:02,690
''x squared' 'sine x' dx'.

260
00:13:02,690 --> 00:13:05,460
And there is absolutely nothing
at all wrong with

261
00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:12,420
this, except that the chances
are if I didn't know how to

262
00:13:12,420 --> 00:13:15,640
find the function whose
derivative was 'x cosine x',

263
00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,330
what is the likelihood that
I know a function whose

264
00:13:18,330 --> 00:13:20,760
derivative is ''x squared'
'sine x' dx'?

265
00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:26,140
In other words, here's a case
where replacing 'udv' by 'vdu'

266
00:13:26,140 --> 00:13:29,930
gave me an equivalent integral
to evaluate which was more

267
00:13:29,930 --> 00:13:31,830
cumbersome than the first.

268
00:13:31,830 --> 00:13:35,140
In fact, somehow or other, it
would seem that by multiplying

269
00:13:35,140 --> 00:13:39,560
through here by 2 and solving
for ''x squared' 'sine x' dx',

270
00:13:39,560 --> 00:13:42,940
that it would seem that somehow
or other this would be

271
00:13:42,940 --> 00:13:45,560
a way of simplifying
the integral ''x

272
00:13:45,560 --> 00:13:47,210
squared' 'sine x' dx'.

273
00:13:47,210 --> 00:13:50,170
In other words, if you had
started with this, I think

274
00:13:50,170 --> 00:13:53,110
you'd accept the fact, well,
this still isn't as nice as

275
00:13:53,110 --> 00:13:57,430
I'd like it, but it does seem
less complicated than this.

276
00:13:57,430 --> 00:13:59,730
You see, at least the power of
'x' is only to the first power

277
00:13:59,730 --> 00:14:02,050
here, whereas here it's
the second power.

278
00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:04,790
In fact, this leads
to a technique

279
00:14:04,790 --> 00:14:07,170
called a reduction formula.

280
00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:10,270
Again, using hindsight rather
than foresight, having

281
00:14:10,270 --> 00:14:13,850
motivated the integral ''x
squared' 'sine x' dx', let's

282
00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:16,640
see how I could have solved this
particular problem if I

283
00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:20,380
didn't know what the answer was
going to be in advance.

284
00:14:20,380 --> 00:14:23,000
You see, I say to myself, you
know, this x squared here is

285
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:23,980
bothering me.

286
00:14:23,980 --> 00:14:26,270
If that 'x squared' weren't
here, this would be pretty

287
00:14:26,270 --> 00:14:27,280
easy to handle.

288
00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:30,560
Well, the best way to knock the
'x squared' down is to let

289
00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:32,840
'u' equal 'x squared',
in which case,

290
00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:34,910
'du' will be '2xdx'.

291
00:14:34,910 --> 00:14:38,710
In other words, your second
power will now be replaced by

292
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:39,660
a first power.

293
00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:42,810
It's not perfect, but at least
there's hope here.

294
00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:46,660
At any rate, what I'm saying is
motivated into calling 'u'

295
00:14:46,660 --> 00:14:50,670
'x squared' and therefore
letting 'dv' be the rest of

296
00:14:50,670 --> 00:14:53,870
this integrand, which is 'sine
x dx', we wind up with the

297
00:14:53,870 --> 00:14:59,190
fact that 'du' is '2xdx' and
'v' is minus 'cosine x'.

298
00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:03,105
Well, you see now, remembering
that 'u' is 'x squared', 'dv'

299
00:15:03,105 --> 00:15:07,420
is 'sine x dx', the recipe tells
us that integral 'udv'

300
00:15:07,420 --> 00:15:09,360
is 'u' times 'v'.

301
00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:16,290
That's minus 'x cosine x'
minus integral 'vdu'.

302
00:15:16,290 --> 00:15:21,480
But integral 'dvu' is integral
twice 'x 'cosine x' dx' with a

303
00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:22,550
minus sign.

304
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:25,040
The minus sign in the recipe
makes it plus.

305
00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:28,350
And we therefore wind up with
that integral ''x squared'

306
00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:33,470
'sine x' dx' is equal to minus
''x squared' 'cosine x'' plus

307
00:15:33,470 --> 00:15:37,650
twice integral 'x
'cosine x' dx'.

308
00:15:37,650 --> 00:15:40,640
By the way, just to refresh your
memories on this, if we

309
00:15:40,640 --> 00:15:44,880
come back and compare this with
what we had over here,

310
00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:47,820
it's exactly the same thing.

311
00:15:47,820 --> 00:15:50,080
The only difference now
is that we arrived

312
00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:51,980
at this thing directly.

313
00:15:51,980 --> 00:15:56,220
Now you see the point is, having
reduced this to this, I

314
00:15:56,220 --> 00:16:00,190
can now use integration by parts
again to simplify this.

315
00:16:00,190 --> 00:16:03,150
In other words, what I would do
next is let 'u' equal 'x'

316
00:16:03,150 --> 00:16:05,490
and 'dv' be 'cosine x dx'.

317
00:16:05,490 --> 00:16:07,730
But let's face it, I've already
done this problem.

318
00:16:07,730 --> 00:16:08,950
Time is getting short.

319
00:16:08,950 --> 00:16:10,390
Why do it again?

320
00:16:10,390 --> 00:16:14,670
The point is that integral 'x
cosine x' using integration by

321
00:16:14,670 --> 00:16:18,540
parts again is going to come
out to be 'x sine x' plus

322
00:16:18,540 --> 00:16:22,060
'cosine x' plus 'c' because
that's what we got before when

323
00:16:22,060 --> 00:16:24,310
we used integration by
parts to do this.

324
00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:28,190
At any rate, what I would now
do is replace integral 'x

325
00:16:28,190 --> 00:16:32,200
cosine x' in here by this, OK?

326
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:34,060
And if I do that, I have what?

327
00:16:34,060 --> 00:16:40,750
Integral ''x squared' 'sine
x' dx' is equal to what?

328
00:16:40,750 --> 00:16:45,470
Minus ''x squared' 'cosine x''
plus twice times this, which

329
00:16:45,470 --> 00:16:46,600
is twice this.

330
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:47,340
That's what?

331
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:53,050
2 'x sine x' plus 2 'cosine
x' plus a constant.

332
00:16:53,050 --> 00:16:56,310
And by the way, again notice,
if I wanted to check whether

333
00:16:56,310 --> 00:17:00,840
this was right, the one thing I
can do if somebody gives me

334
00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:02,320
this is what?

335
00:17:02,320 --> 00:17:05,690
I can differentiate it
with respect to 'x'.

336
00:17:05,690 --> 00:17:08,560
When I differentiate it with
respect to 'x', if I get ''x

337
00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:12,040
squared' 'sine x'' as my result,
this is correct.

338
00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,630
Otherwise, I've made
a mistake.

339
00:17:13,630 --> 00:17:16,740
But the idea is keep in mind
that these can always be

340
00:17:16,740 --> 00:17:19,250
checked because they're
inverse derivatives.

341
00:17:19,250 --> 00:17:22,670
They can always be checked by
actual differentiation.

342
00:17:22,670 --> 00:17:25,849
And again, notice the beauty
of this technique.

343
00:17:25,849 --> 00:17:29,310
If somebody said construct the
function whose derivative with

344
00:17:29,310 --> 00:17:32,730
respect to 'x' is ''x squared'
'sine x'', notice how

345
00:17:32,730 --> 00:17:37,630
difficult it would be to try to
piece this thing together.

346
00:17:37,630 --> 00:17:39,800
See, notice the difference
between being able to check

347
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,060
that this is a right answer and
how one would find this.

348
00:17:43,060 --> 00:17:46,980
This is the technique of a power
of integration by parts.

349
00:17:46,980 --> 00:17:50,190
In fact, in making up exam
questions, this is exactly how

350
00:17:50,190 --> 00:17:52,000
professor sometimes do this.

351
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,610
That what you start with is you
start with this, then give

352
00:17:55,610 --> 00:17:58,300
a person this problem and tell
them to differentiate this.

353
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:00,140
And that whole mess simply
comes out to be ''x

354
00:18:00,140 --> 00:18:01,270
squared' 'sine x''.

355
00:18:01,270 --> 00:18:03,830
And that's why a lot of times
when you have a messy problem

356
00:18:03,830 --> 00:18:06,190
to differentiate and you look
at the answer in the back of

357
00:18:06,190 --> 00:18:09,060
the book, you become amazed to
see that the thing really

358
00:18:09,060 --> 00:18:09,910
simplified.

359
00:18:09,910 --> 00:18:11,330
Again, notice the idea.

360
00:18:11,330 --> 00:18:14,630
The integrand here is
relatively simple.

361
00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:18,350
What we have to differentiate to
get that relatively simple

362
00:18:18,350 --> 00:18:20,960
integrand is not quite
so simple.

363
00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:23,150
But enough about that.

364
00:18:23,150 --> 00:18:25,970
Let me just go on with
a few more examples.

365
00:18:25,970 --> 00:18:29,450
See, I have plenty of examples
in the exercises to keep you

366
00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:30,980
busy and to give you
drill on this.

367
00:18:30,980 --> 00:18:34,450
All I'm trying to do now is to
motivate places where one

368
00:18:34,450 --> 00:18:36,520
would want to use integration
by parts.

369
00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:39,700
Well, let me show you one
place it might be used.

370
00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:42,820
One place that it's always worth
trying is when you look

371
00:18:42,820 --> 00:18:45,680
at the integrand, haven't the
vaguest notion as to how to

372
00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:49,210
integrate it, but you are able
to differentiate it.

373
00:18:49,210 --> 00:18:50,600
You see, you've got
nothing to lose.

374
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,370
The worst that will happen is
that the resulting integral

375
00:18:53,370 --> 00:18:57,660
vdu will be no easier to handle
than the original udv,

376
00:18:57,660 --> 00:18:59,800
but at least there's a chance
that something will work.

377
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:01,720
But let me give you
a for instance.

378
00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:03,290
I see I've written this
rather badly.

379
00:19:03,290 --> 00:19:04,570
This is not 'Stan'.

380
00:19:04,570 --> 00:19:10,080
This is the integral of inverse
'tangent x dx', OK?

381
00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:12,210
Integral inverse
'tangent x dx'.

382
00:19:12,210 --> 00:19:15,780
What function has its derivative
equal to inverse

383
00:19:15,780 --> 00:19:16,720
'tangent x'?

384
00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:19,870
Well, you see, the thing I do
know hopefully is what the

385
00:19:19,870 --> 00:19:22,320
derivative of inverse
'tangent x' is.

386
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,100
The derivative of inverse
'tangent x' with respect to

387
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:27,430
'x' is '1 over '1 plus
x squared''.

388
00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:29,760
And by the way, if you don't
know this, there's no hope of

389
00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,360
even beginning the integration
by parts. in other words, we

390
00:19:32,360 --> 00:19:34,440
have to assume that we
can do something in a

391
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:35,280
problem like this.

392
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,070
At any rate, knowing this,
what do I do next?

393
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:41,180
I say, well, since I know how
to differentiate the inverse

394
00:19:41,180 --> 00:19:44,500
tangent, that's a very natural
thing to call 'u' because I

395
00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:46,170
can certainly find 'du'.

396
00:19:46,170 --> 00:19:50,030
Moreover, the nice thing is that
calling 'dv' 'dx', if I

397
00:19:50,030 --> 00:19:52,870
can integrate anything,
it's certainly 'dx'.

398
00:19:52,870 --> 00:19:56,280
Namely, what I'm saying is if
'u' equals inverse 'tan x' and

399
00:19:56,280 --> 00:20:00,790
'dv' is 'dx', then 'du' is 'dx'
over '1 plus x squared',

400
00:20:00,790 --> 00:20:02,980
and 'v' is just equal to 'x'.

401
00:20:02,980 --> 00:20:06,320
Now, therefore, integral inverse
'tan x dx', in other

402
00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,870
words, integral 'udv',
is just what?

403
00:20:08,870 --> 00:20:11,150
It's still just 'u' times 'v'.

404
00:20:11,150 --> 00:20:18,200
That's 'x' times inverse
'tan x' minus 'vdu'.

405
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,730
That's minus integral
'x' times 'dx'

406
00:20:21,730 --> 00:20:23,790
over '1 plus x squared'.

407
00:20:23,790 --> 00:20:25,530
Now, look what happens
in this case.

408
00:20:25,530 --> 00:20:28,580
Obviously, with time being short
and having other places

409
00:20:28,580 --> 00:20:31,520
to show you my failures, namely
in the exercises, I

410
00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:33,120
picked one that worked nicely.

411
00:20:33,120 --> 00:20:37,260
Here's the case, you see, that
the integral inverse 'tan x

412
00:20:37,260 --> 00:20:43,590
dx', by using parts, becomes
replaced by integral 'xdx'

413
00:20:43,590 --> 00:20:45,300
over '1 plus x squared'.

414
00:20:45,300 --> 00:20:47,880
This is one I can handle
from before.

415
00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:50,500
This is one where the
substitution 'u' equals '1

416
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:53,150
plus x squared' works
very nicely for me.

417
00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:56,160
Or if you're getting glib with
these things, just observe

418
00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:59,970
that this integrand
is 1/2 natural

419
00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:01,630
log '1 plus x squared'.

420
00:21:01,630 --> 00:21:03,810
Because how would you
differentiate natural log '1

421
00:21:03,810 --> 00:21:05,010
plus x squared'?

422
00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:09,760
It would just be what? '1 over
'1 plus x squared'' times the

423
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:11,370
derivative of this,
which is '2x'.

424
00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:14,750
The 2 and the 1/2 would cancel,
and we just have left

425
00:21:14,750 --> 00:21:17,280
'x over '1 plus x squared''.

426
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,540
In other words, again, notice
that the answer here is what?

427
00:21:21,540 --> 00:21:24,710
This is the function that one
would have to differentiate

428
00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:29,730
with respect to 'x' to wind
up with inverse 'tan x'.

429
00:21:29,730 --> 00:21:31,810
I'll show you another example
in a few minutes.

430
00:21:31,810 --> 00:21:34,800
What I did just remember is that
I mentioned why we can

431
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:36,370
drop the arbitrary constant.

432
00:21:36,370 --> 00:21:39,250
Let me just take a minute here
and show how this problem

433
00:21:39,250 --> 00:21:40,600
should have really
been worked.

434
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:44,180
If we wanted to be precise here,
we'd say OK, 'u' equals

435
00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:45,620
inverse 'tan x'.

436
00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:48,850
Therefore, 'du' is 'dx over
'1 plus x squared''.

437
00:21:48,850 --> 00:21:50,220
That part's fine.

438
00:21:50,220 --> 00:21:52,810
Then we say, OK, 'dv' is 'dx'.

439
00:21:52,810 --> 00:21:55,850
Now, if 'dv' is 'dx',
what must 'v' be?

440
00:21:55,850 --> 00:21:59,280
Well, 'v' could be 'x', but it
must be something of the form

441
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:01,950
'x' plus some constant,
which I'll call 'c1'.

442
00:22:01,950 --> 00:22:05,240
Could I have chosen 'v'
to be 'x plus c1'?

443
00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:06,240
Why not?

444
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:08,490
In fact, what would have
happened if I did that?

445
00:22:08,490 --> 00:22:10,620
Notice that what would have
happened in this case is that

446
00:22:10,620 --> 00:22:15,490
'u' times 'v' now would simply
have been 'x plus c1' times

447
00:22:15,490 --> 00:22:20,060
inverse 'tan x', whereas
integral 'vdu', instead of

448
00:22:20,060 --> 00:22:23,610
being 'xdx' over '1 plus x
squared' would have been ''x

449
00:22:23,610 --> 00:22:26,840
plus c1' dx' over '1
plus x squared'.

450
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:30,090
In other words, leaving the
constant in, I would get this.

451
00:22:30,090 --> 00:22:32,810
And now all I want you to see
here, and I've done this just

452
00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:35,860
for this particular example,
and in the exercises we'll

453
00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:37,100
work it out in general.

454
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:38,430
The whole idea is this.

455
00:22:38,430 --> 00:22:40,880
This, of course, can be written
as two terms, one of

456
00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:44,880
which is 'x inverse tan x', and
the other of which is 'c1

457
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:46,990
inverse tan x'.

458
00:22:46,990 --> 00:22:49,770
This also can be written
as two integrals.

459
00:22:49,770 --> 00:22:53,150
Namely, with the minus sign
kept aside here, this is

460
00:22:53,150 --> 00:22:58,390
integral of 'xdx' over '1 plus
x squared' and plus integral

461
00:22:58,390 --> 00:23:02,500
'c1 dx' over '1 plus x squared',
the minus making

462
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:03,440
this minus.

463
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:07,270
But we know that the integral
'dx' over '1 plus x squared'

464
00:23:07,270 --> 00:23:10,050
is inverse 'tan x'.

465
00:23:10,050 --> 00:23:12,350
In other words, if we now
separate these into

466
00:23:12,350 --> 00:23:14,030
pieces, we have what?

467
00:23:14,030 --> 00:23:17,600
'x inverse tan x' minus
integral 'xdx'

468
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,660
over '1 plus x squared'.

469
00:23:19,660 --> 00:23:24,040
And notice that the 'c1' term
drops out because we have 'c1

470
00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:26,670
inverse tan x' occurring
twice.

471
00:23:26,670 --> 00:23:32,160
It's this term here,
and it's also

472
00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:33,340
this part of our integral.

473
00:23:33,340 --> 00:23:36,050
And see, with the minus sign
here, they just cancel out.

474
00:23:36,050 --> 00:23:39,020
And that's why we really don't
have to keep the arbitrary

475
00:23:39,020 --> 00:23:42,400
constant in there, but if
we wish to, we may.

476
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,080
At any rate, let me summarize
with just one more problem to

477
00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:49,570
make sure that we have the
technique down fairly pat.

478
00:23:49,570 --> 00:23:53,660
Let's suppose we were given
integral 'log x dx'.

479
00:23:53,660 --> 00:23:56,890
What we certainly do know I hope
by this time is that the

480
00:23:56,890 --> 00:24:00,580
derivative of 'log x' with
respect to 'x' is '1/x'.

481
00:24:00,580 --> 00:24:04,090
Since I can differentiate 'log
x', it becomes very meaningful

482
00:24:04,090 --> 00:24:07,270
to try letting 'u'
equal 'log x'.

483
00:24:07,270 --> 00:24:09,620
If I do this, 'u' is 'log x'.

484
00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:11,520
'dv' is 'dx'.

485
00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:15,340
'du' then becomes ''1 over
x' dx', and 'v' is 'x'.

486
00:24:15,340 --> 00:24:18,240
And now I put in plus 'c' in
parentheses here to indicate

487
00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:20,080
that if you wanted to
use it, you could.

488
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:21,900
At any rate, what happens now?

489
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:26,150
Integral udv, integral 'log x
dx' in this case is 'u' times

490
00:24:26,150 --> 00:24:30,530
'v', which is 'x log x',
minus integral 'vdu'.

491
00:24:30,530 --> 00:24:33,830
Well, you see the 'x' times
the '1/x' is just 1.

492
00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:38,920
Therefore, 'vdu' is just
'dx', so minus that

493
00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:39,870
is just minus 'dx'.

494
00:24:39,870 --> 00:24:43,170
In other words, minus the
integral 'vdu' is just minus

495
00:24:43,170 --> 00:24:44,450
integral 'dx'.

496
00:24:44,450 --> 00:24:47,100
And now, you see I have
what? 'x log x'.

497
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:49,020
And this is very easy
to integrate.

498
00:24:49,020 --> 00:24:51,890
It just happens to be minus
'x', then I tack on the

499
00:24:51,890 --> 00:24:53,600
arbitrary constant.

500
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,830
Again, to check whether this
was the right answer, all I

501
00:24:56,830 --> 00:25:00,720
have to do is differentiate 'x
log x' minus 'x' with respect

502
00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:05,070
to 'x' and see if I get 'log
x', and I will, OK?

503
00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:07,220
Now, how would I use a problem
like this, say,

504
00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:08,740
in a practical situation?

505
00:25:08,740 --> 00:25:12,280
Well, for example, suppose I
wanted to find the area of the

506
00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:16,060
region 'R' where 'R' was the
region bounded above by the

507
00:25:16,060 --> 00:25:20,540
curve 'y' equals 'natural log
x', below by the x-axis, on

508
00:25:20,540 --> 00:25:23,710
the left by 'x' equals 1, and
on the right by 'x' equals

509
00:25:23,710 --> 00:25:26,580
'b', where 'b' can be any number
you want right now as

510
00:25:26,580 --> 00:25:28,630
long as it's bigger than
1 in this diagram.

511
00:25:28,630 --> 00:25:31,820
Notice that the definite
integral says that the area of

512
00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:34,110
the region 'R' is the definite
integral from 1

513
00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:36,250
to 'b', 'log x dx'.

514
00:25:36,250 --> 00:25:37,930
And the first fundamental
theorem of

515
00:25:37,930 --> 00:25:39,320
calculus says lookit.

516
00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,720
If you happen to know a function
whose derivative with

517
00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:44,100
respect to 'x' is 'log
x', you can evaluate

518
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:45,460
this thing very quickly.

519
00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:49,140
Namely, it's just 'G of b' minus
'G of 1' where 'G prime

520
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:50,470
of x' is 'log x'.

521
00:25:50,470 --> 00:25:54,050
Well, you see, we do know a
function now whose derivative

522
00:25:54,050 --> 00:25:57,160
with respect to 'x' is
'log x', namely, 'x

523
00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,050
log x' minus 'x'.

524
00:25:59,050 --> 00:26:02,550
Consequently, to solve this
problem, all I have to do is

525
00:26:02,550 --> 00:26:06,010
evaluate this between the limits
of 1 and 'b', which I

526
00:26:06,010 --> 00:26:09,780
won't bother doing
right now, OK?

527
00:26:09,780 --> 00:26:11,180
Now, here's the idea.

528
00:26:11,180 --> 00:26:14,940
What we've really learned here
is one more powerful technique

529
00:26:14,940 --> 00:26:16,870
for evaluating integrals.

530
00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:20,620
How we arrive at integrals
in no way changes in this

531
00:26:20,620 --> 00:26:21,710
particular lecture.

532
00:26:21,710 --> 00:26:23,260
All we have now is what?

533
00:26:23,260 --> 00:26:28,500
A new technique whereby we
evaluate udv by being able to

534
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:32,080
evaluate equivalently vdu.

535
00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:36,040
At any rate, that finishes up
what we had in mind for today,

536
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:37,760
and so until next
time, goodbye.

537
00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,070
NARRATOR: Funding for the
publication of this video was

538
00:26:43,070 --> 00:26:47,780
provided by the Gabriella and
Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.

539
00:26:47,780 --> 00:26:51,960
Help OCW continue to provide
free and open access to MIT

540
00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:56,160
courses by making a donation
at ocw.mit.edu/donate.